1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Historical Linguistics
  4. Volume 8, Issue 3
  5. Article
Volume 8, Issue 3
  • ISSN 2210-2116
  • E-ISSN: 2210-2124
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

It has repeatedly been observed that there is a worldwide preference for suffixes over prefixes. In this article, we argue that universally dispreferred – or rare – structures can and do arise as the result of regular processes of language change, given the right background structures. Specifically, we show that Ancient Egyptian-Coptic undergoes a long-term diachronic macro-change from exhibiting mixed suffixing-prefixing to showing an overwhelming preference for prefixing. The empirical basis for this study is a comparison of ten typologically significant parameters in which prefixing or affixing is potentially at stake, based on Dryer’s (2013a) 969-language sample. With its extremely high prefixing preference, Coptic belongs to the rare 6% or so of languages that are predominantly prefixing. We argue that each of the micro-changes implicated in this macro-change are better understood in terms of changes at the level of individual constructions, rather than in terms of a broad structural “drift.” Crucially, there is nothing unusual about the actual processes of change themselves.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
2019-03-13
2023-09-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Cairo Bowl = Gardiner, Alan Henderson 1928 Egyptian Letters to the Dead, Mainly from the Old and Middle Kingdoms, copied, trans. and ed. byAlan Henderson Gardiner & Kurt Sethe. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. CT II = de Buck, Adriaan 1935 The Egyptian Coffin Texts II: Texts of Spells 76–163. (= Oriental Institute Publications, 49.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. CT III = de Buck, Adriaan 1947 The Egyptian Coffin Texts III: Texts of Spells 164–267. (= Oriental Institute Publications, 49.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Denk. der Oase Dakhla = Osing, Jürgen, Mohamed Moursi, Dorothea Arnold, Otto Neugebauer, Richard A. Parker, David Pingree & Abd el-Halim Nur-el-Din 1982 Denkmäler der Oase Dachla: aus dem Nachlass von Ahmed Fakhry. (= Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo, 28.) Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Hammamat = Couyat, J. & Pierre Montet 1912 Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. (= Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 34.) Cairo: Imprimerie de l’IFAO.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. HO = Jaroslav Černý & Alan H. Gardiner 1957 Hieratic ostraca. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. KRI = Kitchen, Kenneth A. 1969–1990 Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. LEM = Gardiner, Alan H. 1937 Late Egyptian Miscellanies. (= Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca, VII.) Brussels: Édition de la Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. LES = Gardiner, Alan H. 1932 Late-Egyptian Stories. (= Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca, I.) Brussels: Édition de la Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. LRL = Černý, Jaroslav 1939 Late Ramesside Letters. (= Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca, IX.) Brussels: Édition de la Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Meir = Blackman, Aylward Manley 1914–1924 The Rock Tombs of Meir. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. M. u. K. = Erman, Adolf 1901 Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind: aus dem Papyrus 3027 des Berliner Museums. (= Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1901). Berlin: Verlag der Königl, Akademie der Wissenschaften.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. oAsh.Mus. 269 = Černý, Jaroslav. Notebook31.71.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. oCairo 25667 = Černý, Jaroslav 1935 Ostraca hiératiques. Cairo: Impr. de l’IFAO.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. oDeM 10061 = Grandet, Pierre 2006 Catalogue des ostraca hiératiques non littéraires de Deîr el-Médînéh. Tome X: nos 10001 – 10123. (= Documents de fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 46. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Onchsh. = Glanville, S. R. K. 1955 The Instructions of 'Onchsheshonqy (British Museum Papyrus 10508) Part I: Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Plates. (= Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum 2. London: British Museum.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. pAsh.Mus. 1945.95 = Černý, Jaroslav 1945 The Will of Naunakhte and the Related Documents. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology31.29–53. 10.1177/030751334503100104
     https://doi.org/10.1177/030751334503100104 [Google Scholar]
  18. pBerlin P 10018 = Luft, Ulrich 2006 Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie: Briefe aus Illahun. (= Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, 7; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, 34.) Wien: Verl. der Österr. Akad. der Wiss.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. pBerlin P 10038A = Luft, Ulrich 1992 Das Archiv von Illahun: Briefe 1. (= Hieratische Papyri aus den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz 1). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. pBerlin P 13562 = Zauzich, Karl-Theodor 1993 Papyri von der Insel Elephantine. (= Demotische Papyri aus den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin 3). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. pBoulaq IV = Quack, Joachim Fr 1994 Die Lehren des Ani: ein neuägyptischer Weisheitstext in seinem kulturellen Umfeld. (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 141). Freiburg/Göttingen: Universitätsverlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. pDeM = Černý, Jaroslav 1978 Papyrus hiératiques de Deir el-Médineh I: Nos I-XVII. (= Documents de fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 8) ed. byGeorges Posener. