1887
Volume 166, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0019-0829
  • E-ISSN: 1783-1490
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Many scholars believe that collocations are difficult to learn and use by L2 learners. However, some research suggests that learners often know more collocations than commonly thought. This study tested 108 Spanish learners of English to measure their productive knowledge of 50 collocations, which varied according to corpus frequency, -score, and score. The participants produced a mean score of 56.6% correct, suggesting that our learners knew a substantial number of collocations. Knowledge of the collocations correlated moderately with corpus frequency (.45), but also with everyday engagement with English outside the classroom, in activities like reading, watching movies/TV, and social networking (composite correlation = .56). Everyday engagement also had a stronger relationship with collocation knowledge than years of English study (.45).

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/itl.166.1.03fer
2015-06-08
2024-10-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adolphs, S. , & Durow, V
    (2004) Social-cultural integration and the development of formulaic sequences. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), Formulaic sequences: Acquisition, processing and use (pp. 106–126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.9.07ado
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.9.07ado [Google Scholar]
  2. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (2012) Vol. 32: Formulaic language.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bahns, J. , & Eldaw, M
    (1993) Should we teach EFL students collocations?System21,101–114. doi: 10.1016/0346‑251X(93)90010‑E
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(93)90010-E [Google Scholar]
  4. Bardovi-Harlig, K
    (2012) Formulas, routines, and conventional expressions in pragmatics research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 206–227. doi: 10.1017/S0267190512000086
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000086 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barfield, A. , & Gyllstad, H
    (Eds.) (2009) Researching collocations in another language: Multiple interpretations. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230245327
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245327 [Google Scholar]
  6. Boers, F. , Eyckmans, J. , Kappel, J. , Stengers, H. , & Demecheleer, M
    (2006) Formulaic sequences and perceived oral proficiency: Putting a Lexical Approach to the test. Language Teaching Research, 10, 245–261. doi: 10.1191/1362168806lr195oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/1362168806lr195oa [Google Scholar]
  7. Brown, D
    (2011) What aspects of vocabulary knowledge do textbooks give attention to?Language Teaching Research, 15, 83–97. doi: 10.1177/1362168810383345
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810383345 [Google Scholar]
  8. Burdelski, M. , & Cook, H.M
    (2012) Formulaic language in language socialization. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 173–188. doi: 10.1017/S0267190512000049
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000049 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bybee, J.L. , & Hopper, P
    (2001) Frequency and the emergence of language structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/tsl.45
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45 [Google Scholar]
  10. Cowie, A.P
    (Ed.) (1998) Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cummins, J
    (1998) Immersion education for the millennium: What we have learned from 30 years of research on second language immersion. In M.R. Childs & R.M. Bostwick (Eds.), Learning through two languages: Research and practice. Second Katoh Gakuen International Symposium on Immersion and bilingual education (pp.34–47). Japan: Katoh Gakuen.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Davies, M
    (2008) The corpus of contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990-present. Available online at corpus.byu.edu/coca/ (Accessed fromJune to August, 2013).
