1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of English-Medium Instruction
  4. Online First Articles
  5. Online First Article
image of The intersection of human capital and linguistic protectionism
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

English-medium instruction (EMI) continues to grow in prominence in higher education because of its various advantages for stakeholders regarding improved job prospects, access to current literature, and the internationalisation of universities. Home to a few of the very first EMI higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide, Türkiye continues to follow this trend. However, despite numerous benefits of EMI in today’s globalised world, certain subject areas surprisingly lack any EMI programmes. Approximately 69.1% of all undergraduate programmes are taught in Turkish-medium instruction, while the majority of the remaining programmes are taught in English. This study aims to establish the reasons why Turkish remains the medium of instruction (MoI) in some subjects. The investigation was conducted using an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates (1) the human capital theory of socioeconomics and (2) the linguistic protectionism of sociolinguistics. In semi-structured interviews, administrative stakeholders indicated that one reason for the lack of interest in pursuing an EMI programme in their subjects is low demand for EMI graduates in particular sectors. The paper also discusses the implications of adopting theories from other fields for EMI. Hence, linguistic protectionism, which accounts for an ideological and political wish to protect Turkish as MoI in this study, was also investigated.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
2025-01-06
2025-01-20

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Altay, M.
    (2020) The implication of EMI education for graduates employment conditions. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (), –. 10.35343/kosbed.810502
     https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.810502 [Google Scholar]
  2. Becker, G.
    (1994) Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press. https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/human-capital-theoretical-and-empirical-analysis-special-reference-education-third-edition
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B.
    (1999) Human capital investment: The returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, (), –. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437656. 10.1111/j.1475‑5890.1999.tb00001.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1999.tb00001.x [Google Scholar]
  4. Brinton, D., Snow, M. A., & Wesche, M. B.
    (2003) Content-based second language instruction. University of Michigan Press. 10.3998/mpub.8754
     https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8754 [Google Scholar]
  5. British Council Studyportals
    British Council Studyportals (2024) Mapping English-taught programmes worldwide. Studyportals.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Coleman, J. A.
    (2006) English-medium teaching in European higher education. Language Teaching, (), –. 10.1017/S026144480600320X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480600320X [Google Scholar]
  7. Council of Europe
    Council of Europe (2001) Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge University Press. https://rm.coe.int/1680459f97
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Coyle, D.
    (2008) CLIL: A pedagogical approach from the European perspective. InN. H. Hornberger (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and education (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑0‑387‑30424‑3_92
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_92 [Google Scholar]
  9. Crystal, D.
    (2003) English as a global language. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486999
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486999 [Google Scholar]
  10. Curle, S., Yuksel, D., Soruç, A., & Altay, M.
    (2020) Predictors of English medium instruction academic success: English proficiency versus first language medium. System, , Article 102378. 10.1016/j.system.2020.102378
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102378 [Google Scholar]
  11. Dafouz, E.
    (2018) English-medium instruction and teacher education programmes in higher education: Ideological forces and imagined identities at work. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2018.1487926
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1487926 [Google Scholar]
  12. Dearden, J.
    (2014) English medium instruction: A growing global phenomenon. British Council. 10.13140/RG.2.2.12079.94888
     https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12079.94888 [Google Scholar]
  13. Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M.
    (2013) English-medium instruction at universities. Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Dörnyei, Z.
    (2007) Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Erling, E. J.
    (2017) Language planning, English language education and development aid in Bangladesh. Current Issues in Language Planning, (), –. 10.1080/14664208.2017.1331496
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2017.1331496 [Google Scholar]
  16. European Commission
    European Commission (2004) Promoting language learning and linguistic diversity: Action plan 2004–06. European Commission Publications Office. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b3225824-b016-42fa-83f6-43d9fd2ac96d
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Evans, S., & Morrison, B.
    (2011) Meeting the challenges of English-medium higher education: The first-year experience in Hong Kong. English for Specific Purposes, (), –. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.01.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  18. Galloway, N., Kriukow, J., & Numajiri, T.
    (2017) Internationalisation, higher education and the growing demand for English: An investigation into the English medium of instruction (EMI) movement in China and Japan. British Council. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/H035%20ELTRA%20Internationalisation_HE_and%20the%20growing%20demand%20for%20English%20A4_FINAL_WEB.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Gibbs, G. R.
