1887
Volume 12, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2210-2116
  • E-ISSN: 2210-2124
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This study presents data from modern Arabic innovations < to investigate the cross-linguistic developmental pathway < . Products of this path (e.g., German , Spanish ) feature consistently in contrastive approaches to grammaticalization and lexicalization and have been advanced as exclusive examples of both phenomena, without clear resolution. In this investigation, I establish the derivation of forms in dialectal Arabic from ten distinct source constructions and identify patterns of fusion and coalescence relevant to both grammaticalization and lexicalization analyses. I then demonstrate a correlated progression of indexicalization and desemanticization in these items’ semanto-pragmatic structure that firmly positions them as examples of grammaticalizing, rather than lexicalizing, change, and proceed to develop this account via examination of the cross-dialectal diffusion of < as an abstract, schematized structure. This approach provides additional support for a grammaticalization account of < developments cross-linguistically and elaborates a novel evidentiary stream with implications for the integration of contact linguistics and grammaticalization/lexicalization studies more broadly.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.20020.led
2021-08-31
2025-02-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abu-Haidar, Farida
    2006 Baghdad Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 222–231. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abu-Mansour, Mahasen Hasan
    2008 Meccan Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIIed. byKees Versteegh, 179–187. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Al-Farāhīdī, al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad
    1980 [Kitāb al-ʻAyn]. Ed. byMahdī al-Makhzūmī & Ibrāhīm al-Sāmarrāʼī. Baghdad: al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻIrāqīyah, Wizārat al-Thaqāfah wa-al-Iʻlām, Dār al-Rashīd.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Al-Fayyūmī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī
    2008 [Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr]. 1st ed.Ed. byYaḥyá Murād. Cairo: Mu’assasat al-Mukhtār.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Al-Jallad, Ahmad
    2015An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions. Leiden & Boston: Brill. 10.1163/9789004289826
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004289826 [Google Scholar]
  6. Al-Jawharī, Ismā‘īl ibn Ḥammād
    1990 [Al-Ṣiḥāḥ / Tāj al-Lughah wa Ṣiḥāḥ al-‘Arabīyah]. 4th ed.Ed. byAḥmad ‘Abd al-Ghafūr ‘Aṭṭār. Beirut: Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan
    2009 Wādī Ḥaḍramawt Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IVed. byKees Versteegh, 687–699. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Al-Tajir, Mahdi Abdalla
    1982Language and Linguistic Origins in Baḥrain: The Baḥārnah dialect of Arabic. London, Boston & Melbourne: Kegan Paul International.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Al-Wer, Enam
    2007 Jordanian Arabic (Amman). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIed. byKees Versteegh, 505–517. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Arnold, Werner
    1998Die arabischen Dialekte Antiochiens. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bani Yasin, Raslan & Jonathan Owens
    1984 The Bduul Dialect of Jordan. Anthropological Linguistics26:2.202–232.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bauer, Laurie
    1983English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165846
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165846 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bauer, Brigitte L. M.
    2007 The Definite Article in European: Emergence of a New Grammatical Category?. Nominal determination: Typology, Context Constraints, and Historical Emergenceed. byElisabeth Stark, Elisabeth Leiss & Werner Abraham, 103–140. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.89.07bau
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.89.07bau [Google Scholar]
  14. Behnstedt, Peter
    1994Die arabische Dialekt von Soukhne (Syrien): Teil 2. Phonologie, Morphologie, Syntax, Teil 3. Glossar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Behnstedt, Peter & Manfred Woidich
    1985Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, Band 2: Dialektatlas von Ägypten. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 1988Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, Band 3: Texte II. Niltaldialekte III. Oasendialekte. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Belinkov, Yonatan
    2014 The Arabic Dialect of Ğisr izZarga: Linguistic description and a preliminary classification, with sample texts. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University master’s thesis.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Boucherit, Aziza
    2006 Algiers Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 58–66. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Brinton, Laurel J. & Elizabth Closs Traugott
    2005Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511615962
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615962 [Google Scholar]
  20. Brustad, Kristen
    2000The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca
    1994The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago & London: Chicago University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Corazza, Eros
    2011 Indexicals and Demonstratives. Philosophical Perspectives for Pragmaticsed. byMarina Sbisà, Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren, 131–152. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hoph.10.12cor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hoph.10.12cor [Google Scholar]
  23. Dahl, Östen
    2001 Principles of Areal Typology. Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbooked. byMartin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible, 1456–1470. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Davey, Richard J.