  13. Day, R.R. , & Bamford, J
    (1998) Extensive reading in the second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. De Cock, S
    (2000) Repetitive phrasal chunkiness and advanced EFL speech and writing. In C. Mair & M. Hundt (Eds.), Corpus linguistics and linguistic theory (pp. 51–68). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Dörnyei, Z. , Durow, V. , & Zahran, K
    (2004) Individual differences and their effects on formulaic sequence acquisition. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), Formulaic sequences (pp. 87–106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.9.06dor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.9.06dor [Google Scholar]
  16. Durrant, P. , & Schmitt, N
    (2009) To what extent do native and non-native writers make use of collocations?International Review of Applied Linguistics, 47, 157–177. doi: 10.1515/iral.2009.007
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2009.007 [Google Scholar]
  17. (2010) Adult learners’ retention of collocations from exposure. Second Language Research, 26, 163–188. doi: 10.1177/0267658309349431
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658309349431 [Google Scholar]
  18. Ellis, N.C
    (2001) Memory for language. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524780.004
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524780.004 [Google Scholar]
  19. (2002) Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 143–188. doi: 10.1017/S0272263102002024
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263102002024 [Google Scholar]
  20. (2005) At the interface: Dynamic interactions of explicit and implicit language knowledge. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 305–352. doi: 10.1017/S027226310505014X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226310505014X [Google Scholar]
  21. Ellis, N.C. , Simpson-Vlach, R. , & Maynard, C
    (2008) Formulaic language in native and second language speakers: Psycholinguistics, corpus linguistics and TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 42, 375–396. doi: 10.1002/j.1545‑7249.2008.tb00137.x
    https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2008.tb00137.x [Google Scholar]
  22. Farghal, M. , & Obiedat, H
    (1995) Collocations: A neglected variable in EFL. IRAL, 33, 315–331. doi: 10.1515/iral.1995.33.4.315
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1995.33.4.315 [Google Scholar]
  23. Freed, B.F. , Segalowitz, N. , & Dewey, D.P
    (2004) Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 275–301. doi: 10.1017/S0272263104262064
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104262064 [Google Scholar]
  24. Granger, S
    (1998) Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: Collocations and formulae. In A.P. Cowie (Ed.), Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications (pp.79–100). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Granger, S. , Paquot, M. , & Rayson, P
    (2006) Extraction of multi-word units from EFL and native English corpora: The phraseology of the verb ‘make’. In A. Häcki Buhofer & H. Burger (Eds.), Phraseology in Motion I: Methoden und Kritik. Akten der Internationalen Tagung zur Phraseologie, Basel, 2004 (pp. 57–68). Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hasselgren, A
    (1994) Lexical teddy bears and advanced learners: A study into the ways Norwegian students cope with English vocabulary. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4, 237–260. doi: 10.1111/j.1473‑4192.1994.tb00065.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1994.tb00065.x [Google Scholar]
  27. Horst, M. , Cobb, T. , & Meara, P
    (1998) Beyond a clockwork orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11, 207–223.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Howarth, P
    (1998) The phraseology of learners’ academic writing. In A.P. Cowie (Ed.), Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications (pp.161–186). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Irujo, S
    (1993) Steering clear: Avoidance in the production of idioms. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 31, 205–219. doi: 10.1515/iral.1993.31.3.205
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1993.31.3.205 [Google Scholar]
  30. Laufer, B. , & Girsai, N
    (2008) Form-focused instruction in second language vocabulary learning: A case for contrastive analysis and translation. Applied Linguistics, 29, 1–23. doi: 10.1093/applin/amn018
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amn018 [Google Scholar]
  31. Laufer, B. , & Waldman, T
    (2011) Verb-noun collocations in second-language writing: A corpus analysis of learners´ English. Language Learning, 61, 647–672. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2010.00621.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00621.x [Google Scholar]
  32. Leech, G. , Rayson, P. , & Wilson, A
    (2001) Word frequencies in written and spoken English based on the British National Corpus. Harlow: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lorenz, G
    (1999) Adjective intensification – Learners versus native speakers: A corpus study of argumentative writing. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Martinez, R. , & Murphy, V
    (2011) Effect of frequency and idiomaticity in second language reading comprehension. TESOL Quarterly, 45, 267–290. doi: 10.5054/tq.2011.247708
    https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.247708 [Google Scholar]
  35. Martinez, R. , & Schmitt, N
    (2012) A phrasal expressions list. Applied Linguistics, 33, 299–320. doi: 10.1093/applin/ams010
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams010 [Google Scholar]
  36. Meunier, F
    (2012) Formulaic language and language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 111–129. doi: 10.1017/S0267190512000128
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000128 [Google Scholar]
  37. Millar, N
    (2011) The processing of malformed formulaic language. Applied Linguistics, 32, 129–48. doi: 10.1093/applin/amq035
