1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Historical Linguistics
  4. Volume 9, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 9, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2210-2116
  • E-ISSN: 2210-2124
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Skepticism regarding the tree model has a long tradition in historical linguistics. Although scholars have emphasized that the tree model and its long-standing counterpart, the wave theory, are not necessarily incompatible, the opinion that family trees are unrealistic and should be completely abandoned in the field of historical linguistics has always enjoyed a certain popularity. This skepticism has further increased with the advent of recently proposed techniques for data visualization which seem to confirm that we can study language history without trees. In this article, we show that the concrete arguments that have been brought up in favor of achronistic wave models do not hold. By comparing the phenomenon of incomplete lineage sorting in biology with processes in linguistics, we show that data which do not seem as though they can be explained using trees can indeed be explained without turning to diffusion as an explanation. At the same time, methodological limits in historical reconstruction might easily lead to an overestimation of regularity, which may in turn appear as conflicting patterns when the researcher is trying to reconstruct a coherent phylogeny. We illustrate how, in several instances, trees can benefit language comparison, although we also discuss their shortcomings in modeling mixed languages. While acknowledging that not all aspects of language history are tree-like, and that integrated models which capture both vertical and lateral language relations may depict language history more realistically than trees do, we conclude that all models claiming that vertical language relations can be completely ignored are essentially wrong: either they still tacitly draw upon family trees or they only provide a static display of data and thus fail to model temporal aspects of language history.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
When the waves meet the trees
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
2019-07-02
2024-10-08

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aikio, Ante
    2006 Etymological Nativization of Loanwords: A Case Study of Saami and Finnish. Saami Linguisticsed. byIda Toivonen & Diane Nelson, 17–52. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Antonov, Anton
    2015 The Obviative as a Differential Object Marker in Michif. Paper presented at11th Biennial Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology, Albuquerque, USA, August 1–3, 2015.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anttila, Raimo
    1972 An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Atkinson, Quentin D. & Russell D. Gray
    2006 How Old is the Indo-European Language Family? Illumination or More Moths to the Flame?Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languagesed. byPeter Forster & Colin Renfrew, 91–109. Cambridge/Oxford/Oakville: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bakker, Peter
    1997 A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Metis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Baxter, William H.
    2006 Mandarin Dialect Phylogeny. Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale35:1.71–114. 10.3406/clao.2006.1748
     https://doi.org/10.3406/clao.2006.1748 [Google Scholar]
  7. Ben Hamed, Mahé
    2005 Neighbour-Nets Portray the Chinese Dialect Continuum and the Linguistic Legacy of China’s Demic History. Proceedings of the Royal Society B272:1567.1015–1022. 10.1098/rspb.2004.3015
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3015 [Google Scholar]
  8. Ben Hamed, Mahé & Feng Wang
    2006 Stuck in the Forest: Trees, Networks, and Chinese Dialects. Diachronica23:1.29–60. 10.1075/dia.23.1.04ham
     https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.23.1.04ham [Google Scholar]
  9. Bloomfield, Leonard
    1973 Language. London: Allen & Unwin.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Blust, Robert
    1999 Subgrouping, Circularity, and Extinction: Some Issues in Austronesian Comparative Linguistics. Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguisticsed. byElizabeth Zeitoun & Paul Jen-kuei Li, 31–94. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Bonfante, Giuliano
    1931 I dialetti indoeuropei. Annali del R. Istituto Orientale di Napoli4.69–185.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bowern, Claire
    2010 Historical Linguistics in Australia: Trees, Networks and Their Implications. Proceedings of the Royal Society B365:1559.3845–3854.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Brugmann, Karl
    1884 Zur Frage nach den Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen der indogermanischen Sprachen. Internationale Zeischrift für allgemeine Sprachewissenschaft1.228–256.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 1890 Grundriß der vergleichenden grammatik der indogermanischen sprachen, Vol.2. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 1967[1886] Einleitung und Lautlehre: vergleichende Laut-, Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre der indogermanischen Sprachen. Berlin, Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Bryant, David, Flavia Filimon & Russell D. Gray
    2005 Untangling Our Past: Languages, Trees, Splits and Networks. The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: A Phylogenetic Approached. byRuth Mace, Clare J. Holden & Stephen Shennan, 67–84. London: UCL Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Bryant, David & Vincent Moulton
    2004 Neighbor-Net: An Agglomerative Method for the Construction of Phylogenetic Networks. Molecular Biology and Evolution21:2.255–265. 10.1093/molbev/msh018
     https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh018 [Google Scholar]
  18. Bugge, Sophus
    1855 Die formen der geschlechtslosen persönlichen pronomina in den germanischen sprachen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen4:4.241–256.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Burlak, Svetlana Anatol’evna & Sergej Anatol’evič Starostin
    2005 Sravnitel’no-istoričeskoe jazykoznanie. Moscow: Akademia.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Campbell, Lyle
    1999 Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (Second Edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Campbell, Lyle & Mauricio Mixco
    2007 A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chacon, Thiago Costa & Johann-Mattis List
    2015 Improved Computational Models of Sound Change Shed Light on the History of the Tukanoan Languages. Journal of Language Relationship13:3.177–204.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Chrétien, C. Douglas
    1963 Shared Innovations and Subgrouping. International Journal of American Linguistics29:1.66–68. 10.1086/464714
     https://doi.org/10.1086/464714 [Google Scholar]