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. pEbers = Wreszinski, Walter 1913 Der Papyrus Ebers: Umschrift, Übersetzung und Kommentar. (= Die Medizin der alten Ägypter 3. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. pMagLL = Griffith, Francis Llewellyn & Herbert Thompson 1904–1909 The Demotic Magical Papyri of London and Leiden. London: H. Grevel & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. pRylands 9 = Vittmann, Günther 1998 Der demotische Papyrus Rylands 9. Teil I: Text und Übersetzung. Teil II: Kommentare und Indizes. (= Ägypten und Altes Testament 38). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Ptahh. = Žába, Zbynĕk 1956 Les maximes de Ptahhotep: Texte, traduction et commentaire. Prague.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Setne = Griffith, Francis Llewellyn 1900 Stories of the High Priests of Memphis: The Sethon of Herodotus and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Goldbrunner, Sara 2006 Der verblendete Gelehrte. (= Demotische Studien, 13.) Sommerhausen: Gisela Zauzich Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Sh.S. = Blackman, Aylward M. 1932 Middle-Egyptian Stories, Part 1. (= Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca, 2.) Bruxelles: Édition de la Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. stCairo CG 20057 = Lange, Hans O. & Heinrich Schäfer 1902 Grab‑ und Denksteine des Mittleren Reichs im Museum von Kairo, No. 20001–20780. Theil I: 20001–20399. (= Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire). Berlin: Reichsdruckerei.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. stLeiden V.4 = Boeser, Pieter Adriaan Aart 1905–1908 Die Denkmäler des Alten Reiches. (= Beschreibung der Ägyptischen Sammlung des Niederländischen Reichsmuseums der Altertümer in Leiden, 1.) Leiden: Brill.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Urk. IV = Sethe, Kurt & Wolfgang Helck 1914–1961 Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums IV. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Leipzig & Graz.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Allen, James P.
    2010 Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511845055
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845055 [Google Scholar]
  33. Baayen, Harald
    1992 Quantitative Aspects of Morphological Productivity. Yearbook of Morphology 1991ed. byGeert Booij & Jaap van Marle, 109–149. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑2516‑1_8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2516-1_8 [Google Scholar]
  34. 1993 On Frequency, Transparency and Productivity. Yearbook of Morphology 1992ed. byGeert Booij & Jaap van Marle, 181–208. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑017‑3710‑4_7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3710-4_7 [Google Scholar]
  35. Baayen, R. Harald
    2009 Corpus Linguistics in Morphology: Morphological Productivity. Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbooked. byAnke Lüdeling & Merja Kytö, 900–919. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Barðdal, Johanna
    2006 Predicting the Productivity of Argument Structure Constructions. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society32:1.467–478. 10.3765/bls.v32i1.3438
     https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v32i1.3438 [Google Scholar]
  37. Bickel, Balthasar
    2011 Statistical Modeling of Language Universals. Linguistic Typology15:2.401–414. 10.1515/lity.2011.027
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.2011.027 [Google Scholar]
  38. 2015 Distributional Typology: Statistical Inquiries into the Dynamics of Linguistic Diversity. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis (Second Edition)ed. byBernd Heine & Heiko Narrog, 901–923. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Bickel, Balthasar & Johanna Nichols
    2007 Inflectional Morphology. Language Typology and Syntactic Description (Second Edition), Vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexiconed. byTimothy Shopen, 169–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511618437.003
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618437.003 [Google Scholar]
  40. Bickel, Balthasar & Zúñiga, Fernando
    2017 The ‘Word’ in Polysynthetic Languages: Phonological and Syntactic Challenges. The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesised. byMichael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun & Nicholas Evans, 158–186. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Bisang, Walter
    2015 Problems with Primary vs. Secondary Grammaticalization: The Case of East and Mainland Southeast Asian Languages. Language Sciences47:B.132–147. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.05.007
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.05.007 [Google Scholar]
  42. Blevins, Juliette
    2004 Evolutionary Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486357
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486357 [Google Scholar]
  43. 2008 Natural and Unnatural Sound Patterns: A Pocket Field Guide. Naturalness and Iconicity in Languageed. byKlaas Willems & Ludovic De Cuypere, 121–148. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/ill.7.08ble
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ill.7.08ble [Google Scholar]
  44. 2009 Another Universal Bites the Dust: Northwest Mekeo Lacks Coronal Phonemes. Oceanic Linguistics48:1.264–273. 10.1353/ol.0.0033
     https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.0.0033 [Google Scholar]
  45. 2017 Areal Sound Patterns: From Perceptual Magnets to Stone Soup. The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguisticsed. byRaymond Hickey, 55–87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781107279872.006
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.006 [Google Scholar]