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq035 [Google Scholar]
  38. Nation, I.S.P
    (2001) Learning Vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524759
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759 [Google Scholar]
  39. Nation, I.S.P. , & Waring, R
    (1997) Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 6–19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Nattinger, J.R. , & DeCarrico, J.S
    (1992) Lexical phrases and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Nelson, K
    (1973) Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 149(1–2). doi: 10.2307/1165788
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1165788 [Google Scholar]
  42. Nesselhauf, N
    (2003) The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied Linguistics, 24, 223–242. doi: 10.1093/applin/24.2.223
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/24.2.223 [Google Scholar]
  43. (2005) Collocations in a learner corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.14
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.14 [Google Scholar]
  44. Newton, J
    (1995) Task-based interaction and incidental vocabulary learning: A case study. Second Language Research, 11, 159–177. doi: 10.1177/026765839501100207
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100207 [Google Scholar]
  45. Pawley, A. , & Syder, F
    (1983) Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp.191–226). London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Peters, E
    (2012) Learning German formulaic sequences: The effect of two attention-drawing techniques. Language Learning Journal, 40, 65–79. doi: 10.1080/09571736.2012.658224
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2012.658224 [Google Scholar]
  47. (2014) The effects of repetition and time of post-test administration on EFL learners’ form recall of single words and collocations. Language Teaching Research, 18, 75–94. doi: 10.1177/1362168813505384
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168813505384 [Google Scholar]
  48. Schmitt, N
    (2000) Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (Ed.) (2004) Formulaic sequences: Acquisition, processing and use. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.9
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.9 [Google Scholar]
  50. (2010) Researching vocabulary: A vocabulary research manual. Houndmills: Palgrave McMillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230293977
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230293977 [Google Scholar]
  51. Schmitt, N. , Dörnyei, Z. , Adolphs, S. , & Durow, V
    (2004) Knowledge and acquisition of formulaic sequences: A longitudinal study. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), Formulaic sequences: Acquisition, processing, and use (pp. 55–86). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.9.05sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.9.05sch [Google Scholar]
  52. Schmitt, N. , & Redwood, S
    (2011) Learner knowledge of phrasal verbs: A corpus-informed study. In F. Meunier , S. De Cock , G. Gilquin , & M. Paquot (Eds.), A taste for corpora: In honour of Sylviane Granger (pp.173–209). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.45.12sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.45.12sch [Google Scholar]
  53. Schmitt, N. , Schmitt, D. , & Clapham, C
    (2001) Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18(1), 55–88.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Sinclair, J
    (2004) Trust the text: Lexis, corpus, discourse. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Siyanova-Chanturia, A
    (2013) Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research. Mental Lexicon, 8, 245–268. doi: 10.1075/ml.8.2.06siy
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.2.06siy [Google Scholar]
  56. Siyanova, A. , & Schmitt, N
    (2007) Native and nonnative use of multi-word vs. one-word verbs. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 45, 119–139.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. (2008) L2 learner production and processing of collocation: A multi-study perspective. Canadian Modern Language Review, 64, 429–458. doi: 10.3138/cmlr.64.3.429
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.64.3.429 [Google Scholar]
  58. Slobin, D.I
    (1997) The origins of grammaticizable notions: Beyond the individual mind. In D.I. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition, Vol. 5 (pp. 265–323). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Stewart, J. , & White, D.A
    (2011) Estimating guessing effects on the Vocabulary Levels Test for differing degrees of word knowledge. TESOL Quarterly, 45, 370–380. doi: 10.5054/tq.2011.254523
    https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.254523 [Google Scholar]
  60. Webb, S
    (2007) The effects of repetition on vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics28, 46–65. doi: 10.1093/applin/aml048
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml048 [Google Scholar]
  61. (2008) Receptive and productive vocabulary sizes of L2 learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30, 79–95. doi: 10.1017/S0272263108080042
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263108080042 [Google Scholar]
  62. Webb, S. , Newton, J. , & Chang, A
    (2013) Incidental learning of collocation. Language Learning, 63, 91–120. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2012.00729.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00729.x [Google Scholar]
  63. Wong‑Fillmore, L
    (1976) The second time around. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Wray, A
    (2002) Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511519772
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519772 [Google Scholar]
  65. (2008) Formulaic language: Pushing the boundaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/itl.166.1.03fer
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): acquisition; collocations; exposure; frequency; productive knowledge
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error