1887
Volume 6, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2032-6904
  • E-ISSN: 2032-6912
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Tourist promotional texts function like advertising texts in that they aim to “persuade, lure, woo, and seduce” (Dann 1996). In the context of global marketing, tourists can be considered consumers who seek to escape from ordinary life carrying their culturally embedded mindsets with them. Although cultural differences have been widely discussed in the literature on tourism translation, few studies have focused on the deeper level ‘out-of-awareness’ culture through which tourists travelling abroad interpret what they see. This paper investigates cultural localisation as a strategy to adapt the source text of a French wine tourism website to the hidden cultural values of British tourists in order to preserve the persuasive function of the target text. Using Hall’s anthropological iceberg model and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions as the framework, a small sample of French source texts and their English translations are compared to demonstrate the link between the stylistic features of tourism language and the psychological motivations of tourists, highlighting the interplay between all levels of the cultural iceberg. The findings suggest that culturally localised tourism websites are more likely to succeed as instruments of persuasion, with ego-targeting discussed as an effective strategy when adapting the text to appeal to the British market.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jial.20001.cow
2020-07-08
2023-09-21
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adab, Beverly and Valdés, Cristina
    2004 “Introduction”. Key Debates in the Translation of Advertising Material (Special edition of The Translator, 10(2)): 161–177.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Agorni, Mirella
    2012 “Tourism Communication: The Translator’s Responsibility in the Translation of Cultural Difference.” Pasos, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 10(4): 5–11. 10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.048
    https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.048 [Google Scholar]
  3. Atout France
    Atout France 2017Plan d’actions 2018: Cluster d’Œnotourisme. Accessed17 April 2020. atout-france.fr/download/5132
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Atout France
    Atout France 2018aWine Tourism in France in Numbers. Accessed17 April 2020. https://www.visitfrenchwine.com/en/product/wine-tourism-france-numbers
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Atout France
    Atout France 2018bLes tutos de l’œnotourisme. Tuto no.3: Focus sur les clientèles étrangères. Accessed17 April 2020. atout-france.fr/services/les-tutos-de-l-oenotourisme
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Austermϋhl, Frank
    2001Electronic Tools for Translators. Manchester: St Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Benetello, Claudia
    2018 “When Translation Is Not Enough: Transcreation as a Convention-Defying Practice. A Practitioner’s Perspective.” The Journal of Specialised Translation, 29: 28–44.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cappelli, Gloria
    2006Sun, Sea, Sex and the Unspoilt Countryside: How the English Language Makes Tourists Out of Readers. 2nd ed.Pari: Pari Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 2008 “The Translation of Tourism-Related Websites and Localization: Problems and Perspectives.” InVoices on Translation, RILA Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, edited byA. Baicchi, 97–115. Rome: Bulzoni Editore. 97–115.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Castillo, Bernal, Maria Pilar and Raum, Sophia Marie
    2017 “Enoturismo y traducción de contenidos web: Análisis de sitios andaluces traducidos al alemán [Wine Tourism and Translation of Web Contents: Analysis of Andalusian Webpages Translated into German].” RITUREM. Revista Internacional de Turismo y Empresa1(2): 1–24. 10.21071/riturem.v1i2.10214
    https://doi.org/10.21071/riturem.v1i2.10214 [Google Scholar]
  11. Chesterman, Andrew
    2016Memes of Translation. Revised edn.Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.123
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.123 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cómitre Narváez, Isabel and Valverde Zambrana, José Maria
    2014 “How to Translate Culture-Specific Items: A Case Study of Tourist Promotion Campaign by Turespaña.” The Journal of Specialised Translation, 21: 71–112.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cowan, Sally Elizabeth
    2018 “Destinations, Translation and Crossing Cultures: Investigating Cultural Localisation as a Strategy to Preserve the Persuasive Function in the Translation of Tourism Websites from French into English.” MA Translation Independent Research Project. London Metropolitan University.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Dann, Graham
    1996The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford: CAB International.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. De Beaugrande, Robert and Dressler, Wolfgang
    1981Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman. 10.4324/9781315835839
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315835839 [Google Scholar]
  16. De Mooij, Marieke
    2004 “Translating Advertising: Painting the Tip of an Iceberg.” The Translator, 10(2): 179–198. 10.1080/13556509.2004.10799176
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2004.10799176 [Google Scholar]
  17. 2014Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. 4th edn.London: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. De Mooij, Marieke. and Hofstede, Geert
    2010 “The Hofstede Model: Applications to Global Branding and Advertising Strategy and Research.” International Journal of Advertising, 29(1): 85–110. 10.2501/S026504870920104X
    https://doi.org/10.2501/S026504870920104X [Google Scholar]
  19. Fox, Renata
    2008 “English in Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective.” Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(1): 13–22.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Francesconi, Sabrina
    2007English for Tourism Promotion: Italy in British Tourism Texts. Milan: Hoepli.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 2014Reading Tourism Texts: A Multimodal Analysis. Bristol: Channel View Publications. 10.21832/9781845414283
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845414283 [Google Scholar]
  22. Gonzalez, Daniel
    2018 “5 Types of Killer Website Headlines.” Single Grain (blog). Single Grain. https://www.singlegrain.com/blog-posts/content-marketing/5-types-of-killer-website-headlines/
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Government of France
    Government of France 2018Plan tourisme. Accessed17 April 2020. https://www.gouvernement.fr/action/plan-tourisme
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hall, Edward T.