  46. Borghouts, Joris F.
    1980 Object Pronouns of the tw‑Type in Late Egyptian. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica Leuven11.99–109.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 2010 Egyptian: An Introduction to the Writing and Language of the Middle Kingdom (2 volumes). (= Egyptologische Uitgaven, 24.) Leiden/Leuven: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten/Peeters.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Breban, Tine
    2014 What is Secondary Grammaticalization? Trying to See the Wood for the Trees in a Confusion of Interpretations. Folia Linguistica48:2.469–502. 10.1515/flin.2014.016
     https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.016 [Google Scholar]
  49. Brose, Mark
    2014 Grammatik der dokumentarischen Texte des Mittleren Reiches. (= Lingua Aegyptia Studia Monographica, 13.) Hamburg: Widmaier.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Bybee, Joan
    1985 Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.9
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.9 [Google Scholar]
  51. Bybee, Joan L.
    2008 Formal Universals as Emergent Phenomena: The Origins of Structure Preservation. InJeff Good, ed., 108–121.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Bybee, Joan L., William Pagliuca & Revere D. Perkins
    1990 On the Asymmetries in the Affixation of Grammatical Material. Studies in Typology and Diachrony: Papers Presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th Birthdayed. byWilliam A. Croft, Suzanne Kemmer & Keith Denning, 1–42. (= Typological Studies in Language, 20.) Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.20.04byb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.20.04byb [Google Scholar]
  53. Caballero, Gabriela, Michael J. Houser, Nicole Marcus, Teresa McFarland, Anne Pycha, Maziar Toosarvandani & Johanna Nichols
    2008 Nonsyntactic Ordering Effects in Noun Incorporation. Linguistic Typology12:3.383–421. 10.1515/LITY.2008.042
     https://doi.org/10.1515/LITY.2008.042 [Google Scholar]
  54. Cassonnet, Patricia
    2000 Études de néo-égyptien: les temps seconds Ï-sDm.f et Ï-ÏrÏ.f sDm entre syntaxe et sémantique. (= Études et mémoires d’égyptologie, 1.) Paris: Cybèle.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Černý, Jaroslav & Sarah Israelit Groll
    1984 A Late Egyptian Grammar (Third Edition). (= Studia Pohl Series Maior, 4.) Rome: Biblical Institute Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Collier, Mark
    2014 Antiphrastic Questions with ist and is in Late Egyptian. InEitan Grossman, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand, eds., 7–40.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Creissels, Denis
    2008 Direct and Indirect Explanations of Typological Regularities: The Case of Alignment Variation. Folia Linguistica42:1–2.1–38. 10.1515/FLIN.2008.1
     https://doi.org/10.1515/FLIN.2008.1 [Google Scholar]
  58. Cristofaro, Sonia
    2013 The Referential Hierarchy: Reviewing the Evidence in Diachronic Perspective. Languages Across Boundaries: Studies in Memory of Anna Siewierskaed. byDik Bakker & Martin Haspelmath, 69–93. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110331127.69
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110331127.69 [Google Scholar]
  59. 2014 Competing Motivation Models and Diachrony: What Evidence for What Motivations?Competing Motivations in Grammar and Usageed. byBrian MacWhinney, Andrej L. Malchukov & Edith A. Moravcsik, 282–298. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198709848.003.0017
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198709848.003.0017 [Google Scholar]
  60. 2017 Implicational Universals and Dependencies Between Grammatical Phenomena. Dependencies in Language: On the Causal Ontology of Linguistic Systemsed. byNick Enfield, 9–24. Berlin: Language Science Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. . Forthcoming. Taking Diachronic Evidence Seriously: Result-Oriented vs. Source-Oriented Explanations of Typological Universals. Explanation in Typology: Diachronic Sources, Functional Motivations and the Nature of the Evidence ed. by Karsten Schmidtke-Bode, Natalia Levshina, Susanne Maria Michaelis & Ilja A. Seržant. Berlin: Language Science Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Cutler, Ann, John Hawkins & Gary Gilligan