  24. Costa, David J.
    2013 Borrowing in Southern Great Lakes Algonquian and the History of Potawatomi. Anthropological Linguistics55:3.195–233. 10.1353/anl.2013.0013
     https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2013.0013 [Google Scholar]
  25. Dagan, Tal & William Martin
    2006 The Tree of One Percent. Genome Biology7:10.118. 10.1186/gb‑2006‑7‑10‑118
     https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2006-7-10-118 [Google Scholar]
  26. Darwin, Charles
    1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. De Laet, Jan E.
    2005 Parsimony and the Problem of Inapplicables in Sequence Data. Parsimony, Phylogeny, and Genomicsed. byVictor A. Albert, 81–116. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Dyen, Isidore
    1953 Review of the book Malgache et maanjan: Une comparaison linguistique by Otto Chr. Dahl. Language29:4.577–590. 10.2307/409983
     https://doi.org/10.2307/409983 [Google Scholar]
  29. Fleischhauer, Jens
    2009 A Phylogenetic Interpretation of the Comparative Method. Journal of Language Relationship2.115–138.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. François, Alexandre
    2008 Semantic Maps and the Typology of Colexification: Intertwining Polysemous Networks Across Languages. From Polysemy to Semantic Changeed. byMartine Vanhove, 163–215. (= Studies in Language Companion Series, 106.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.106.09fra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.106.09fra [Google Scholar]
  31. 2014 Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification. The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguisticsed. byClaire Bowern & Bethwyn Evans, 161–189. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 2016 The Historical Morphology of Personal Pronouns in Northern Vanuatu. Faits de Langues47.25–60. 10.1163/19589514‑047‑01‑900000003
     https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000003 [Google Scholar]
  33. Gabelentz, Hans Georg C.
    1891 Die Sprachwissenschaft. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Galtier, Nicolas & Vincent Daubin
    2008 Dealing With Incongruence in Phylogenomic Analyses. Proceedings of the Royal Society B363:1512.4023–4029. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0144
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0144 [Google Scholar]
  35. Geisler, Hans & Johann-Mattis List
    2010 Beautiful Trees on Unstable Ground: Notes on the Data Problem in Lexicostatistics. Die Ausbreitung des Indogermanischen. Thesen aus Sprachwissenschaft, Archäologie und Genetiked. byHeinrich Hettrich. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 2013 Do Languages Grow on Trees? The Tree Metaphor in the History of Linguistics. Classification and Evolution in Biology, Linguistics and the History of Science: Concepts – Methods – Visualizationed. byHeiner Fangerau, Hans Geisler, Thorsten Halling & William Martin, 111–124. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Genetti, Carol
    2007 A Grammar of Dolakha Newar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110198812
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110198812 [Google Scholar]
  38. Goddard, Ives
    1974 Dutch Loanwords in Delaware. A Delaware Indian Symposiumed. byHerbert C. Kraft, 153–160. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Goebl, Hans
    1983 Stammbaum und Welle. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft2:1.3–44.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Gong, Xun
    2016 A Phonological History of Amdo Tibetan Rhymes. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies79:2.347–374. 10.1017/S0041977X16000070
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X16000070 [Google Scholar]
  41. Gray, Russell D., David Bryant & Simon J. Greenhill
    2010 On The Shape and Fabric of Human History. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B365:1559.3923–3933. 10.1098/rstb.2010.0162
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0162 [Google Scholar]
  42. Gray, Russell D. & Quentin D. Atkinson
    2003 Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin. Nature426:6965.435–439. 10.1038/nature02029
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02029 [Google Scholar]
  43. Greenhill, Simon J. & Russell D. Gray
    2012 Basic Vocabulary and Bayesian Phylolinguistics. Diachronica29:4.523–537. 10.1075/dia.29.4.05gre
     https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.4.05gre [Google Scholar]
  44. Hale, Mark
    2007 Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Malden/Oxford/Victoria: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Heggarty, Paul, Warren Maguire & April McMahon
    2010 Splits or Waves? Trees or Webs? How Divergence Measures and Network Analysis Can Unravel Language Histories. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B365:1559.3829–3843. 10.1098/rstb.2010.0099
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0099 [Google Scholar]
  46. Hennig, Willi
    1950 Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Berlin: Deutscher Zentralverlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hetzron, Robert
    1976 Two Principles of Genetic Reconstruction. Lingua38:2.89–108. 10.1016/0024‑3841(76)90074‑7
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(76)90074-7 [Google Scholar]
  48. Hirt, Herman
    1905 Die Indogermanen, Vol.1. Strassburg: Trübner. 10.1515/9783111423111
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111423111 [Google Scholar]
  49. Hock, Hans Henrich
    1986 Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110871975
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110871975 [Google Scholar]