    (2012) Different approaches to coding. Sociological Methodology, (), –. 10.1177/0081175012460853
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175012460853 [Google Scholar]
  20. Gillies, D.
    (2015) Human capital theory in education. InM. Peters (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of educational philosophy and theory (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑981‑287‑532‑7_254‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-532-7_254-1 [Google Scholar]
  21. Goldin, C. D.
    (2016) Human capital. InC. Diebolt & M. Hauper (Eds.), Handbook of cliometrics (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑642‑40406‑1_23
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40406-1_23 [Google Scholar]
  22. Graddol, D.
    (2006) Why global English may mean the end of “English as a foreign language.” British Council.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Grin, F.
    (2003) Language policy evaluation and the European charter for regional or minority languages. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230502666
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230502666 [Google Scholar]
  24. Guo, L., He, Y., & Wang, S.
    (2022) An evaluation of English-medium instruction in higher education: Influencing factors and effects. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2022.2107654
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2107654 [Google Scholar]
  25. Kaplinsky, R.
    (1998) Globalisation, industrialisation and sustainable growth: The pursuit of the Nth rent. Institute of Development Studies. https://app.overton.io/document.php?policy_document_id=instituteofdevelopmentstudies-cc81f6036912a4c01ef84c5e83899122
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kirkpatrick, A.
    (2014) The language(s) of HE: EMI and/or ELF and/or multilingualism?The Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, (), –. caes.hku.hk/ajal/index.php/ajal/article/download/23/16
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Klaassen, R. G., & Bos, M.
    (2010) English language screening for scientific staff at Delft University of Technology. HERMES Journal of Language and Communication in Business, , –. 10.7146/hjlcb.v23i45.97347
     https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i45.97347 [Google Scholar]
  28. Lange, R. T.
    (2016) Inter-rater reliability. InJ. Kreutzer, J. DeLuca & B. Caplan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑56782‑2_1203‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1203-2 [Google Scholar]
  29. Lei, J., & Hu, G.
    (2014) Is English-medium instruction effective in improving Chinese undergraduate students’ English competence?International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, (), –. 10.1515/iral‑2014‑0005
     https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0005 [Google Scholar]
  30. Luo, X., & Daly, S. P.
    (2019) Human capital and English language proficiency in the Chinese context. Asian Social Science, (), –. 10.5539/ass.v15n3p73
     https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p73 [Google Scholar]
  31. Macaro, E.
    (2018) English medium instruction. Oxford University Press. 10.30687/978‑88‑6969‑227‑7/001
     https://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-227-7/001 [Google Scholar]
  32. (2019) Exploring the role of language in English medium instruction. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678 [Google Scholar]
  33. Macaro, E., Hultgren, A. K., Kirkpatrick, A., & Lasagabaster, D.
    (2017) English medium instruction: Global views and countries in focus. Language Teaching, (), –. 10.1017/S0261444816000380
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000380 [Google Scholar]
  34. McLelland, N.
    (2009) Linguistic purism, protectionism, and nationalism in the Germanic languages today. Journal of Germanic Linguistics, (), –. 10.1017/S1470542709000208
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470542709000208 [Google Scholar]
  35. Nguyen, X. N. C. M., & Walkinshaw, I.
    (2018) Autonomy in teaching practice: Insights from Vietnamese English language teachers trained in inner-circle countries. Teaching and Teacher Education, , –. 10.1016/j.tate.2017.08.015
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.08.015 [Google Scholar]
  36. Oakes, L.
    (2001) Language and national identity: Comparing France and Sweden. John Benjamins. 10.1075/impact.13
     https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.13 [Google Scholar]
  37. Phillipson, R.
    (2018) Linguistic imperialism. InC. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of applied linguistics (pp.–). Wiley. 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0718.pub2
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0718.pub2 [Google Scholar]
  38. Richards, J. C.
    (2001) Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511667220
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667220 [Google Scholar]
  39. Robles, M. M.
    (2012) Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, (), –. 10.1177/1080569912460400
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569912460400 [Google Scholar]
  40. Routledge. Kolko, B., Nakamura, L., & Rodman, G.
    (Eds.) (2000) Race in Cyberspace (1st ed.). Routledge. 10.4324/9780203949696
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203949696 [Google Scholar]
  41. Saville-Troike, M.
    (2003) The ethnography of communication. Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470758373
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470758373 [Google Scholar]
  42. School of Advanced Study
    School of Advanced Study (2017) Toubon act. Talking Humanities. https://talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk/tag/toubon-act/
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Sebola, M. P.