    1985 The Suffixing Preference: A Processing Explanation. Linguistics23:5.723–758. 10.1515/ling.1985.23.5.723
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1985.23.5.723 [Google Scholar]
  63. Cysouw, Michael
    2003 The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 2009 The Asymmetry of Affixation. Snippets20.10–14. Available atwww.ledonline.it/snippets/
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Depuydt, Leo
    1993 Conjunction, Contiguity, Contingency: On Relationships Between Events in the Egyptian and Coptic Verbal Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning
    2009 Glossing Ancient Egyptian: Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. Lingua Aegyptia17.343–366.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Dryer, Matthew S.
    2013a Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 26. Available atwals.info/chapter/26
  68. 2013b Coding of Nominal Plurality. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 33. Available atwals.info/chapter/33
  69. 2013c Position of Case Affixes. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 51. Available atwals.info/chapter/51
  70. 2013d Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 69. Available atwals.info/chapter/69
  71. 2013e Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 94. Available atwals.info/chapter/94
  72. 2013f Definite Articles. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 37. Available atwals.info/chapter/37
  73. 2013g Indefinite Articles. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 38. Available atwals.info/chapter/38
  74. Dryer, Matthew S. & Martin Haspelmath
    eds. 2013 The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Egedi, Barbara
    2010 Possessive Constructions in Egyptian and Coptic: Distribution, Definiteness, and the Construct State Phenomenon. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde137:1.1–12. 10.1524/zaes.2010.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1524/zaes.2010.0001 [Google Scholar]
  76. Engsheden, Åke
    2006 Über die Markierung des direkten Objekts im Koptischen. Lingua Aegyptia14.199–222.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 2008 Differential Object Marking in Coptic. Forms and Functions: Aspect, Tense, Mood, Diathesis and Valencyed. byFolke Josephson & Ingmar Söhrman, 323–344. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Erman, Adolf
    1933 Neuaegyptische Grammatik (Second Edition). Leipzig: Engelmann.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Gardiner, Alan H.
    1957 Egyptian Grammar Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs (Third Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Gardiner, Shaya
    . Forthcoming. The Spread of the New Pronominal Possessive Construction: A Variationist Approach to the Letters of the Middle and New Kingdom. InEitan Grossman & Stéphane Polis eds.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Gell-Mann, Murray & Meritt Ruhlen
    2011 The Origin and Evolution of Word Order. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America108:42.17290–17295. 10.1073/pnas.1113716108
     https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113716108 [Google Scholar]
  82. Givón, Talmy
    1971 Historical Syntax and Synchronic Morphology: An Archeologist’s Field Trip. Chicago Linguistic Society7:1.394–415.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 1981 On the Development of the Numeral ‘one’ as an Indefinite Marker. Folia Linguistica Historica15:II/1.35–53. 10.1515/flih.1981.2.1.35
     https://doi.org/10.1515/flih.1981.2.1.35 [Google Scholar]
  84. Good, Jeff
    ed. 2008 Linguistic Universals and Language Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298495.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298495.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  85. Green, Michael
    1987 The Coptic Share Pattern and its Ancient Egyptian Ancestors: A Reassessment of the Aorist Pattern in the Egyptian Language. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Greenberg, Joseph H.
