1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Historical Linguistics
  4. Volume 13, Issue 3
  5. Article
Volume 13, Issue 3
  • ISSN 2210-2116
  • E-ISSN: 2210-2124
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Summary

The paper proposes a novel structural analysis of Hittite determinate relative clauses on the basis of a corpus study considering a wider and fuller array of Hittite data than ever before. In Hittite, relative -phrases attest a wide range of linear positions: first/initial, clause-second, immediately preverbal or even postverbal. We build upon the current assumption that -pronouns are clitics and thus their placement is determined by the syntax-prosody interface. As for the syntactic component, we argue against the construal of -elements. Instead, we propose that what linearly appears to be clause-second, preverbal or postverbal position of the -pronoun is structurally associated with Spec, FinP. The prosodic component is provided by the standardly acknowledged prosodic inversion, but the prosodic domain for the placement of -clitics is not clausal (CP), it is rather to be identified with a smaller domain within CP, namely, FinP. We also provide the first ever systematic treatment of split -phrases which are highly problematic for existing approaches but are fully accounted for by our analysis.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
2022-11-22
2025-04-29

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aristar, Anthony R.
    1991 On Diachronic Sources and Synchronic Patterns: An Investigation into the Origin of Linguistic Universals. Language67.1–33. 10.2307/415537
     https://doi.org/10.2307/415537 [Google Scholar]
  2. Becker, Kristina
    2014 Zur Semantik der hethitischen Relativsätze. Hamburg: Baar.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Berman, Howard R.
    1972 Relative Clauses in Hittite. The Chicago Which Hunt: Papers from the Relative Clause Festival, April 13, 1972ed. byPaul M. Peranteau, Judith L. Levi & Gloria C. Phares, 1–8. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bhatt, Rajesh
    2002 The Raising Analysis of Relative Clauses: Evidence from Adjectival Modification. Natural Language Semantics101.43–90. 10.1023/A:1015536226396
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015536226396 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bianchi, Valentina
    1999 Consequences of Antisymmetry: Headed Relative Clauses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110803372
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110803372 [Google Scholar]
  6. 2002a Headed Relative Clauses in Generative Syntax, Part I. Glot International6.7:197–204.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2002b Headed Relative Clauses in Generative Syntax, Part II. Glot International6.8:1–13.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bošković, Željko
    2005 On the Locality of Left Branch Extraction and the Structure of NP. Studia Linguistica59.1:1–45. 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2005.00118.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2005.00118.x [Google Scholar]
  9. Bresnan, Joan & Jane Grimshaw
    1978 The Syntax of Free Relatives in English. Linguistic Inquiry9.3:331–391.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Brosch, Cyril
    2014 Untersuchungen zur hethitischen Raumgrammatik. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Chomsky, Noam
    1977 On Wh-Movement. Formal Syntaxed. byPeter Culicover, Thomas Wasow & Adrian Akmajian, 71–132. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 1993 A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory. The View From Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Brombergered. byKenneth L. Hale & Samuel Jay Keyser, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Chomsky, Noam & Howard Lasnik
    1977 Filters and Control. Linguistic Inquiry8.3:425–504.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Dayal, Veneeta. S.
    1996 Locality in Wh-Quantification: Questions and Relative Clauses in Hindi. (= Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 62). Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑4808‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4808-5 [Google Scholar]
  15. Demirdache, Hamida
    1991 Resumptive Chains in Restrictive Relatives, Appositives and Dislocation Structures. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
  16. Diesing, Molly
    1992 Indefinites. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 1996 Semantic Variables and Object Shift. Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax IIed. byHoskuldur Thrainsson, Samuel D. Epstein & Steve Peter, 66–84. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑010‑9806‑9_3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9806-9_3 [Google Scholar]
  18. Diesing, Molly & Eloise Jelinek
    1993 The Syntax and Semantics of Object Shift. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax511.1–54.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Dunkel, George E.