    (2022) South Africa’s public higher education institutions, university research outputs, and contribution to national human capital. Human Resource Development International, (), –. 10.1080/13678868.2022.2047147
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2047147 [Google Scholar]
  44. Selvi, A. F.
    (2014) The medium-of-instruction debate in Türkiye: Oscillating between national ideas and bilingual ideals. Current Issues in Language Planning, (), –. 10.1080/14664208.2014.898357
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.898357 [Google Scholar]
  45. (2022) Resisting English medium instruction through digital grassroots activism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2020.1724120
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1724120 [Google Scholar]
  46. Sert, N.
    (2008) The language of instruction dilemma in the Turkish context. System, (), –. 10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006 [Google Scholar]
  47. Sheils, J.
    (2010) Council of Europe policy for plurilingual education. InB. O’Rourke & L. Carson (Eds.), Language learner autonomy: Policy, curriculum, classroom: A festschrift in honour of David Little (pp.–). Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Skutnabb-Kangas, T.
    (2000) Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights?Routledge. 10.4324/9781410605191
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605191 [Google Scholar]
  49. Stuckey, H.
    (2015) The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, (), –. 10.4103/2321‑0656.140875
     https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-0656.140875 [Google Scholar]
  50. Van Splunder, F.
    (2013) All Englishes are equal (but some are more equal than others). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, (), –. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/buje/issue/3837/51461#article_cite
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Wächter, B., & Maiworm, F.
    (Eds.) (2014) English-taught programmes in European higher education: The state of play in 2014. Lemmens. https://www.lemmens.de/dateien/medien/buecher-ebooks/aca/2014_english_taught.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Warschauer, M.
    (2000) Language, identity, and the Internet. InB. Kolko, L. Nakamura & G. Rodman (Eds.), Race in cyberspace (pp.-).
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Wilkinson, R., & Gabriëls, R.
    (Eds.) (2021) The Englishization of higher education in Europe. Amsterdam University Press. 10.2307/j.ctv21ptzkn
     https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21ptzkn [Google Scholar]
  54. Woolard, K. A.
    (2005) Language and identity choice in Catalonia: The interplay of contrasting ideologies of linguistic authority. InK. Siiselbeck, U. Mühlschlegel & P. Masson (Eds.), Lengua, nación e identidad: La regulación del plurilingüismo en España y América Latina [Language, nation and identity: The regulation of multilingualism in Spain and Latin America](pp.–). Iberoamericana. https://escholarship.org/content/qt47n938cp/qt47n938cp.pdf?t=lpaoil
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Xu, D., & Fletcher, J.
    (2017) Understanding the relative value of alternative pathways in postsecondary education: Evidence from the state of Virginia. InM. Shah & G. Whiteford (Eds.), Bridges, pathways, and transitions: International innovations in widening participation (pp.–). Chandos. 10.1016/B978‑0‑08‑101921‑4.00014‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101921-4.00014-2 [Google Scholar]
  56. Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)
    Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK) (2023) Undergraduate degree preference wizard. YÖK. https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/tercih-sihirbazi-t4-tablo.php?p=say
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Yuksel, D., & Altay, M.
    (2024) Perspectives of business stakeholders about EMI in Turkiye. Journal of English-Medium Instruction, (), –. 10.1075/jemi.22021.yuk
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jemi.22021.yuk [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
Loading
The intersection of human capital and linguistic protectionism
John Benjamins ; https://doi.org/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
/content/journals/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
/content/journals/10.1075/jemi.24002.alt
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: English-medium instruction (EMI) ; human capital theory (HCT) ; linguistic protectionism ; Turkish-medium instruction (TMI) ; EMI policy ; administrative stakeholders

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error