    1957 Order of Affixing: A Study in General Linguistics. Essays in Linguistics, 86–97. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 1966 Synchronic and Diachronic Universals in Phonology. Language42:2.508–517. 10.2307/411706
     https://doi.org/10.2307/411706 [Google Scholar]
  88. 1978 Diachrony, Synchrony and Language Universals. Universals of Human Language, Vol. 1: Method and Theoryed. byJoseph H. Greenberg, Charles A. Ferguson & Edith A. Moravcsik, 61–92. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Grossman, Eitan
    2009 Periphrastic Perfects in the Coptic Dialects: A Case Study in Grammaticalization. Lingua Aegyptia17.81–118.
     [Google Scholar]
  90. 2015 No Case Before the Verb in Coptic. InEitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter, eds., 203–225.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 2016 From Rarum to Rarissimum: An Unexpected Zero Person Marker. Linguistic Typology20:1.1–23. 10.1515/lingty‑2016‑0001
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2016-0001 [Google Scholar]
  92. 2018 Did Greek Influence the Coptic Preference for Prefixing? A Quantitative-Typological Perspective. Journal of Language Contact11:1.1–31. 10.1163/19552629‑01101001
     https://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01101001 [Google Scholar]
  93. Grossman, Eitan, Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques
    2018 A Cross-Linguistic Rarity in Synchrony and Diachrony: Adverbial Subordinator Prefixes Exist. STUF – Language Typology and Universals71:4.513–538. 10.1515/stuf‑2018‑0020
     https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2018-0020 [Google Scholar]
  94. Grossman, Eitan, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter
    eds. 2015 Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110346510
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110346510 [Google Scholar]
  95. Grossman, Eitan, Guillaume Lescuyer & Stéphane Polis
    2014 Contexts and Inferences: The Grammaticalization of the Later Egyptian Allative Future. InEitan Grossman, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand, eds., 87–136.
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Grossman, Eitan & Stéphane Polis
    2012 Navigating Polyfunctionality in the Lexicon: Semantic Maps and Ancient Egyptian Lexical Semantics. InEitan Grossman, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand, eds., 175–225.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. eds. Forthcoming. Possession in Ancient Egyptian. (= The Mouton Companions to Ancient Egyptian, 1.) Berlin: De Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Grossman, Eitan, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand
    eds. 2014 On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar. Hamburg: Widmaier.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Grossman, Eitan, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand
    eds. 2012 Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian. (= Lingua Aegyptia Studia Monographica, 9.) Hamburg: Widmaier.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Hall, Christopher J.
    1988 Integrating Diachronic and Processing Principles in Explaining the Suffixing Preference. Explaining Language Universalsed. byJohn A. Hawkins, 321–349. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Harris, Alice
    2008 On the Explanation of Cross-Linguistically Unusual Structures. InJeff Good, ed., 54–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Haspelmath, Martin
    1993 The Diachronic Externalization of Inflection. Linguistics31:2.279–310. 10.1515/ling.1993.31.2.279
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1993.31.2.279 [Google Scholar]
  103. 1999 Why is Grammaticalization Irreversible?Linguistics37:6.1043–1068. 10.1515/ling.37.6.1043
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.37.6.1043 [Google Scholar]
  104. 2008 Parametric Versus Functional Explanations of Syntactic Universals. The Limits of Syntactic Variationed. byTheresa Biberauer, 75–107. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/la.132.04has
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.132.04has [Google Scholar]
  105. 2009 An Empirical Test of the Agglutination Hypothesis. Universals of Language Todayed. bySergio Scalise, Elisabetta Magni & Antionietta Bisetto, 13–29. Dordrecht: Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4020‑8825‑4_2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8825-4_2 [Google Scholar]
  106. 2011 The Gradual Coalescence into ‘Words’ in Grammaticalization. The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalizationed. byBernd Heine & Heiko Narrog, 342–355. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 2013 Occurrence of Nominal Plurality. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 34. Available atwals.info/chapter/34
  108. 2015 The Three Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Egyptian-Coptic: Three Degrees of Grammaticalization. InEitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter, eds., 103–144.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 2018a The Last Word on Polysynthesis. Review of the bookOxford Handbook of Polysynthesised. byMichael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun & Nicholas Evans. Linguistic Typology22:2.307–326. 10.1515/lingty‑2018‑0011
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0011 [Google Scholar]
  110. 2018b Revisiting the Anasynthetic Spiral. Grammaticalization and Language Typologyed. byBernd Heine & Heiko Narrog, 97–115. Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Haspelmath, Martin, Andrea Calude, Michael Spagnol, Heiko Narrog & Elif Bamyaci
    2014 Coding Causal-Noncausal Verb Alternations: A Form–Frequency Correspondence Explanation. Journal of Linguistics50:3.587–625. 10.1017/S0022226714000255
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226714000255 [Google Scholar]
  112. Haspelmath, Martin & Andrea Sims
    2010 Understanding Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Hawkins, John A. & Anne Cutler
    1988 Psycholinguistic Factors in Morphological Asymmetry. Explaining Language Universalsed. byJohn A. Hawkins, 280–317. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Hawkins, John A. & Gary Gilligan
    1988 Prefixing and Suffixing Universals in Relation to Basic Word Order. Lingua74:2–3.219–259. 10.1016/0024‑3841(88)90060‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90060-5 [Google Scholar]
  115. Heine, Bernd
    1997 Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Hintze, Fritz
    1948 Die Haupttendenzen der ägyptischen Sprachentwicklung. Zeitschrift für Phonetik und Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft1:3.85–108.
