1887
Volume 26, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1572-0373
  • E-ISSN: 1572-0381
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Using AI adequately is necessary for user companies to remain competitive. Studies show that nevertheless many companies are hesitant in this regard. In relation to the assumption that people’s ability to act is influenced by a lack of trust, particularly in the context of AI, we conducted a study as part of the TrustKI research project to analyze which factors are relevant to documenting trustworthiness in the context of AI. Our evaluation revealed that users demand holistic transparency; the provision of relevant information on the AI solution and proof of technical expertise is not sufficient to build trust, but there is a demand from users for specific information about the respective company. Based on the generally recognized components, we were able to identify further dimensions to provide the required information even more precisely. Thus, the study allows us to propose a preliminary set of information requirements for AI providers.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/is.24051.coe
2026-02-27
2026-03-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abrash, L., Ammanath, B., Lewis, L., & Goodling, J.
    (2023) State of Ethics and Trust in Technology: Annual report, Third Edition. Deloitte SE. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/about-deloitte/tte-annual-report-2024.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrada, G., Clowes, R. W., & Smart, P. R.
    (2022) Varieties of transparency: Exploring agency within AI systems. AI & SOCIETY, 38(4), 1–11. 10.1007/s00146‑021‑01326‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01326-6 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anfang, P., & Urban, D.
    (Eds.) (1994) ”Vertrauen” — soziologisch betrachtet. Ein Beitrag zur Analyse binärer Interaktionssysteme.: SISS: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Stuttgart.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Backhaus, N., & Thüring, M.
    (2015) Trust in Cloud Computing: Pro and Contra from the User’s Point of View. I-Com, 14(3), 231–243. 10.1515/icom‑2015‑0001
    https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2015-0001 [Google Scholar]
  5. Beckert, B.
    (2021) The European way of doing Artificial Intelligence: The state of play implementing Trustworthy AI. In2021 60th FITCE Communication Days Congress for ICT Professionals: Industrial Data — Cloud, Low Latency and Privacy (FITCE). 10.1109/FITCE53297.2021.9588560
    https://doi.org/10.1109/FITCE53297.2021.9588560 [Google Scholar]
  6. BitKOM
    BitKOM (2024) Repräsentative Umfrage: „Wird generative KI in Ihrem Unternehmen bereits zentral eingesetzt?“. https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Deutsche-Unternehmen-zoegern-bei-ChatGPT-Co
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Braunschweig, B., Buijsman, S., Chamroukhi, F., Heintz, F., Khomh, F., Mattioli, J., & Poretschkin, M.
    (2024) AITA: AI trustworthiness assessment. AI and Ethics, 41, 1–3. 10.1007/s43681‑023‑00397‑z
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00397-z [Google Scholar]
  8. Bunte, A., Richter, F., & Diovisalvi, R.
    (2021) Why It is Hard to Find AI in SMEs: A Survey from the Practice and How to Promote It. InInternational Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. 10.5220/0010204106140620
    https://doi.org/10.5220/0010204106140620 [Google Scholar]
  9. Chen, J. Y. C., Lakhmani, S. G., Stowers, K., Selkowitz, A. R., Wright, J. L., & Barnes, M.
    (2018) Situation awareness-based agent transparency and human-autonomy teaming effectiveness. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 19(3), 259–282. 10.1080/1463922X.2017.1315750
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2017.1315750 [Google Scholar]
  10. Choung, H., David, P., & Ross, A.
    (2023) Trust in AI and Its Role in the Acceptance of AI Technologies. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(9), 1727–1739. 10.1080/10447318.2022.2050543
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2050543 [Google Scholar]
  11. Coester, U., & Pohlmann, N.
    (2024) Why Trustworthiness is the Cornerstone of Digitalization. InU. Schmuntzsch, A. Shajek, & E. A. Hartmann (Eds.), New Digital Work II Digital Sovereignty of Companies and Organizations. Springer International Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Coester, U., Zerria, Y., Adler, D., Brauer, M., & Pohlmann, N.
    (2024) Anwender-Studie TrustKI. Institut für Internet-Sicherheit. https://vertrauenswuerdigkeit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Studienergebnisse_TrustKI.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dignum, V.
