1887
image of Student retention in minority immersion education

Abstract

Abstract

Despite the popularity of immersion/bilingual programs across the globe, student retention from kindergarten to the last year of high school has been a preoccupying issue for decades. There is a dearth of research exploring the challenges faced by parents, who are the primary decision-makers when it comes to enrolment and withdrawal. Thus, we lack a critical understanding to address the issue of student retention in immersion programmes. This article reports on two large-scale online survey studies, one conducted in the Canadian French Immersion (FI) context and the other in the Irish Immersion (IM) context. Both studies explored parental decision-making processes in relation to enrolment and withdrawal. Findings revealed common challenges, such as the need for greater support for students with special education needs. Parental motivation and understanding of the L2 acquisition process were also found to be critical when it comes to resilience to continue in the programme.

Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jicb.24018.cam
2024-11-26
2024-12-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/10.1075/jicb.24018.cam/jicb.24018.cam.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/jicb.24018.cam&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alberta Teachers’ Association (ATA)
    Alberta Teachers’ Association (ATA) 2014Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on inclusive education in Alberta schools. ATA. https://legacy.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/ATA/News-Room/2014/PD-170-1%20PD%20Blue%20Ribbon%20Panel%20Report%202014-web.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Amaral, A., Magalhães, A.
    (2002) The emergent role of external stakeholders in European higher education governance. InA. Amaral, G. A. Jones, & B. Karseth (Eds.), Governing higher education: National perspectives on institutional governance. higher education dynamics, vol 2. (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑94‑015‑9946‑7_1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9946-7_1 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bérubé, G.
    (2015) French immersion teachers’ experiences with the factors that influence student attrition. University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/33409/3/Berube_Gabrielle_2015_Thesis.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Beck, N. W.
    (2005) Attrition in late French immersion: Discussions with six students. University of Prince Edward Island. https://islandscholar.ca/is-landora/object/ir:21585/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Biesta, G.
    (2010) Pragmatism and the philosophical foundations of mixed methods research 1. InSAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed., pp.–). SAGE Publications. 10.4135/9781506335193.n4
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193.n4 [Google Scholar]
  6. Boudreaux, N.
    (2011) Exploring French immersion student attrition in Louisiana: Who leaves, When, and Why?ACIE Newsletter, (). carla.umn.edu/immersion/acie/vol14/no2/may2011_rr.html
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Boudreaux, N., & Oliver, D. F.
    (2009) Student attrition in foreign language immersion programs. Annual Meeting of the Louisiana Education Research Association, Lafayette. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228770790_Student_attrition_in_foreign_language_immersion_programs
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bourgoin, R. C.
    (2014) Inclusionary practices in French immersion: A need to link research to practice. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education/Revue canadienne des jeunes chercheures et chercheurs en éducation, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cammarata, L., & Marchak, K.
    (2021, December). Le défi de la rétention des élèves dans les programmes d’immersion au cœur de la recherche /The challenge of student retention in immersion programs at the heart of the research agenda. Keynote address, session de clôture du 44e congrès de l’Association canadienne des professionnels de l’immersion (ACPI), Banff, AB.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cammarata, L., Marchak, K., Cavanagh, M., Dickner, S., Elliot, S., Fancey, R., & Weich, A.
    (2022) Etat des Lieux sur l’enseignement du français en contexte immersif et francophone minoritaire. Rapport soumis à l’Association des collèges et universités de la francophonie canadienne (ACUFC). Axe 3, Rapport 2. https://acufc.ca/etats-des-lieux
  11. Cadez, R. V.
    (2006) Student attrition in specialized high school programs: An examination of three French immersion centres. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Canadian Parents for French
    Canadian Parents for French (2023) French as a Second Language Enrolment Statistics for the 2021–2022. https://cpf.ca/wp-content/uploads/CPF_NAT_EnrolmentStats_2021-2022_2.0.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D.
    (2023) The minority language as a second language: Challenges and achievements. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003299547
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003299547 [Google Scholar]
  14. Central Statistics Office
    Central Statistics Office (2023) Census 2022 summary results — Education and Irish language. Central Statistics Office. https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/educationandirishlanguage/
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cobb, C.
    (2015) Principals play many parts: a review of the research on school principals as special education leaders 2001–2011. International Journal of Inclusive Education, (), –. 10.1080/13603116.2014.916354
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.916354 [Google Scholar]
  16. Culligan, K.
    (2010) Pente or slope? Using student voices to explore program choice and experiences in secondary French immersion mathematics (Enhanced). The Canadian Modern Language Review, (), –. 10.3138/cmlr.66.3.421b
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.66.3.421b [Google Scholar]
  17. Davies, A. J., & Trystan, D.
    (2012) ‘Build it and they shall come?’ An evaluation of qualitative evidence relating to student choice and Welsh-medium higher education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2011.607230
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.607230 [Google Scholar]
  18. Department of Education
    Department of Education (2022) An overview of provision for Irish-medium education outside of Gaeltacht areas: Current provision and future projections. Author. https://assets.gov.ie/238365/5e086eef-f65e-4bbe-87fe-6114a9f9a511.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Duggan, B., Thomas, H., & Jones, E. P. [Google Scholar]
  20. Fortune, T., & Menke, M.
    (2010) Struggling learners and language immersion education — Research-based, practitioner-informed responses to educators’ top questions. The Roberts Group.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Garcia-Azkoaga, I.-M., & Garcia-Ruiz, M.
    (2020) The Basque language in education in Spain (3rd ed.). Mercator. https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/basque_in_spain_3rd_ed.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E.
    (1972) Attitudes and motivation second language learning. Newbury House.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Genesee, F.
    (1978) A longitudinal evaluation of an early immersion school program. Canadian Journal of Education, , –. 10.2307/1494684