    2014 Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominal-stämme. Bd.21Lexikon. Heidelberg: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Erschler, David
    2010 Modularity and 2P clitics: Arguments from Digor Ossetic. Proceeding of Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics251ed. byYehuda N. Falk. Online: linguistics.huji.ac.il/IATL/25/Erschler.pdf (last accessed11 May 2022).
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Fanselow, Gisbert & Damir Ćavar
    2002 Distributed Deletion. Theoretical Approaches to Universalsed. byArtemis Alexiadou, 65–107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/la.49.05fan
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.49.05fan [Google Scholar]
  22. Francia, Rita
    2002 Le funzioni sintattiche degli elementi avverbiali di luogo ittiti anda(n), appa(n), katta(n), katti-, peran, para, šer, šara. (= Studia Asiana, 1). Roma: Herder.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Garrett, Andrew J.
    1994 Relative Clause Syntax in Lycian and Hittite. Die Sprache361.29–69.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Georgi, Doreen, & Martin Salzmann
    2017 The Matching Effect in Resumption: A Local Analysis Based on Case Attraction and Top-Down Derivation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory351.61–98. 10.1007/s11049‑016‑9338‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-016-9338-8 [Google Scholar]
  25. Givón, Talmy
    1971 Historical Syntax and Synchronic Morphology: An Archaeologist’s Field Trip. Chicago Linguistic Society7.1:394–415.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Goedegebuure, Petra
    2009 Focus Structure and Q-word Questions in Hittite. Interpersonal Grammar: A Cross-Linguistic Perspectiveed. byEvelien Keizer & Mirjam van Staden, 945–967 (Thematic issue of Linguistics 47/4).
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 2013 Hittite Noun Phrases in Focus. Proceedings of the 24th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conferenceed. byStephanie W. Jamison, Brent Vine & Craig Melchert, 27–45. Bremen: Hempen.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 2014 The Hittite Demonstratives: Studies in Deixis, Topics and Focus. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Grimshaw, Jane
    1977 English wh-Constructions and the Theory of Grammar. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Massachusetts.
  30. Groos, Anneke & Henk van Riemsdijk
    1981 Matching Effects with Free Relatives: A Parameter of Core Grammar. Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar: Proceedings of the 1979 GLOW Conferenceed. byAdriana Belletti, Luciana Brandi & Luigi Rizzi171–216. Pisa: Scuola normale superiore.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Grosu, Alexander
    1996 The Proper Analysis of “Missing-P” Free Relative Constructions. Linguistic Inquiry27.2:257–293.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 2002 Strange Relatives at the Interface of Two Millennia. Glot International61:145–167.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Grosu, Alexander & Fred Landman
    1998 Strange Relatives of the Third Kind. Natural Language Semantics61.125–170. 10.1023/A:1008268401837
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008268401837 [Google Scholar]
  34. Hahn, E. Adelaide
    1946 The Origins of the Relative kwi- kwo-. Language221.68–85. 10.2307/410340
     https://doi.org/10.2307/410340 [Google Scholar]
  35. Hale, Mark Robert
    1987 Studies in the Comparative Syntax of the Oldest Indo-Iranian Languages. Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.
  36. Halpern, Aaron
    1995 On the Placement and Morphology of Clitics. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Heim, Irene & Angelika Kratzer
    1998 Semantics in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Held, Jr., Warren H.
    1957 The Hittite Relative Sentence. (= Language Dissertation, 55). Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 10.2307/522235
     https://doi.org/10.2307/522235
  39. Hoffner, Jr., Harry A. & Craig H. Melchert
    2008 A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Huggard, Mattyas
    2011 On Wh-(Non)-Movement and Internal Structures of the Hittite Preposed Relative Clause. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual UCLA Indo-European Conferenceed. byStephanie W. Jamison, H. Craig Melchert & Brent Vine, 83–104. Bremen: Hempen.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2015 Wh-words in Hittite: A Study in Syntax-Semantics and Syntax-Phonology Interfaces. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
  42. Izvorski, Roumyana
    1996 The Syntax and Semantics of Correlative Proforms. Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society261:133–147.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 2000 Free Relatives and Related Matters. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
  44. Jackendoff, Ray
    1977 X̅ Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure (=Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Jayaseelan, Karattuparambil A.