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Himmelmann, Nikolaus P.
    2014 Asymmetries in the Prosodic Phrasing of Function Words: Another Look at the Suffixing Preference. Language90:4.927–960. 10.1353/lan.2014.0105
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2014.0105 [Google Scholar]
  118. Hodge, Carleton T.
    1970 The Linguistic Cycle. Language Sciences13:7.1–7.
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth Closs Traugott
    2003 Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  120. Jacques, Guillaume
    2011 A Panchronic Study of Aspirated Fricatives, with New Evidence from Pumi. Lingua121:9.1518–1538. 10.1016/j.lingua.2011.04.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2011.04.003 [Google Scholar]
  121. 2013 Harmonization and Disharmonization of Affix Ordering and Basic Word Order. Linguistic Typology17:2.187–215. 10.1515/lity‑2013‑0009
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lity-2013-0009 [Google Scholar]
  122. Junge, Friedrich
    2001 Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introductiontrans. byDavid Warburton. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Kahombo, Mateene
    1992 Essai de grammaire du Kihunde. (= Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 1.) Münster: LIT Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Kiparsky, Paul
    2008 Universals Constrain Change; Change Results in Typological Generalizations. InJeff Good, ed., 23–53.
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Kruchten, Jean-Marie
    1999 From Middle Egyptian to Late Egyptian. Lingua Aegyptia6.1–97.
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 2000 Assimilation and Dissimilation at Work in the Late Egyptian Verbal System: The Verb Forms Built by Means of the Auxiliary iri from the Second Part of the Nineteenth Dynasty until Early Demotic. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology86:1.57–65. 10.1177/030751330008600111
     https://doi.org/10.1177/030751330008600111 [Google Scholar]
  127. 2010 Les serments des stèles frontières d’Akhénaton: origine du Futur III & dynamique de l’apparition et de l’extension de l’auxiliaire ÏrÏ. Lingua Aegyptia18.131–167.
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Lambdin, Thomas
    1983 Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Layton, Bentley
    2004 A Coptic Grammar: Sahidic Dialect. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 2011 A Coptic Grammar (Third Edition). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Loprieno, Antonio
    1988 On the Typological Order of Constituents in Egyptian. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages1.26–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 1995 Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511611865
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611865 [Google Scholar]
  133. 2000 From VSO to SVO? Word Order and Rear Extraposition in Coptic. Stability, Variation and Change of Word Order Patterns over Timeed. byRosanna Sornicola, Erich Poppe & Ariel Shisha-Halevy, 23–39. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.213.05lop
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.213.05lop [Google Scholar]
  134. Loprieno, Antonio, Matthias Müller & Sami Uljas
    2017 Non-Verbal Predication in Ancient Egyptian. (= The Mouton Companions to Ancient Egyptian, 2.) Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110409895
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110409895 [Google Scholar]
  135. Matras, Yaron
    2014 Why is the Borrowing of Inflectional Morphology Dispreferred?Borrowed Morphologyed. byNino Amiridze, Peter Arkadiev & Francesco Gardani, 47–80. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Matras, Yaron & Jeanette Sakel
    2007 Investigating the Mechanisms of Pattern Replication in Language Convergence. Studies in Language31:4.829–865. 10.1075/sl.31.4.05mat
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.05mat [Google Scholar]
  137. Mattha, Girgis
    1947 The Origin of the Explanatory Particles ⲛ and ⲛϫⲓ : ⲛϫⲉ. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale45.61–64.