    (2017) Responsible autonomy. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1706.02513. 10.24963/ijcai.2017/655
    https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/655 [Google Scholar]
  14. DIN, & DKE
    DIN, & DKE (2022) Deutsche Normungsroadmap Künstliche Intelligenz. www.din.de/go/normungsroadmapki
    [Google Scholar]
  15. European Union
    European Union (2024) Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act).
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Felzmann, H., Fosch Villaronga, E., Lutz, C., & Tamo-Larrieux, A.
    (2019) Transparency you can trust: Transparency requirements for artificial intelligence between legal norms and contextual concerns. Big Data & Society, 1–141, 291–301. 10.1177/2053951719860542
    https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719860542 [Google Scholar]
  17. Gagrčin, E., Schaetz, N., Rakowski, N., Toth, R., Renz, A., Vladova, G., & Emmer, M.
    (2021) We and AI — Living in a Datafied World: Experiences & Attitudes of Young Europeans. Weizenbaum Institute; Goethe-Institut. 10.34669/wi/1
    https://doi.org/10.34669/wi/1 [Google Scholar]
  18. Gambetta, D.
    (2000) Can We Trust Trust?InD. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Department of Sociology, University of Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Gillath, O., Ai, T., Branicky, M. S., Keshmiri, S., Davison, R. B., & Spaulding, R.
    (2021) Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 1151, 106607. 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607 [Google Scholar]
  20. Girgensohn, K.
    (1921) Der seelische Aufbau des religiösen Erlebens: Eine religionspsychologische Untersuchung auf experimenteller Grundlage. Hirzel.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hardin, R.
    (1991) Trusting Persons, Trusting Institutions. InR. Zeckhauser (Ed.), Strategy and Choice (pp.185–209). MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. (1992) The street-level epistemology of trust. Analyse & Kritik, 14(2), 152–176. 10.1515/auk‑1992‑0204
    https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-1992-0204 [Google Scholar]
  23. Haresamudram, K., Larsson, S., & Heintz, F.
    (2023) Three levels of AI transparency. Computer, 56(2), 93–100. 10.1109/MC.2022.3213181
    https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2022.3213181 [Google Scholar]
  24. Herold, P.
    (2016) Trust Control Economics — A Heuristic to Analyze the Governance of Cooperation. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Dr. rer. oec.) am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik an der Handelshochschule Leipzig.
  25. HLEG
    HLEG (2019) Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI: Independent High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. HLEG
    HLEG (2020) Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (ALTAI) for self-assessment.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Homann, K.
    (2011) Die gesellschaftliche Verantwortung der Unternehmen. Theoretische Grundlagen für eine praxistaugliche Konzeption. Roman Herzog Institut e.V.https://ordosocialis.de/pdf/Goldschmidt/RHI_Position_10.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jones, K.
    (2010) Counting On One Another. InA. Grøn & C. Welz (Eds.), Trust, Sociality, Selfhood. Mohr Siebeck Tübingen.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Klinke, S., Gundert, H., & Nagler, B.
    (2011) Konzepte von Vertrauen und Kultur in Unternehmen: theoretische und empirische Konstrukte. 1613–4915, 1741.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Luhmann, N.
    (2005) Entscheidungen in der “Informationsgesellschaft”. InG. Corsi & E. Esposito (Eds.), Reform und Innovation in einer unstabilen Gesellschaft (pp.27–40). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110507546‑003
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110507546-003 [Google Scholar]
  31. (2009) Einführung in die Systemtheorie. Carl Auer.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (2014) Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus zur Reduktion sozialer Komplexität (51. Auflage). UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 10.36198/9783838540047
    https://doi.org/10.36198/9783838540047 [Google Scholar]
  33. Maucher, S.
    (2011) Schattenseiten der Transparenz. Wittenberg-Zentrum Für Globale Ethik, Diskussionspapier 2011–1 1. https://www.wcge.org/images/wissenschaft/publikationen/DP_2011-01_Maucher_-_Schattenseiten_der_Transparenz_.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D.
    (1995) An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709. 10.2307/258792
    https://doi.org/10.2307/258792 [Google Scholar]
  35. Müller, O., & Lazar, V.
    (2024) Transparenz von KI-Systemen, Whitepaper. Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. OECD
    OECD (2022) OECD Framework for the Classification of AI systems.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Rammer, C., & Doherr, T.