    2001 IP-internal Topic and Focus Phrases. Studia Linguistica551.39–75. 10.1111/1467‑9582.00074
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9582.00074 [Google Scholar]
  46. 2014 Coordination, Relativization and Finiteness in Dravidian. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory32.1:191–211. 10.1007/s11049‑013‑9222‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-013-9222-8 [Google Scholar]
  47. Justus-Raman, Carol F.
    1973 The Old Hittite Relative Construction. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
  48. Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan
    2001 On wh-Questions in Persian. Canadian Journal of Linguistics46.1/2:41–61. 10.1017/S000841310001793X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S000841310001793X [Google Scholar]
  49. Kaufman, Daniel Aaron
    2010 The Morphosyntax of Tagalog Clitics: A Typologically Driven Approach. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University.
  50. Kayne, Richard S.
    1975 French Syntax: The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 1994 The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Kiss, Katalin É.
    2002 The Syntax of Hungarian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511755088
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755088 [Google Scholar]
  53. Kloekhorst, Alwin
    2014 Accent in Hittite: A Study in Plene Spelling, Consonant Gradation, Clitics, and Metrics. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. 10.2307/j.ctvc2rm8t
     https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc2rm8t [Google Scholar]
  54. Kroch, Anthony
    2001 Syntactic Change. The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theoryed. byMark Baltin & Chris Collins, 699–730. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756416.ch22
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756416.ch22 [Google Scholar]
  55. Kudrinsky, Maxim
    2016 Hittite Heterographic Writings and Their Interpretation: The Evidence of Sentential Clitics. Indogermanische Forschungen1211.159–176. 10.1515/if‑2016‑0009
     https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0009 [Google Scholar]
  56. Larson, Richard K.
    1987 “Missing Prepositions” and the Analysis of English Free Relative Clauses. Linguistic Inquiry18.2:239–266.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Lechner, Winfried
    2013 Diagnosing Covert Movement: The Duke of York and Reconstruction. Diagnosing Syntaxed. byLisa Lai-Shen Cheng & Norbert Corver, 158–189. Oxford: OUP. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602490.003.0008
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602490.003.0008 [Google Scholar]
  58. Lightfoot, David
    1979 Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Lipták, Anikó
    2009 The Landscape of Correlatives: An Empirical and Analytical Survey. Correlatives Cross-Linguisticallyed. byAnikó Lipták, 1–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/lfab.1.02lip
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lfab.1.02lip [Google Scholar]
  60. Lyutikova, Ekaterina & Andrei Sideltsev
    2021a Bracketing Paradoxes at Clausal Boundaries in Hittite. Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology251.809–846. 10.30842/ielcp230690152548
     https://doi.org/10.30842/ielcp230690152548 [Google Scholar]
  61. 2021b Deriving Preverbal Position in a Verb-Final Language: The Case of Hittite. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics6.1:49. 10.5334/gjgl.1216
     https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1216 [Google Scholar]
  62. 2022 External Heads in Hittite Relative Constructions. Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology261:794–820. 10.30842/ielcp230690152651
     https://doi.org/10.30842/ielcp230690152651 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lyutikova, Ekaterina & Sergei Tatevosov
    2009 The Clause Internal Left Edge: Exploring the Preverbal Position in Ossetian. International Conference on Iranian Linguistics 3. University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, 11–13 September 2009. Online: otipl.philol.msu.ru/staff/people/tatevosov/clause_internal_left_edge_4.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Motter, Thomas
    2020 Hittite Correlative Resumption as Discourse Anaphora. Proceedings of the 31st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conferenceed. byDavid Goldstein, Stephanie Jamison & Brent Vine, 215–228. Bremen: Hempen.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Nunes, Jairo
    1999 Linearization of Chains and Phonetic Realization of Chain Links. Working Minimalismed. bySamuel David Epstein & Norbert Hornstein, 217–249. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 2004 Linearization of Chains and Sideward Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/4241.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4241.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  67. Pesetsky, David
    2000 Phrasal Movement and Its Kin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/5365.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5365.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  68. 2013 Phrasal Movement and Its Discontents: Diseases and Diagnoses. Diagnosing Syntaxed. byLisa Lai-Shen Cheng & Norbert Corver, 123–157. Oxford: OUP. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602490.003.0007
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602490.003.0007 [Google Scholar]
  69. Pittner, Karin
    1995 The Case of German Relatives. The Linguistic Review12.3:197–232. 10.1515/tlir.1995.12.3.197
     https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1995.12.3.197 [Google Scholar]
  70. Probert, Philomen
    2006 Clause Boundaries in Old Hittite Relative Sentences. Transactions of the Philological Society104.1:17–83. 10.1111/j.1467‑968X.2006.00165.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.2006.00165.x [Google Scholar]
  71. 2014 Relative Clauses, Indo-Hittite and Standard Average European. Proceedings of the 25th Annual UCLA Conferenceed. byStephanie Jamison, H. Craig Melchert & Brent Vine, 137–164. Bremen: Hempen.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Pullum, Geoffrey K.