    1989Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 1990The Silent Language. New York: Anchor Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hallett, Richard W. and Kaplan-Weinger, Judith
    2010Official Tourism Websites: A Discourse Analysis Perspective. Bristol: Channel View Publications. 10.21832/9781845411381
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411381 [Google Scholar]
  27. Halliday, Michael
    1978Language as a Social Semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hatim, Basil
    2004 “Culture as Textual Practices: The Translation of Tourist Brochures as a Genre.” InPragmatics at Work: The Translation of Tourist Literature, edited byMaria Pilar Navarro Errasti, Rosa Lorés Sanz and Silvia Murillo Ornat, 15–27. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian
    1990Discourse and The Translator. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Hickey, Leo
    2004 “Perlocutionary Pursuits: Persuading Of/That/To.” InPragmatics at Work: The Translation of Tourist Literature, edited byMaria Pilar Navarro Errasti, Rosa Lorés Sanz and Silvia Murillo Ornat, 57–79. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Hofstede, Geert, Hofstede, Gert Jan and Minkov, Michael
    2010Cultures and Organizations: Software of The Mind. 3rd edn.New York: McGraw-Hill.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hofstede, Insights
    2020Country Comparison Tool. Accessed17 April 2020. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Hummon, David M.
    1988 “Tourist Worlds: Tourist Advertising, Ritual, and American Culture.” The Sociological Quarterly, 29: 179–202. 10.1111/j.1533‑8525.1988.tb01250.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01250.x [Google Scholar]
  34. Katan, David
    2009 “Translation as Intercultural Communication.” InThe Routledge Companion to Translation Studies, edited byJeremy Munday, 74–92. Oxford: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 2012 “Translating the Tourist Gaze: From Heritage and ‘Culture’ to Actual Encounter.” Pasos, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural10(4): 83–95. 10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.055
    https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.055 [Google Scholar]
  36. 2013 “Intercultural Mediation.” InHandbook of Translation Studies: Volume 4, edited byYves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer, 84–91. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/hts.4.int5
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.4.int5 [Google Scholar]
  37. 2016 “Translation at the Crossroads: Time for the Transcreational Turn?”. Perspectives, 24(3): 365–381. 10.1080/0907676X.2015.1016049
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2015.1016049 [Google Scholar]
  38. Kelly, Dorothy
    1997 “The Translation of Texts from the Tourist Sector: Textual Conventions, Cultural Distance and Other Constraints.” Trans: Revista de Traductologia, 2: 33–42.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kotler, Philip and Gertner, David
    2011 “A Place Marketing and Place Branding Perspective Revisited.” InDestination Brands: Managing Place Reputation, edited byNigel Morgan, Annette Pritchard and Roger Pride, 33–53. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. 10.1016/B978‑0‑08‑096930‑5.10003‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096930-5.10003-5 [Google Scholar]
  40. La Revue du Vin de France
    La Revue du Vin de France 2016 “La France lance le site ‘Visit French Wine’ pour promouvoir l’œnotourisme.” February 2016 https://www.larvf.com/,la-france-lance-le-site-visit-french-wine-pour-promouvoir-l-oenotourisme,4480188.asp
  41. Maci, Stefania M.
    2007 “Virtual touring: The Web – Language of Tourism.” Linguistica e Filologia, 25.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Manca, Elena
    2008 “Immerse Yourself in the Traditions of the Simply Way of Life: Analysing English Translations of Italian Agriturismi Websites.” Institutional Repository of the University of Trieste. hdl.handle.net/10077/3375