  50. Hockett, Charles F.
    1957 Central Algonquian Vocabulary: Stems in k-. International Journal of American Linguistics23:4.247–268. 10.1086/464417
     https://doi.org/10.1086/464417 [Google Scholar]
  51. Hoenigswald, Henry M.
    1963 On the History of the Comparative Method. Anthropological Linguistics5:1.1–11.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Holzer, Georg
    1996 Das Erschließen unbelegter Sprachen. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Huehnergard, John
    1997 A Grammar of Akkadian. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 2006 Proto-Semitic and Proto-Akkadian. The Akkadian Language in its Semitic Context: Studies in the Akkadian of the Third and Second Millennium BCed. byG. Deutscher & N. J. C. Kouwenberg, 1–18. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 2012 An Introduction to Ugaritic. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Hurles, Matthew E., Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, Russell D. Gray & David Penny
    2003 Untangling Oceanic Settlement: The Edge of the Knowable. Trends in Ecology and Evolution10:10.531–540. 10.1016/S0169‑5347(03)00245‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00245-3 [Google Scholar]
  57. Huson, Daniel H.
    1998 SplitsTree: Analyzing and Visualizing Evolutionary Data. Bioinformatics14:1.68–73. 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.1.68
     https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.1.68 [Google Scholar]
  58. Hübschmann, Heinrich
    1897 Armenische Grammatik, 1 Theil: Armenische EtymologieLeipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Jacques, Guillaume
    2014 Cone. Phonological Profiles of Little-studied Tibetic Varietiesed. byJackson T.-S. Sun, 265–371. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 2016 Tangut, Gyalrongic, Kiranti and the Nature of Person Indexation in Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan. Linguistics Vanguard2:1.1–13. 10.1515/lingvan‑2015‑0033
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2015-0033 [Google Scholar]
  61. 2017 Japhug. The Sino-Tibetan Languages (Second Edition)ed. byGraham Thurgood & Randy LaPolla, 614–634. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Kalyan, Siva & Alexandre François
    2018 Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry. InRitsuko Kikusawa & Lawrence Reid (eds), Let’s talk about trees: Genetic Relationships of Languages and Their Phylogenic Representation (Senri Ethnological Studies, 98). Ōsaka: National Museum of Ethnology. 59–89.
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Kluge, F.
    1884 Die germanische Consonantendehnung. Beitrage der deutschen Sprache und Literatur9.149–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Koch, Harold
    2004 A Methodological History of Australian Linguistic Classification. Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Methoded. byClaire Bowern & Harold Koch, 17–60. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.249.06koc
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.249.06koc [Google Scholar]
  65. Kogan, Leonid
    2015 Genealogical Classification of Semitic: The Lexical Isoglosses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9781614515494
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614515494 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kroonen, Guus
    2011 The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 2013 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Kümmel, Martin J.