    2016Coastal Dhofari Arabic: A Sketch Grammar. Leiden & Boston: Brill. 10.1163/9789004317437
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004317437 [Google Scholar]
  25. Dhina, Amar
    1938 Notes sur la Phonétique et la Morphologie du parler des ’Arbâε. Revue Africaine82.313–353.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dickins, James
    2007 Khartoum Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIed. byKees Versteegh, 559–571. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Diewald, Gabriele
    2010 On Some Problem Areas in Grammaticalization Studies. Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issuesed. byKaterina Stathi, Elke Gehweiler & Ekkehard König, 17–50. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.119.04die
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.119.04die [Google Scholar]
  28. Feghali, Habaka J.
    1991Arabic Adeni Textbook (Yemen). Wheaton: Dunwoody Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Fischer, Olga
    2008 On Analogy as the Motivation for Grammaticalization. Studies in Language32.336–382. 10.1075/sl.32.2.04fis
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.2.04fis [Google Scholar]
  30. Fischer, Wolfdietrich
    1959Die demonstrativen Bildungen der neuarabischen Dialekte: Ein Beitrag zur historischen Grammatik des Arabischen. The Hague: Mouton & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Giacalone Ramat, Anna
    1998 Testing the Boundaries of Grammaticalization. The Limits of Grammaticalizationed. byAnna Giacalone Ramat & Paul J. Hopper, 107–128. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.37.05gia
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.37.05gia [Google Scholar]
  32. Grand’Henry, Jacques
    1972Le parler arabe de Cherchell (Algérie). Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 1976Les parlers arabes de la région du Mzāb (Sahara algérien). Leiden: E. J. Brill. 10.1163/9789004348455
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004348455 [Google Scholar]
  34. Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard & Jacqueline Visconti
    2009 On the Diachrony of “Reinforced” Negation in French and Italian. Grammaticalization and Pragmatics: Facts, approaches, theoretical issuesed. byCorinne Rossari, Claudia Ricci & Adriana Spiridon, 137–171. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 10.1163/9789004253193_009
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253193_009 [Google Scholar]
  35. Heath, Jeffrey
    2002Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic. London & New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 2004Hassaniya Arabic (Mali)-English-French Dictionary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Heine, Bernd
    2007 Grammaticalization. The Handbook of Historical Linguisticsed. byBrian Joseph & Richard Janda, 575–601. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva
    2005Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511614132
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614132 [Google Scholar]
  39. Henkin, Roni
    2008 Negev Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIIed. byKees Versteegh, 360–369. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Heselwood, Barry & Janet C. E. Watson
    2015 The Arabic Definite Article: A Synchronic and Historical Perspective. Arabic and Semitic Linguistics Contextualized: A Festschrift for Jan Retsöed. byLutz Edzard, 157–176. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 10.2307/j.ctvc2rmgq.12
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc2rmgq.12 [Google Scholar]
  41. Hillelson, S.
    1935Sudan Arabic Texts with Translation and Glossary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hilpert, Martin
    2019 Lexicalization in Morphology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguisticsed. byMark Aronoff. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.622
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.622 [Google Scholar]
  43. Hoffman, Thomas & Graeme Trousdale
    2011 Variation, Change and Constructions in English. Cognitive Linguistics22:1.1–23. 10.1515/cogl.2011.001
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2011.001 [Google Scholar]
  44. Holes, Clive
    2006 Bahraini Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 241–255. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 2007 Kuwaiti Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIed. byKees Versteegh, 608–620. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Hopper, Paul
    1998 The Paradigm at the End of the Universe. The Limits of Grammaticalizationed. byAnna Giacalone Ramat & Paul J. Hopper, 147–158. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.37.07hop
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.37.07hop [Google Scholar]
  47. Hopper, Paul & Elizabeth Traugott
    2003Grammaticalization. 2nd ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  48. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram
    1988 [Lisān al-ʻArab / lil-imām ibn Manẓūr; nassaqahu wa-ʻallaqa ʻalayhi wa-waḍaʻa fahārisahu ʻAlī Shīrī]. 1st ed.Ed. byʻAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Idiatov, Dmitry
    2008 Antigrammaticalization, Antimorphologization and the Case of Tura. Theoretical and Empirical Issues in Grammaticalizationed. byElena Seoane & María José López-Couso, 151–170. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.77.09idi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.77.09idi [Google Scholar]
  50. Il-Hazmy, Alayan Mohammed
    1975 A Critical and Comparative Study of the Spoken Dialect of the Ḥarb Tribe in Saudi Arabia. Leeds: University of Leeds doctoral dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Ingham, Bruce
    1982 Notes on the Dialect of the Ḍhafīr of North-Eastern Arabia. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London45:2.245–259. 10.1017/S0041977X00066350
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00066350 [Google Scholar]
  52. 1994Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/loall.1
    https://doi.org/10.1075/loall.1 [Google Scholar]
  53. 2007 Khuzestan Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIed. byKees Versteegh, 571–578. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Jastrow, Otto
    1979 Zur arabischen Mundart von Mossul. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik2.76–99.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. de Jong, Rudolf
    2000A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of the Northern Sinai Littoral: Bridging the Linguistic Gap between the Eastern and Western Arab World. Leiden & Boston: Brill. 10.1163/9789004491229
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004491229 [Google Scholar]
  56. 2002 Notes on the Dialect of the ‘Abābda. “Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es!”: 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik, Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60. Geburtstaged. byWerner Arnold & Hartmut Bobzin, 337–360. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Joseph, Brian
    2003 Morphologization from Syntax. Handbook of Historical Linguisticsed. byBrian Joseph & Richard Janda, 472–492. Malden: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch13
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch13 [Google Scholar]
  58. Kaye, Alan S. & Judith Rosenhouse
    1997 Arabic Dialects and Maltese. The Semitic Languagesed. byRobert Hetzron, 263–311. London & New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Khalafallah, Abdelghany A.