    (2024) KI-Einsatz in Unternehmen in Deutschland: Strategische Ausrichtung und internationale Position. ZEW — Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung; Hrsg. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaforschung (BMWK). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/303033
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ruokonen, F.
    (2013) Trust, Trustworthiness, and Responsibility. InG. Robert & D. Leonidas (Eds.), Trust: Analytic and Applied Perspectives. Nordic Value Studies NVS. 10.1163/9789401209410_002
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401209410_002 [Google Scholar]
  39. Schlicker, N., Baum, K., Uhde, A., Sterz, S., Hirsch, M. C., & Langer, M.
    (2025) How do we assess the trustworthiness of AI? Introducing the trustworthiness assessment model (TrAM). Computers in Human Behavior, 1701, 108671. 10.1016/j.chb.2025.108671
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108671 [Google Scholar]
  40. Schottlaender, R.
    (1957) Theorie des Vertrauens. Walter de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Siau, K., & Wang, W.
    (2018) Building trust in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics. Cutter Business Technology Journal, 31(2), 47–53.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith, J., Johnson, M., Williams, A.
    (2019) Building Trust in e-Commerce: Exploring the Influence of Website Design Elements on Initial Trust Formation. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC)(31), 52–72.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Sondern, D., & Hertel, G.
    (2024) Revisiting the classic ABI model of trustworthiness: interactive effects of trustworthiness components on trust in mixed-motive social exchange contexts. Journal of Trust Research, 14(2), 213–236. 10.1080/21515581.2024.2388659
    https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2024.2388659 [Google Scholar]
  44. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2020) Trust. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trust/
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Suchanek, A.
    (2012) Vertrauen als Grundlage nachhaltiger unternehmerischer Wertschöpfung. InA. Schneider & R. Schmidpeter (Eds.), Corporate Social Responsibility: Verantwortungsvolle Unternehmensführung in Theorie und Praxis (pp.55–66). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007/978‑3‑642‑25399‑7_4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25399-7_4 [Google Scholar]
  46. (2015) Unternehmensethik: In Vertrauen investieren. Mohr Siebeck. 10.36198/9783838539904
    https://doi.org/10.36198/9783838539904 [Google Scholar]
  47. (2019) The Problem of Corporate Legitimacy. InJ. D. Rendtorff (Ed.), Springer eBook Collection. Handbook of Business Legitimacy: Responsibility, Ethics and Society (pp.1–22). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑68845‑9_39‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68845-9_39-1 [Google Scholar]
  48. (2021) Ethik und Digitalisierung. InE. Hackspiel-Mikosch & R. Neuhaus (Eds.), Ethik und Digitalisierung. Wissenschaftliche Publikationsreihe der Hochschule Fresenius. https://images.amdnet.de/www.amdnet.de/uploads/hsf-band-gesamt.pdf#page=21
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (2025) Unterminiert Digitalisierung den gesellschaftlichen Konsens?InWirtschaftsphilosophische Perspektiven der Digitalisierung. Karl Auer. 10.5771/9783495992128‑139
    https://doi.org/10.5771/9783495992128-139 [Google Scholar]
  50. Thomas, A.
    (2005) Vertrauen im interkulturellen Kontext aus Sicht der Psychologie. Die Rolle Von Vertrauen in Unternehmensplanung Und Regionalentwicklung-Ein Interdisziplinärer Diskurs.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. UNESCO
    UNESCO (2025, February6). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence
  52. YouGov
    YouGov (2024) eco YouGov Umfrage: Ein Drittel der deutschen Unternehmen verschläft KI-Revolution. https://www.eco.de/presse/eco-yougov-umfrage-ein-drittel-der-deutschen-unternehmen-verschlaeft-ki-revolution/
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Zhan, E. S., Molina, M. D., Rheu, M., & Peng, W.
    (2023) What is There to Fear? Understanding Multi-Dimensional Fear of AI from a Technological Affordance Perspective. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 0(0), 1–18. 10.1080/10447318.2023.2261731
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2261731 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/is.24051.coe
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/is.24051.coe
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error