    2007 Konsonantenwandel: Bausteine zu einer Typologie des Lautwandels und ihre Konsequenzen für die vergleichende Rekonstruktion. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Labov, William
    2007 Transmission and Diffusion. Language83:2.344–387. 10.1353/lan.2007.0082
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2007.0082 [Google Scholar]
  70. Lass, Roger
    1997 Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620928
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620928 [Google Scholar]
  71. Lehmann, Winfred Philipp
    1969[1962] Einführung in die historische Linguistik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 1992 Historical Linguistics (Third Edition). London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  73. List, Johann-Mattis
    2014 Sequence Comparison in Historical Linguistics. Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 2016 Beyond Cognacy: Historical Relations Between Words and Their Implication for Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Journal of Language Evolution1:2.119–136. 10.1093/jole/lzw006
     https://doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzw006 [Google Scholar]
  75. List, Johann-Mattis, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi, Hans Geisler & William Martin
    2014 Networks Of Lexical Borrowing and Lateral Gene Transfer in Language and Genome Evolution. BioEssays36:2.141–150. 10.1002/bies.201300096
     https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201300096 [Google Scholar]
  76. List, Johann-Mattis, Jananan Sylvestre Pathmanathan, Philippe Lopez & Eric Bapteste
    2016 Unity and Disunity In Evolutionary Sciences: Process-Based Analogies Open Common Research Avenues for Biology And Linguistics. Biology Direct11:39.1–17.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. List, Johann-Mattis, Anselm Terhalle & Matthias Urban
    2013 Using Network Approaches to Enhance the Analysis of Cross-Linguistic Polysemies. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics – Short Papers, 347–353. Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Martirosyan, Hrach K.
    2010 Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. (= Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 8.) Leiden: Brill. 10.1163/9789047426837
     https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047426837 [Google Scholar]
  79. Martzloff, Vincent
    2016 Arménien geri ‘captif’ : étymologie et phraséologie à la lumière d’un parallèle en albanien du Caucase. Wékwos2.109–179.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. McMahon, April & Robert McMahon
    2005 Language Classification by Numbers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Meillet, Antoine
    1908 Les dialectes indo-européens. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion.
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Morrison, David A.
    2010 Review of the book Sequence Alignment: Methods, Models, Concepts, and Strategies, ed. byMichael S. Rosenberg. Systematic Biology359:3.363–365. 10.1093/sysbio/syq001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq001 [Google Scholar]
  83. 2011 An Introduction to Phylogenetic Networks. Uppsala: RJR Productions.
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 2014 Phylogenetic Networks: A New Form of Multivariate Data Summary for Data Mining and Exploratory Data Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery4:4.296–312. 10.1002/widm.1130
     https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1130 [Google Scholar]
  85. 2016 Genealogies: Pedigrees and Phylogenies Are Reticulating Networks Not Just Divergent Trees. Evolutionary Biology43:4.456–473. 10.1007/s11692‑016‑9376‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-016-9376-5 [Google Scholar]
  86. Newman, M. E. J.
    2010 Networks: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  87. Nicholls, Geoff K. & Robin J. Ryder
    2011 Phylogenetic Models for Semitic Vocabulary. Proceedings of the 26th International Workshop on Statistical Modellinged. byDavid Conesa, Anabel Forte, Antoni López-Quílez & Facundo Muñoz, 431–436.
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Nichols, Johanna
    1996 The Comparative Method as Heuristic. The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Changeed. byMark Durie & Malcolm Ross, 39–71. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Pagel, Mark
    2009 Human Language as a Culturally Transmitted Replicator. Nature Reviews Genetics10.405–415. 10.1038/nrg2560
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2560 [Google Scholar]
  90. Pernicka, Ernst, Thilo Rehren & Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker
    1998 Late Uruk Silver Production by Cupellation at Habuba Kabira, Syria. Metallurgica Antiqua: In Honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddined. byThilo Rehren, Andreas Hauptmann & James D. Muhly123–134. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau Museum.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Ringe, Donald, Tandy Warnow & Ann Taylor
    2002 Indo-European and Computational Cladistics. Transactions of the Philological Society100:1.59–129. 10.1111/1467‑968X.00091
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00091 [Google Scholar]
  92. Rogers, Jeffrey & Richard A. Gibbs
    2014 Comparative Primate Genomics: Emerging Patterns of Genome Content and Dynamics. Nature Reviews Genetics15:5.347–359. 10.1038/nrg3707
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3707 [Google Scholar]
  93. Ross, Malcolm
    1988 Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia. (= Pacific Linguistics C, 98.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Rubin, Aaron D.