    1969A Descriptive Grammar of Sa‘iːdi Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. The Hague: Mouton. 10.1515/9783111357355
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111357355 [Google Scholar]
  60. Khan, Geoffrey
    1997 The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hīt. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik34.53–102.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Lane, Edward W.
    1968An Arabic-English Lexicon. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Lehmann, Christian
    2015Thoughts on Grammaticalization. 3rd ed.Berlin: Language Science Press. 10.26530/OAPEN_603353
    https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_603353 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lentin, Jérôme
    2006 Damascus Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 546–555. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Lewin, Bernhard
    1969Notes on Cabali: The Arabic Dialect Spoken by the Alawis of “Jebel Ansariye.”Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lightfoot, Douglas
    2011 Grammaticalization and Lexicalization. The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalizationed. byBernd Heine and Heiko Narrog, 438–449. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Macdonald, Michael C. A.
    2004 Ancient North Arabian. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languagesed. byRoger Woodard, 488–533. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Magidow, Alexander
    2013 Towards a Sociohistorical Reconstruction of Pre-Islamic Arabic Dialect Diversity. Austin: The University of Texas at Austin doctoral dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 2016 Diachronic Dialect Classification with Demonstratives. Al-‘Arabiyya49.91–115.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Mahdi, Qasim R.
    1985 The Spoken Arabic of Baṣra, Iraq: A descriptive study of phonology, morphology and syntax. Exeter: The University of Exeter doctoral dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Marçais, Philippe
    1956Le parler arabe de Djidjelli (Nord constantinois, Algérie). Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Adrien-Maisonneuve.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Marçais, William
    1902Le dialecte arabe parlé a Tlemcen: Grammaire, textes et glossaire. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 1908Le dialecte arabe des Ūläd Brāhîm de Saïda (Département d’Oran). Paris: Honoré Champion.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Matras, Yaron
    2011 Grammaticalization and Language Contact. The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalizationed. byBernd Heine & Heiko Narrog, 279–290. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Meillet, Antoine
    1912 L’évolution des formes grammaticales. Scientia (Rivista di Scienza)6:12.384–400.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Naïm, Samia
    2006 Beirut Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 274–286. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Nakshabandi, Anwar Mohammad H.