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Mithun, Marianne
    2003 Why Prefixes?Acta Linguistica Hungarica50:1–2.155–185. 10.1556/ALing.50.2003.1‑2.9
     https://doi.org/10.1556/ALing.50.2003.1-2.9 [Google Scholar]
  139. Nichols, Johanna
    1986 Head-Marking and Dependent-Marking Grammar. Language62:1.56–119. 10.1353/lan.1986.0014
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1986.0014 [Google Scholar]
  140. 2003 Diversity and Stability in Language. Handbook of Historical Linguisticsed. byRichard D. Janda & Brian D. Joseph, 283–310. London: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch5
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch5 [Google Scholar]
  141. Nichols, Johanna & Balthasar Bickel
    2013 Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, eds., Ch. 25. Available atwals.info/chapter/25
  142. Nikolaev, Dmitry & Eitan Grossman
    2018 Areal Sound Change and the Distributional Typology of Affricate Richness in Eurasia. Studies in Language42:3.562–599. 10.1075/sl.17043.nik
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.17043.nik [Google Scholar]
  143. Norde, Muriel
    2009 Degrammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207923.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207923.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  144. Oréal, Elsa
    2011 Les particules en égyptien ancien: De l’ancien égyptien à l’égyptien classique. (= Bibliothèque d’Étude, 152.) Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire.
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Peust, Carsten
    1999 Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language. (= Monographien zur Ägyptischen Sprache, 2.) Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Plumley, Martin J.
    1948 Introductory Coptic Grammar. London: Home & Van Thal.
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Polis, Stéphane
    2005 Les formes “contingentes” en ancien égyptien: une catégorisation en question. La langue dans tous ses états: Michel Malaise in honoremed. byChristian Cannuyer, A. Schoors, René Lebrun, Jean-Marie Verpoorten & Jean Winand, 301–322. Bruxelles: Société belge d’études orientales.
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Polotsky, Hans-Jakob
    1940 Une règle concernant l’emploi des forms verbales dans la phrase interrogative en néo-égyptien. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte40.33–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Polotsky, Hans J.
    1944 Études de syntaxe copte. Cairo: Publications de la Société d’Archéologie Copte.
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Quack, Joachim Friedrich
    2006 En route vers le copte: notes sur l’évolution du démotique tardif. Faits de langues27.191–216.
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Reintges, Chris
    2003 Syntactic Conditions on Special Inflection in Coptic Interrogatives. Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II: Selected Papers from the Fifth Conference on Afroasiatic Languages, Paris, 2000ed. byJacqueline Lecarme, 363–408. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.241.18rei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.241.18rei [Google Scholar]
  152. 2004 Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect): A Learner’s Grammar. (= Afrikawissenschaftliche Lehrbücher, 15.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
     [Google Scholar]
  153. 2013 Sapirian “Drift” Towards Analyticity and Long-Term Morphosyntactic Change in Ancient Egyptian. Historical Linguistics 2011: Selected Papers from the 20th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Osaka, 25–30 July 2011ed. byRitsuko Kikusawa & Lawrence A. Reid, 289–328. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.326.19rei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.326.19rei [Google Scholar]
  154. Richter, Tonio Sebastian
    2009 Greek, Coptic, and the ‘Language of the Hijra’: The Rise and Decline of the Coptic Language in Late Antique and Medieval Egypt. From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near Easted. byHannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price & David J. Wasserstein, 402–447. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511641992.019
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511641992.019 [Google Scholar]
  155. Sapir, Edward
    1921 Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Seifart, Frank
    2013 AfBo: A World-Wide Survey of Affix Borrowing. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available atafbo.info. Last accessed18 August 2017.