  43. Manrai, Lalita A. and Manrai, Ajay K.
    2011 “Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Tourist Behaviours: A Review and Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 16(31): 23–48.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Mason, Ian
    2004 “Textual Practices and Audience Design: An Interactive View of the Tourist Brochure.” InPragmatics at Work: The Translation of Tourist Literature, edited byMaria Pilar Navarro Errasti, Rosa Lorés Sanz and Silvia Murillo Ornat, 157–176. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. McSweeney, Brendan
    2002 “Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith – A Failure of Analysis.” Human Relations55(1): 89–118. 10.1177/0018726702551004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702551004 [Google Scholar]
  46. Nord, Christiane
    1997Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Pierini, Patrizia
    2007 “Quality in Web Translation: An Investigation into UK and Italian Tourism Web Sites.” The Journal of Specialised Translation, 8: 85–103.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Pike, Steven
    2016Destination Marketing: Essentials. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Pym, Anthony
    2004The Moving Text: Localization, Translation and Distribution. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.49
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.49 [Google Scholar]
  50. 2011 “Website Localization.” InThe Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies, edited byKirsten Malmkjaer and Kevin Windle, 410–424. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Saldanha, Gabriela and O’Brien, Sharon
    2014Research Methodologies in Translation Studies. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315760100
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315760100 [Google Scholar]
  52. Sanchez Nieto, Maria Teresa
    2013 “Estudio descriptivo de la traducción de referencias culturales vitivinícolas en la traducción alemán-español de textos de promoción enoturística [Descriptive study of wine cultural references translation in German-Spanish wine-tourism promotional texts]” HIKMA Estudios de Traducción. 10.21071/hikma.v12i.5239
    https://doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v12i.5239
  53. Sandu, Bogdan
    2018 “Designing a Website Headline – Tips and Best Practices.” Design Your Way (blog). Design Your Way. https://www.designyourway.net/blog/inspiration/designing-a-website-headline-tips-and-best-practices/
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Singh, Nitish and Pereira, Arun
    2005The Culturally Customized Web Site: Customizing Web Sites for The Global Marketplace. Abingdon: Routledge. 10.4324/9780080481333
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080481333 [Google Scholar]
  55. Smith, Veronica and Klein-Braley, Christine
    1995 “Advertising: A Five-Stage Strategy for Translation”. InTranslation as Intercultural Communication, edited byMary Snell-Hornby, Zuzana Jettmarova and Klaus Kaindl, 173–184. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Snell-Hornby, Mary
    1995Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 1999 “The “Ultimate Confort”: Word, Text and the Translation of Tourist Brochures.” InWord, Text, Translation, Liber Amicorum for Peter Newmark, edited byGunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, 95–103. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 2006The Turns of Translation Studies: New Paradigms or Shifting Viewpoints?Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.66
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.66 [Google Scholar]
  59. Sulaiman, M. Zain
    2014 “Translating the Style of Tourism Promotional Discourse: A Cross-Cultural Journey into Stylescapes.” Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, 118: 503–510. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.069
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.069 [Google Scholar]
  60. 2016 “The Misunderstood Concept of Translation in Tourism Promotion.” The International Journal for Translation and Interpreting Research, 8(1): 53–68. 10.12807/ti.108201.2016.a04
    https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.108201.2016.a04 [Google Scholar]
  61. Sulaiman, M. Zain and Wilson, Rita
    2018 “Translating Tourism Promotional Materials: A Cultural Conceptual Model.” Perspectives, 26(5): 1–17. 10.1080/0907676X.2018.1437193
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1437193 [Google Scholar]
  62. Sumberg, Carolyn
    2004 “Brand Leadership at Stake: Selling France to British Tourists.” The Translator, 10(2): 329–353. 10.1080/13556509.2004.10799183
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2004.10799183 [Google Scholar]
  63. Taylor, Ronald E., Grubbs Hoy, Mariea and Haley, Eric
    1996 “How French Advertising Professionals Develop Creative Strategy.” The Journal of Advertising, XXV(1): 1–14. 10.1080/00913367.1996.10673492
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1996.10673492 [Google Scholar]
  64. Thach, Liz and Charters, Stephen
    2010Best Practices in Global Wine Tourism: 15 Case Studies from Around the World. Putnam Valley, NY: Miranda Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. The Economist
    The Economist 2017Where Britons Go on Holiday. 15August 2017 https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/08/15/where-britons-go-on-holiday
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Torresi, Ira
    2010Translating Promotional and Advertising Texts. Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Urry, John and Larsen, Jonas
    2011The Tourist Gaze. 3rd edn.London: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Venuti, Lawrence
    2008The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. 2nd edn.London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Vestergaard, Torben and Schroder, Kim
    1985The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Visit French Wine
    Visit French Wine 2018 Accessed17 April 2020. visitfrenchwine.com/
  71. Vitisphere
    Vitisphere 2017 “Wine Tourism Visitors to France Break Through 10 Million Barrier in 2016.” 22March 2017 https://www.vitisphere.com/news-84852-Wine-tourism-visitors-to-France-break-through-10-million-barrier-in-2016.htm
  72. World Tourism Organization
    World Tourism Organization 2018UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 edition. doi:  10.18111/9789284419876
    https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419876 [Google Scholar]
  73. World Tourism Organization
    World Tourism Organization 2019International Tourism Highlights, 2019 edition. doi:  10.18111/9789284421152
    https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284421152 [Google Scholar]
  74. World Travel and Tourism Council
    World Travel and Tourism Council 2018Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2018: France. https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/country-analysis/country-reports/
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/jial.20001.cow
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jial.20001.cow
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error