1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
  4. Volume 7, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 7, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2213-1272
  • E-ISSN: 2213-1280
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The category of insults comprises disparaging qualifying terms, derogatory epithets, racial/ethnic slurs and participle-like expletives. All of them channel speakers’ (negative) psychological states, so they are considered expressives. Despite the enormous interest that they have aroused, research has not duly addressed whether all types of insults communicate in the same manner, share the same nature and make a similar contribution to communication. This paper ventures some answers from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Relying on the continuum and on the distinction, it argues that some insults merely show speaker’s meaning, others encode some conceptual load enabling them to communicate by saying and others communicate by an admixture of both. It also contends that some insults encode conceptual content and processing instructions, but others encode instructions alone. Their output, however, is complex, as it may trigger lexical-pragmatic processes adjusting the encoded conceptual load or psychological-state representations.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00023.cru
2019-06-04
2024-09-13

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00023.cru
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Allan, Keith
    2015 “When Is a Slur Not a Slur? The Use of Nigger in ‘Pulp Fiction’.” Language Sciences52: 187–199. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.001 [Google Scholar]
  2. Archer, Dawn
    2015 “Slurs, Insults, (Backhanded) Compliments and Other Strategic Facework Moves.” Language Sciences52: 82–97. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.008 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bayard, Donn, and Sateesh Krishnayya
    2001 “Gender, Expletive Use, and Context: Male and Female Expletive Use in Structured and Unstructured Conversation among New Zealand University Students.” Women and Language24 (1): 1–15.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Beaton, Mary E., and Hannah B. Washington
    2015 “Slurs and the Indexical Field: The Pejoration and Reclaiming of Favelado ‘Slum-dweller’.” Language Sciences52: 12–21. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.021
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.021 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bergen, Benjamin
    2016 What the F: What Swearing Reveals About Our Language, Our Brains, and Ourselves. New York: Basic Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bianchi, Carla
    2014 “Slurs and Appropriation: An Echoic Account.” Journal of Pragmatics66: 35–44. 10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.009
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.009 [Google Scholar]
  7. Blakemore, Diane
    1987 Semantic Constraints on Relevance. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 2002 Relevance and Linguistic Meaning. The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486456
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486456 [Google Scholar]
  9. 2011 “On the Descriptive Ineffability of Expressive Meaning.” Journal of Pragmatics43: 3537–3550. 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  10. 2015 “Slurs and Expletives: A Case against a General Account of Expressive Meaning.” Language Sciences52: 22–35. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.018
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.018 [Google Scholar]
  11. Blass, Regina
    1990 Relevance Relations in Discourse: A Study with Special Reference to Sissala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511586293
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511586293 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bousfield, Derek
    2010 “Issues in Impoliteness Research.” InInterpersonal Pragmatics, ed. byMiriam Locher, and Sage L. Graham, 101–134. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson
    1987 Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511813085
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bucholtz, Mary
    1999 “You da man: Narrating the Racial Other in the Production of White Masculinity.” Journal of Sociolinguistics3: 443–460. 10.1111/1467‑9481.00090
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00090 [Google Scholar]
  15. Carston, Robyn
    1997 “Enrichment and Loosening: Complementary Processes in Deriving the Proposition Expressed.” Linguistiche Berichte8: 103–127.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 2002 Thoughts and Utterances. The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470754603
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754603 [Google Scholar]
  17. 2013 “Word Meaning, What Is Said and Explicatures.” InWhat Is Said and What Is Not, ed. byCarlo Penco, and Filippo Domaneschi, 175–204. Stanford: CSLI.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 2016 “The Heterogeneity of Procedural Meaning.” Lingua175–176: 154–166. 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.010 [Google Scholar]
  19. Clark, Billy
    2016 “Relevance Theory and Language Change.” Lingua175–176: 139–153. 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.007
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.007 [Google Scholar]
  20. Collins, Peter, and Carmella Hollo
    2000 English Grammar. An Introduction. London: Palgrave.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Croom, Adam M.