    1976 The Duke of York Gambit. Journal of Linguistics121.83–102. 10.1017/S0022226700004813
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700004813 [Google Scholar]
  73. Roberts, Ian
    1993 Verbs and Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Salisbury, Donna M.
    2005 Local Adverbs in Neo-Hittite. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  75. Salzmann, Martin
    2006 Resumptive Pronouns and Matching Effects in Zurich German Relative Clauses as Distributed Deletion. Leiden Papers in Linguistics3.1:17–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Sideltsev, Andrei & Maria Molina
    2015 Enclitic -(m)a ‘but’, Clause Architecture and the Prosody of Focus in Hittite. Indogermanische Forschungen1201.209–254. 10.1515/if‑2015‑0011
     https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2015-0011 [Google Scholar]
  77. Sideltsev, Andrei
    2015 Hittite Clause Architecture. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale1091.79–112. 10.3917/assy.109.0079
     https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.109.0079 [Google Scholar]
  78. Sideltsev, Аndrei
    2017a Syntax of Hittite Clause. Moscow: LRC.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Sideltsev, Andrei
    2017b Accented Clitics in Hittite?. Transactions of the Philological Society115.2:176–211. 10.1111/1467‑968X.12097
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.12097 [Google Scholar]
  80. 2022 Mismatch Between Syntax and Prosody and Complex Sentence Structure in Hittite. Indo-European Linguistics101.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Skopeteas, Stavros & Gisbert Fanselow
    2010 Focus in Georgian and the Expression of Contrast. Lingua120.6:1370–1391. 10.1016/j.lingua.2008.10.012
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.10.012 [Google Scholar]
  82. Srivastav, Veneeta. S.
    1991 The Syntax and Semantics of Correlatives. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory91.637–686. 10.1007/BF00134752
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00134752 [Google Scholar]
  83. Suñer, Margarita
    1984 Free Relatives and the Matching Parameter. The Linguistic Review31.363–387. 10.1515/tlir.1984.3.4.363
     https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1984.3.4.363 [Google Scholar]
  84. Tjerkstra, Francoise A.
    1999 Principles of the Relation between Local Adverb, Verb and Sentence Particle in Hittite. Groningen: Styx.
     [Google Scholar]
  85. van Riemsdijk, Henk C.
    2006 Free Relatives. The Blackwell Companion to Syntax Volume IIed. byMartin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk, 338–382. Oxford: OUP. 10.1002/9780470996591.ch27
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996591.ch27 [Google Scholar]
  86. Yates, Anthony
    2014 Anatolian “Indeterminate” Relative Clauses Revisited: Syntax, Semantics, and the “Held-Garrett Rule”. HandoutÖsterreichische linguistiktagung 41, 6 December 2014.
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
Loading
Relative construction in Hittite
Journal of Historical Linguistics 13, 375 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
/content/journals/10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): clitics; Hittite; left periphery; relative constructions; second position constraint; syntax-prosody interface

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error