  157. 2015 Direct and Indirect Affix Borrowing. Language91:3.511–532. 10.1353/lan.2015.0044
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2015.0044 [Google Scholar]
  158. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel
    1986 Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Coptic. (= Analecta Orientalia, 53.) Rome: The Pontifical Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  159. 2000 Stability in Clausal/Phrasal Pattern Constituent Sequencing: 4000 Years of Egyptian (With Some Theoretical Reflections, Also on Celtic). Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Timeed. byRosanna Sornicola, Erich Poppe & Ariel Shisha-Halevy, 71–100. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.213.09shi
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.213.09shi [Google Scholar]
  160. 2007 Determination-Signalling Environment in Old and Middle Egyptian: Work-Notes and Reflections. Studies in Semitic and General Linguistics in Honor of Gideon Goldenberged. byTali Bar & Eran Cohen, 223–254. (= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, 334.) Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Siewierska, Anna & Dik Bakker
    1996 The Distribution of Subject and Object Agreement and Word Order Type. Studies in Language20:1.115–161. 10.1075/sl.20.1.06sie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20.1.06sie [Google Scholar]
  162. Silverman, David P.
    1980 Interrogative Constructions with JN and JN-JW in Old and Middle Egyptian. (= Bibliotheca Aegyptia, 1.) Malibu: Undena Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Simpson, R. S.
    1996 Demotic Grammar in the Ptolemaic Sacerdotal Decrees. (= Griffith Institute Monographs, 1.) Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum.
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Sojic, Nathalie
    . Forthcoming. The Emergence of the Possessive Determiner in Ancient Egyptian. InEitan Grossman & Stéphane Polis eds.
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Spiegelberg, Wilhelm
    1925 Demotische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Stauder, Andréas
    2017 L’origine du pronom sujet néo-égyptien (twÏ, twk, sw, etc.). Revue d’égyptologie67.141–156.
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Teferra, Anbessa & Grover Hudson
    2007 Essentials of Amharic. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Topping, Donald M.
    1973 Chamorro Reference Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Uljas, Sami
    2009 Adverbial Sentence WH-questions in Earlier Egyptian. Revue d’Égyptologie60.147–158. 10.2143/RE.60.0.2049277
     https://doi.org/10.2143/RE.60.0.2049277 [Google Scholar]
  170. 2012 Begging the Question: Earlier Egyptian WH-questions and the Marking of Information Structure. Lingua Aegyptia20.253–266.
     [Google Scholar]
  171. 2016 On Clitics in Earlier Egyptian. Lingua Aegyptia24.111–149.
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Van de Velde, Freek, Hendrik de Smet & Lobke Ghesquière
    2013 On Multiple Source Constructions in Language Change [Special Issue]. Studies in Language37:3.
     [Google Scholar]
  173. van der Auwera, Johan
    2009 On the Diachrony of Negation. The Expression of Negationed. byLaurence R. Horn, 73–109. (= The Expression of Cognitive Categories, 4.) Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Vernus, Pascal
    1988 L’Égypto-copte. Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, troisième partie: langues chamito-sémitiquesed. byDavid Cohen, 161–206. Paris: Ed. du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
     [Google Scholar]
  175. 1990 Future at Issue. Tense, Mood and Aspect in Middle Egyptian: Studies in Syntax and Semantics. (Yale Egyptological Studies, 4.) New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar.
     [Google Scholar]
  176. 2006 Pronoms interrogatifs en égyptien de la première phase. Lingua Aegyptia14.145–178.
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Vuillermet, Marine
    2018 Making the Case for a Morphosemantic Apprehensional Domain. Studies in Language42:1.256–293. 10.1075/sl.00010.vui
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.00010.vui [Google Scholar]
  178. Werning, Daniel A.
    2012 Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and Their Translations: A Typological Approach. InEitan Grossman, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand, eds., 293–346.
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Winand, Jean
    1992 Études de néo-égyptien, 1: La morphologie verbale. (= Aegyptiaca Leodiensia, 2.) Liège: Centre Informatique de Philosophie et Lettres.
     [Google Scholar]
  180. 1997 La négation bn … Ïwn# en néo-égyptien. Lingua Aegyptia5.223–236.
     [Google Scholar]
  181. 2015 The Oblique Expression of the Object in Ancient Egyptian. InEitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter, eds., 533–560. 10.1515/9783110346510.533
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110346510.533 [Google Scholar]
  182. . Forthcoming. Pronominal Non-Predicative Possession in Late Egyptian. InEitan Grossman & Stéphane Polis eds.
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Yu, Alan
    2007 A Natural History of Infixation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279388.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279388.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
Loading
Swimming against the typological tide or paddling along with language change?
Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, 388 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): affixation; Ancient Egyptian-Coptic; diachronic typology; linear order; typological rara; universals

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error