    2011 “Slurs.” Language Sciences33: 343–358. 10.1016/j.langsci.2010.11.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2010.11.005 [Google Scholar]
  22. 2013 “How to Do Things with Slurs: Studies in the Way of Derogatory Words.” Language & Communication33: 177–204. 10.1016/j.langcom.2013.03.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.03.008 [Google Scholar]
  23. 2014 “The Semantics of Slurs: A Refutation of Pure Expressivism.” Language Sciences41: 227–242. 10.1016/j.langsci.2013.07.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.07.003 [Google Scholar]
  24. Culpeper, Jonathan
    1996 “Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness.” Journal of Pragmatics25 (3): 349–367. 10.1016/0378‑2166(95)00014‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3 [Google Scholar]
  25. Daly, Nicola, Janet Holmes, Jonathan Newton, and Maria Stubbe
    2004 “Expletives as Solidarity Signals in FTAs on the Factory Floor.” Journal of Pragmatics36: 945–964. 10.1016/j.pragma.2003.12.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.12.004 [Google Scholar]
  26. D’Avis, Franz, and Jörg Meibauer
    2013 “Du Idiot! Din Idiot! Pseudo-vocative Constructions and Insults in German (and Swedish).” InVocative! Addressing between System and Performance, ed. byBarbara Sonnenhauser, and Patrizia N. A. Hanna, 189–218. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110304176.189
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110304176.189 [Google Scholar]
  27. De Klerk, Vivian
    1991 “Expletives: Men only?” Communication Monographs58 (2): 156–169. 10.1080/03637759109376220
     https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759109376220 [Google Scholar]
  28. de Saussure, Louis
    2012 “Temporal Reference in Discourse.” InThe Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics, ed. byKeith Allan, and Kartarzyna Jaszczolt, 423–446. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139022453.023
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022453.023 [Google Scholar]
  29. Embrick, David G.
    2005 “Race-talk within the Workplace: Exploring Ingroup/Outgroup and Public/Private Dimensions.” Journal of Intergroup Relations32: 3–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Embrick, David G., and Kasey Henricks
    2013 “Discursive Colorlines at Work: How Epithets and Stereotypes Are Racially Unequal.” Symbolic Interaction36: 197–215. 10.1002/symb.51
     https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.51 [Google Scholar]
  31. 2015 “Two-faced –isms: Racism at Work and How Race Discourse Shapes Classtalk and Gendertalk.” Language Sciences52: 165–175. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.004 [Google Scholar]
  32. Escandell-Vidal, Victoria, and Manuel Leonetti
    2011 “On the Rigidity of Procedural Meaning.” InProcedural Meaning: Problems and Perspectives, ed. byVictoria Escandell-Vidal , 81–102. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Fasoli, Fabio, Andrea Carnaghi, and Maria P. Paladino
    2015 “Social Acceptability of Sexist Derogatory and Sexist Objectifying Slurs across Contexts.” Language Sciences52: 98–107. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  34. Fägersten, Kristy B., and Karyn Stapleton
    2017 Advances in Swearing Research: New Contexts and New Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.282
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.282 [Google Scholar]
  35. Greenbaum, Sidney, and Randolph Quirk
    1993 A Student’s Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Grice, Paul H.
    1957 “Meaning.” Philosophical Review66: 377–388. 10.2307/2182440
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2182440 [Google Scholar]
  37. Haegeman, Liliane, and Jacqueline Guéron
    1999 English Grammar. A Generative Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Hopper, Robert, Larry G. Coleman, and John A. Daly
    1980 “Expletives and Androgyny.” Anthropological Linguistics22 (3): 131–137.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Huddleston, Rodney
    1988 English Grammar. An Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139166003
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166003 [Google Scholar]
  40. Hughes, Susan E.
    1992 “Expletives of Lower Working-class Women.” Language in Society21 (2): 391–303. 10.1017/S004740450001530X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740450001530X [Google Scholar]
  41. Ifantidou, Elly
    1993a “Parentheticals and Relevance.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics5: 193–210.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 1993b “Sentential Adverbs and Relevance.” Lingua90 (1): 69–89. 10.1016/0024‑3841(93)90061‑Z
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(93)90061-Z [Google Scholar]
  43. 2001 Evidentials and Relevance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.86
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.86 [Google Scholar]
  44. Imoagene, Onoso
    2015 “Broken Bridges: An Exchange of Slurs between African Americans and Second Generation Nigerians and the Impact on Identity Formation among the Second Generation.” Language Sciences52: 176–186. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  45. Itani, Reiko
    1994 “A Relevance-based Analysis of Hearsay Particles: Japanese Utterance-final tte.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics6: 379–400.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Janicki, Karol
    2015 Language and Conflict. Selected Issues. London: Palgrave. 10.1007/978‑1‑137‑38141‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-38141-5 [Google Scholar]
  47. Janschewitz, Kristin
    2008 “Taboo, Emotionally-valenced, and Emotionally-neutral Word Norms.” Behavior Research Methods40 (4): 1065–1074. 10.3758/BRM.40.4.1065
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.4.1065 [Google Scholar]
  48. Jay, Kristin, and Timothy B. Jay
    2015 “Taboo Words Fluency and Knowledge of Slurs and General Pejoratives: Deconstructing the Poverty-of-Vocabulary Myth.” Language Sciences52: 251–259. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.12.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  49. Jay, Timothy B.
