1887
Volume 27, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0957-6851
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9838
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

While Australian academic contexts generally prioritize verbal participation, Japanese educational environments expect students to participate silently. This research project explored why Japanese students remain silent in Australian classrooms despite knowing the expectations of western universities. Contrary to prevailing conceptions of silence in classroom contexts, findings revealed that some participants’ silent in-class behavior does not necessarily suggest reluctance or inability. Rather, participants assumed that verbally contributing to the class would impede the teacher’s lecture and their peers’ learning. Additional findings indicated that while cultural, identity traits, and previous education in Japan may have shaped their silent in-class behavior, some participants acknowledged the need to participate verbally to satisfy their teachers and peers in Australian classrooms. Peripheral factors such as the size of classrooms and lack of genuine rapport between classmates also influenced their classroom behavior. The findings expand upon existing literature which shows that Japanese students’ silence in Australian classrooms is often juxtaposed with teacher and student expectations.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/japc.27.1.05sas
2017-05-11
2024-10-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aubrey, S.
    (2009) A cross-cultural discussion of Japan and South Korea and how differences are manifested in the ESL/EFL classroom. Asian Social Science, 5(5), 34–39. doi: 10.5539/ass.v5n5p34
    https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5n5p34 [Google Scholar]
  2. Block, D.
    (2006) Identity in applied linguistics. In T. Omoniyi & G. White (Eds.), The Sociolinguistics of Identity (pp.34–49). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Campbell, J. A. , & Li, M.
    (2008) Asian students’ voices: an empirical study of Asian students’ learning experiences at a New Zealand university. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(4), 375–396. doi: 10.1177/1028315307299422
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307299422 [Google Scholar]
  4. Cheng, X.
    (2000) Asian students’ reticence revisited. System, 28(3), 435–446. doi: 10.1016/S0346‑251X(00)00015‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00015-4 [Google Scholar]
  5. Creswell, J. W.
    (2008) Educational research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. (2012) Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. New York: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Davies, R.J. , & Ikeno, O.
    (2002) The Japanese mind: Understanding contemporary Japanese culture. Vermont: Tuttle Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. DeVito, J. A.
    (2004) The interpersonal communication book (10thed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Denzin, N. K. , & Lincoln, Y. S.
    (2011) The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. New York: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ellwood, C. , & Nakane, I.
    (2009) Privileging of speech in EAP and mainstream university classrooms: A critical evaluation of participation. TESOL Quarterly, 43(2), 203–230. doi: 10.1002/j.1545‑7249.2009.tb00165.x
    https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2009.tb00165.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Gilgun, J. F. , & Sussman, M. B.
    (2014) The methods and methodologies of qualitative family research. New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hammond, C.
    (2007) Culturally responsive teaching in the Japanese classroom: a comparative analysis of cultural teaching and learning styles in Japan and the United States. Journal of the Faculty of Economics, KGU, 17, 41–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hao, R. N.
    (2011) Rethinking critical pedagogy: implications on silence and silent bodies. Text and Performance Quarterly, 31(3), 267–284. doi: 10.1080/10462937.2011.573185
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2011.573185 [Google Scholar]
  14. Harumi, S.
    (2011) Classroom silence: voices from Japanese EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 65(3), 260–269. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccq046
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq046 [Google Scholar]
  15. Hung, H. I. , & Hyun, E.
    (2010) East Asian international graduate students’ epistemological experiences in an American University. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(4), 340–353. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.12.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  16. Jandt, F. E.
    (2000) Intercultural communication: An introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jaworski, A.
    (1993) The power of silence: Social and pragmatic perspectives. London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483325460
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325460 [Google Scholar]
  18. Kato, M.
    (2010) Silence as participation: The case of Japanese students. The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, 6(2), 1–18.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kim, H. S. , & Markus, H. R.