    2005 Studies in Semitic Grammaticalization. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 10.1163/9789004370029
     https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004370029 [Google Scholar]
  95. Sagart, Laurent
    2015 “East Formosan” and the PAN Palatals. Talk presented at the13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Taipei, Taiwan, July 18–22, 2015. Available athttps://www.academia.edu/22871609/
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Scally, Aylwyn, Julien Y. Dutheil, LaDeana W. Hillier, Gregory E. Jordan, Ian Goodhead, Javier Herrero, Asger Hobolth, Tuuli Lappalainen, Thomas Mailund, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Shane McCarthy, Stephen H. Montgomery, Petra C. Schwalie, Y. Amy Tang, Michelle C. Ward, Yali Xue, Bryndis Yngvadottir, Can Alkan, Lars N. Andersen, Qasim Ayub, Edward V. Ball, Kathryn Beal, Brenda J. Bradley, Yuan Chen, Chris M. Clee, Stephen Fitzgerald, Tina A. Graves, Yong Gu, Paul Heath, Andreas Heger, Emre Karakoc, Anja Kolb-Kokocinski, Gavin K. Laird, Gerton Lunter, Stephen Meader, Matthew Mort, James C. Mullikin, Kasper Munch, Timothy D. O’Connor, Andrew D. Phillips, Javier Prado-Martinez, Anthony S. Rogers, Saba Sajjadian, Dominic Schmidt, Katy Shaw, Jared T. Simpson, Peter D. Stenson, Daniel J. Turner, Linda Vigilant, Albert J. Vilella, Weldon Whitener, Baoli Zhu, David N. Cooper, Pieter de Jong, Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis, Evan E. Eichler, Paul Flicek, Nick Goldman, Nicholas I. Mundy, Zemin Ning, Duncan T. Odom, Chris P. Ponting, Michael A. Quail, Oliver A. Ryder, Stephen M. Searle, Wesley C. Warren, Richard K. Wilson, Mikkel H. Schierup, Jane Rogers, Chris Tyler-Smith & Richard Durbin
    2012 Insights into Hominid Evolution from the Gorilla Genome Sequence. Nature483:7388.169–175. 10.1038/nature10842
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10842 [Google Scholar]
  97. Schleicher, August
    1848 Zur vergleichenden Sprachengeschichte. Bonn: König.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 1853a Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes. Allgemeine Monatsschrift für Wissenschaft und Literatur3.786–787.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 1853b O jazyku litevském, zvlástě ohledem na slovanský června. Časopis Českého Museum27.320–334.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 1861 Kurzer Abriss einer Lautlehre der indogermanischen Ursprache. Weimar: Böhlau.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 1863 Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft. Weimar: Hermann Böhlau.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Schmidt, Johannes
    1872 Die Verwantschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Hermann Böhlau.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 1875 Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vocalismus. Zweite Abteilung. Weimar: Hermann Böhlau.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Schuchardt, Hugo
    1900 Über die Klassifikation der romanischen Mundarten: Probe-Vorlesung, gehalten zu Leipzig am 30 April 1870. Graz.
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Streitberg, Wilhelm
    1900 Urgermanische grammatik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Sutrop, Urmas
    2012 Estonian Traces in the Tree of Life Concept and in the Language Family Tree Theory. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics3.297–326.
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Swadesh, Morris
    1955 Towards Greater Accuracy in Lexicostatistic Dating. International Journal of American Linguistics21:2.121–137. 10.1086/464321
     https://doi.org/10.1086/464321 [Google Scholar]
  108. 1959 The Mesh Principle in Comparative Linguistics. Anthropological Linguistics1:2.7–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Taylor, Allan R.
    1990 A European Loanword of Early Date in Eastern North America. Anthropological Linguistics32:3/4.187–210.
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Trask, Larry
    2000 Some Issues in Relative Chronology. Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Vol. 1ed. byColin Renfrew, April McMahon & Larry Trask, 45–58. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Urban, Matthias
    2011 Asymmetries in Overt Marking and Directionality in Semantic Change. Journal of Historical Linguistics1:1.3–47. 10.1075/jhl.1.1.02urb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.1.1.02urb [Google Scholar]
  112. Wichmann, Søren
    2017 Genealogical Classification in Historical Linguistics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.78
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.78 [Google Scholar]
  113. Yahalom-Mack, Naama & Adi Eliyahu-Behar
    2015 The Transition from Bronze to Iron in Canaan: Chronology, Technology, and Context. Radiocarbon57:2.285–305. 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18563
     https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18563 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
Loading
Save the trees
Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, 128 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Historical Glottometry; incomplete lineage sorting; phylogenetic networks; tree model

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error