    1998 A Descriptive Study of the Phonology and Morphology of the Abha Dialect. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University doctoral dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Nishio, Tetsuo
    1995 Characteristics of the Arabic Dialect of Qifṭ (Upper Egypt). Journal of Asian and African Studies48–49.173–219.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Nunberg, Geoffrey
    1993 Indexicality and Deixis. Linguistics and Philosophy16.1–43. 10.1007/BF00984721
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984721 [Google Scholar]
  79. Owens, Jonathan
    1993A Grammar of Nigerian Arabic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 1998Neighborhood and Ancestry: Variation in the Spoken Arabic of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/impact.4
    https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.4 [Google Scholar]
  81. Palva, Heikki
    1980 Characteristics of the Arabic dialect of the Bani Ṣaxar tribe. Orientalia Suecana29.112–139.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 2006 Dialects: Classification. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 604–613. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Procházka, Stephan
    2000 Über einige “rätselhafte” Formen auf -(ē)n in den arabischen Dialekten. Oriente Moderno19:80:1.99–109. 10.1163/22138617‑08001007
    https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-08001007 [Google Scholar]
  84. 2006 Cilician Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 388–397. Leiden & Boston: Brill. 10.1016/B0‑08‑044854‑2/02081‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02081-2 [Google Scholar]
  85. Qafisheh, Hamdi
    1977A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 1997NTC’s Gulf Arabic-English Dictionary. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Reichmuth, Stefan
    1983Der arabische Dialekt der Šukriyya im Ostsudan. Hildesheim, Zurich & New York: Georg Olms Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Roset, Caroline
    2018 A Grammar of Darfur Arabic. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam doctoral dissertation, LOT Dissertation Series501.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Ross, Malcolm
    2003 Diagnosing Prehistoric Language Contact. Motives for Language Changeed. byRaymond Hickey, 174–198. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486937.012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486937.012 [Google Scholar]
  90. Roth, Arlette
    1979Esquisse grammaticale du parler arabe d’Abbéché (Tchad). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Sabuni, Abdulghafur
    1980Laut- und Formenlehre des Arabischen Dialekts von Aleppo. Frankfurt, Bern & Cirenchester: Verlag Peter D. Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Sánchez, Pablo
    2014El árabe vernáculo de Marrakech: Análisis lingüístico de un corpus representativo. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Schroepfer, Jason
    2019Notes on Aswan Arabic. Unpublished manuscript, Virginia Military Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Sinclair, John M.
    1991Corpus, Concordance and Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Souag, Lameen
    2005 Notes on the Algerian Arabic Dialect of Dellys. Estudios de Dialectología Norteafricana y Andalusí9.151–180.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Taine-Cheikh, Catherine
    2007 Ḥassānīyya Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IIed. byKees Versteegh, 240–250. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 2018 Expressiveness and Evaluation in Arabic: The Singular Development of the Diminutive in Ḥassāniyya Arabic. Studies in Language42:1.81–113. 10.1075/sl.00004.tai
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.00004.tai [Google Scholar]
  98. Talay, Shabo
    2003Der arabische Dialekt der Khawētna II: Texte und Glossar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Tamis, Rianne & Janet Persson
    2013Sudanese Arabic-English, English-Sudanese Arabic: A Concise Dictionary. Dallas: SIL International Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Tsiapera, Maria
    1969A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Van Rompaey, Tinne, Kristin Davidse & Peter Petré
    2015 Lexicalization and Grammaticalization: The Case of the Verbo-Nominal Expressions be on the/one’s way/road. Functions of Language22:2.232–263. 10.1075/fol.22.2.03rom
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.22.2.03rom [Google Scholar]
  102. Versteegh, Kees
    2014The Arabic Language. 2nd ed.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Vicente, Ángeles
    2006 Demonstratives. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 569–573. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Watson, Janet
    2006 Adverbs. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. Ied. byKees Versteegh, 21–25. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 2009 Ṣan‘ānī Arabic. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. IVed. byKees Versteegh, 106–115. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Webster, Roger
    1991 Notes on the Dialect and Way of Life of the Āl Wahība Bedouin of Oman. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London54:3.473–485. 10.1017/S0041977X00000835
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00000835 [Google Scholar]
  107. Weissbach, F. H.
    1908Beiträge zur Kunde des Irak-Arabischen. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Wischer, Ilse
    2000 Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: ‘Methinks’ there is some confusion. Pathways of change : Grammaticalization in Englished. byO. Fischer, A. Rosenbach, & D. Stein, 355–370. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.53.17wis
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.53.17wis [Google Scholar]
  109. Woidich, Manfred
    2006Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Woodhead, D. R. & Wayne Beene
    eds. 1967A Dictionary of Iraqi Arabic: Arabic-English. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Zack, Liesbeth
    2009 Egyptian Arabic in the Seventeenth Century: A Study and Edition of Yūsuf al-Maġribī’s Daf‘ al-iṣr ‘an kalām ahl Miṣr. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam doctoral dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Ziegler, Debra
    2017 Historical Replication in Contact Grammaticalization. Aspects of Grammaticalization: (Inter)subjectification and directionalityed. byDaniel Van Olmen, Huber Cuyckens & Lobke Ghesquière, 311–352. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Zeijlstra, Hedde
    2010 On French Negation. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Societyed. byIksoo Kwon, Hannah Pritchett & Justin Spence, 447–458. Berkeley: Berkely Linguistics Society.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.20020.led
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.20020.led
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Arabic; deixis; dialect contact; grammaticalization; lexicalization
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error