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1494684 [Google Scholar]
  24. Genesee, F., & Jared, D.
    (2008) Literacy development in early French immersion programs. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, (), –. 10.1037/0708‑5591.49.2.140
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.2.140 [Google Scholar]
  25. Genesee, F., & Lindholm-Leary, K.
    (2021) The suitability of dual language education for diverse students: An overview of research in Canada and the United States. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, (), –. 10.1075/jicb.21001.gen
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.21001.gen [Google Scholar]
  26. Government of Ireland
    Government of Ireland (2010) 20-year strategy for the Irish language 2010–2030. Stationery Office.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Halsall, N. D.
    (1994) Attrition/retention of students in French immersion with particular emphasis on secondary school. The Canadian Modern Language Review, (), –. 10.3138/cmlr.50.2.312
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.50.2.312 [Google Scholar]
  28. (1991) Attrition/retention of students in French immersion with particular emphasis on secondary school. Canadian Parents for French.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hodges, R. S.
    (2012) Welsh-medium education and parental incentives — the case of the Rhymni Valley, Caerffili. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2011.636796
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.636796 [Google Scholar]
  30. Kaushik, V., & Walsh, C. A.
    (2019) Pragmatism as a research paradigm and its implications for social work research. Social Sciences, (), . https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/8/9/255
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kavanagh, L., & Hickey, T. M.
    (2013) ‘You’re looking at this different language and it freezes you out straight away’: identifying challenges to parental involvement among immersion parents. Language and Education, (), –. 10.1080/09500782.2012.714388
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2012.714388 [Google Scholar]
  32. Lazaruk, W.
    (2007) Linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits of French immersion. Canadian Modern Language Review, , . 10.3138/cmlr.63.5.605
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.63.5.605 [Google Scholar]
  33. Lasagabaster, D.
    (2001) Bilingualism, immersion programmes and language learning in the Basque Country. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434630108666443
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630108666443 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lewis, C., & Shapson, S. M.
    (1989) Secondary French immersion: A study of students who leave the program. Canadian Modern Language Review, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lightbown, P. M.
    (2014) Focus on Content-Based Language Teaching. Oxford University Press
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Makropoulos, J.
    (2009) Gaining access to late French-immersion programs: class-based perspectives of Canadian students in an Ottawa high school. Bilingual Research Journal, (), –. 10.1080/15235880903378941
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15235880903378941 [Google Scholar]
  37. (2010) Students’ attitudes to the secondary French immersion curriculum in a Canadian context. Language, Culture and Curriculum, (), –. 10.1080/07908310903494525
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310903494525 [Google Scholar]
  38. Ní Thuairisg, L., & Ó Duibhir, P.
    (2020) An leanúnachas ón mbunscoil go dtí an iar-bhunscoil lán-Ghaeilge i bPoblacht na hÉireann [Continuity from primary to post-primary all-Irish school in the Republic of Ireland]. Taighde agus Teagasc, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Nic Aindriú, S., Ó Duibhir, P., & Travers, J.
    (2024) The suitability of Irish immersion education for children with special educational needs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, –. 10.1080/13670050.2024.2320306
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2024.2320306 [Google Scholar]
  40. Noel, M. M.
    (2003) To stay or not to stay? Factors influencing parents of early French immersion students experiencing learning difficulties. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Obadia, A. A., & Theriault, C. M. L.
    (1997) Attrition in French immersion programs: Possible solutions. Canadian Modern Language Review-revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes, (), –. 10.3138/cmlr.53.3.506
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.53.3.506 [Google Scholar]
  42. Ó Duibhir, P., Ó Cathalláin, S., NigUidhir, G., Ní Thuairisg, L., & Cosgrove, J.
    (2017) An analysis of models of provision for Irish-medium education. An Coiste Seasta Thuaidh Theas ar an nGaeloideachas. https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/4f2553653522aa60cd8dcca85b8b5f50.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  43. O’Hanlon, F., McLeod, W., & Paterson, L.
    (2010) Gaelic-medium education in Scotland: Choice and attainment at the primary and early secondary school stages. The University of Edinburgh. https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/3275316/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland.O_Hanlon.McLeod.Paterson..pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  44. O’Hanlon, F., & Paterson, L.
    (2017) Factors influencing the likelihood of choice of Gaelic-medium Primary Education in Scotland. Language, Culture and Curriculum, (), –. 10.1080/07908318.2016.1230620https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/analysis-models-provision-irish-medium-education/?lang=en
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2016.1230620 [Google Scholar]
  45. Olson, P., & Burns, G. E.
    (1983) Politics, class, and happenstance: French immersion in a Canadian context. Interchange, (), –. 10.1007/BF01805814
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01805814 [Google Scholar]
  46. Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M.
    (2021) Dual language development and disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning, 3rd Edition. Brookes Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Selvachandran, J., Kay-Raining Bird, E., DeSousa, J., & Chen, X.
    (2022) Special education needs in French immersion: A parental perspective of supports and challenges. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2020.1742650
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1742650 [Google Scholar]
  48. Statistics Canada [Google Scholar]
  49. Welsh Government
    Welsh Government (2022) Cymraeg 2050: A million Welsh speakers, Annual report 2020–21. The Author. www.gov.wales/welsh-language
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Wesely, P. M., & Baig, F.
    (2012) The “extra boost”: Parental involvement and decision making in immersion programs. Bilingual Research Journal, (), –. 10.1080/15235882.2012.731587
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2012.731587 [Google Scholar]
  51. Wise, N.
    (2011) Access to special education for exceptional students in French immersion programs: An equity issue. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jicb.24018.cam
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: immersion ; attrition ; special education needs ; parents’ experiences ; retention
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error