    (2002) Freedom of speech and freedom of silence: An analysis of talking as a cultural practice. In R. Shweder , M. Minow , & H. R. Markus (Eds.). Engaging cultural differences: The multicultural challenge in liberal democracies (pp.432–452). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kimmel, A. J.
    (2009) Ethical issues in behavioral research: Basic and applied perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lebra, T.
    (1987) The cultural significance of silence in Japanese communication. Multilingua, 6(4), 343–357. doi: 10.1515/mult.1987.6.4.343
    https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1987.6.4.343 [Google Scholar]
  22. Lee, W. , & Ng, S.
    (2010).Reducing student reticence through teacher interaction strategy. English Language Teaching Journal, 64(3), 302–313. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccp080
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp080 [Google Scholar]
  23. Liu, N. F. , & Littlewood, W.
    (1997) Why do many students appear reluctant to participate in classroom learning discourse?System, 25(3), 371–384. doi: 10.1016/S0346‑251X(97)00029‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00029-8 [Google Scholar]
  24. Mertens, D. M.
    (2014) Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. New York: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Nakane, I.
    (2006) Silence and politeness in intercultural communication in university seminars. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(11), 1811–1835. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.01.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.01.005 [Google Scholar]
  26. (2007) Silence in intercultural communication. Philadelphia, PA: J. Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.166
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.166 [Google Scholar]
  27. Norton, B.
    (2000) Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. New York: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ollin, R.
    (2008) Silent pedagogy and rethinking classroom practice: structuring teaching through silence rather than talk. Cambridge Journal of Education, 38(2), 265–280. doi: 10.1080/03057640802063528
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640802063528 [Google Scholar]
  29. Omoniyi, T.
    (2006) Hierarchy of identities. In T. Omoniyi & G. White (Eds.), The sociolinguistics of identity (pp.11–33). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Saville-Troike, M.
    (1985) ‘The place of silence in an integrated theory of communication’. In D. Tannen & M. Saville-Troike (Eds.), Perspectives on silence (pp.3–18). New York: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Sifianou, M.
    (1997) Politeness and off-record indirectness. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 126(1), 63–79. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1997.126.163
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1997.126.163 [Google Scholar]
  32. Tatar, S.
    (2005) Classroom participation by international students: The case of Turkish graduate students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 337–355. doi: 10.1177/1028315305280967
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305280967 [Google Scholar]
  33. Van Manen, M.
    (1990) Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. New York: State University of New York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Vassilopoulos, S. P. , & Konstantinidis, G.
    (2012) Teacher use of silence in elementary education. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 8(1), 91–105. doi: 10.22329/jtl.v8i1.3030
    https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v8i1.3030 [Google Scholar]
  35. Wadsworth, B.C. , Hecht, M.L. , & Jung, E.
    (2008) The role of identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation in international students’ educational satisfaction in American classrooms. Communication Education, 57(1), 64–87. doi: 10.1080/03634520701668407
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701668407 [Google Scholar]
  36. Ward, C. , Bochner, S. , & Furnham, A.
    (2001) The psychology of culture shock. East Sussex, UK: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Yoshikawa, M. J.
    (1987) The double-swing model of intercultural communication between the East and the West. In D. L. Kincaid (Ed.). Communication theory: Eastern and Western perspectives (pp.319–329). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑407470‑5.50030‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407470-5.50030-X [Google Scholar]
  38. Yue, Y. , & Le, T.
    (2009).Cultural adaptation of Asian students in Australia. AARE 2009 Conference Proceedings (pp.1–14). Retrieved fromwww.aare.edu.au/09pap/yue091551.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Zembylas, M. , & Michaelides, P.
    (2004).The sound of silence in pedagogy. Educational Theory, 54(2), 193–210. doi: 10.1111/j.0013‑2004.2004.00005.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-2004.2004.00005.x [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/japc.27.1.05sas
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/japc.27.1.05sas
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Classroom; Culture; Identity; Learning style; Silence; University
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error