    1981 “Comprehending Dirty-Word Descriptions.” Language and Speech24 (1): 29–38. 10.1177/002383098102400102
     https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098102400102 [Google Scholar]
  50. 1992 Cursing in America. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.57
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.57 [Google Scholar]
  51. 2000 Why We Curse. A Neuro-Psycho-Social Theory of Speech. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 2005 “American Women: Their Cursing Habits and Religiosity.” Gender and the Language of Religion, ed. byAllyson Jule, 63–84. London: Palgrave. 10.1057/9780230523494_5
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523494_5 [Google Scholar]
  53. 2009 “Do Offensive Words Harm People?” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law15 (2): 81–101. 10.1037/a0015646
     https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015646 [Google Scholar]
  54. Jay, Timothy B., and Joseph H. Danks
    1977 “Ordering of Taboo Adjectives.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society9 (6): 405–408. 10.3758/BF03337038
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03337038 [Google Scholar]
  55. Jay, Timothy B., and Kristin Janschewitz
    2007 “Filling the Emotion Gap in Linguistic Theory: Commentary on Potts’ Expressive Dimension.” Theoretical Linguistics33 (2): 215–221. 10.1515/TL.2007.014
     https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2007.014 [Google Scholar]
  56. 2008 “The Pragmatics of Swearing.” Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture4 (2): 267–288.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Jucker, Andreas H., and Irma Taavitsainen
    2000 “Diachronic Speech Act Analysis: Insults from Flyting to Flaming.” Journal of Historical Pragmatics1 (1): 67–95. 10.1075/jhp.1.1.07juc
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.1.1.07juc [Google Scholar]
  58. Kaye, Barbara K., and Barry S. Sapolsky
    2004 “Offensive Language in Prime-time Television: Four Years after Television Age and Content Ratings.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media48 (4): 554–569. 10.1207/s15506878jobem4804_2
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4804_2 [Google Scholar]
  59. Leech, Geoffrey
    1983 Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Lycan, William G.
    2015 “Slurs and Lexical Presumption.” Language Sciences52: 3–11. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.05.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.05.001 [Google Scholar]
  61. Mateo, José, and Francisco Yus
    2013 “Towards a Cross-cultural Taxonomy of Insults.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict1 (1): 87–114. 10.1075/jlac.1.1.05mat
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.1.1.05mat [Google Scholar]
  62. McCloskey, Laura A., and Lerita M. Coleman
    1992 “Difference without Dominance: Children’s Talk in Mixed- and same-sex Dyads.” Sex Roles27 (5–6): 241–257. 10.1007/BF00289927
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289927 [Google Scholar]
  63. McCloskey, Laura A., Corrine Williams, and Ulla Larsen
    2005 Gender Inequality and Intimate Partner Violence among Women in Moshi, Tanzania.” International Family Planning Perspectives31 (3): 124–130. 10.1363/3112405
     https://doi.org/10.1363/3112405 [Google Scholar]
  64. Murphy, Bróna
    2009 “‘She’s a Fucking Ticket’: The Pragmatics of fuck in Irish English – an Age and Gender Perspective.” Corpora4 (1): 85–106. 10.3366/E1749503209000239
     https://doi.org/10.3366/E1749503209000239 [Google Scholar]
  65. Mustajoki, Arto
    2012 “A Speaker-oriented Multidimensional Approach to Risks and Causes of Miscommunication.” Language and Dialogue2 (2): 216–243. 10.1075/ld.2.2.03mus
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ld.2.2.03mus [Google Scholar]
  66. Neu, Jerome
    2008 Sticks and Stones: The Philosophy of Insults. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. O’Dea, Conor J., Stuart S. Miller, Emma B. Andres, Madelyn H. Ray, Derrick F. Till, and Donald A. Saucier
    2015 “Out of Bonds: Factors Affecting the Perceived Offensiveness of Racial Slurs.” Language Sciences52: 155–164. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.09.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.09.005 [Google Scholar]
  68. Padilla Cruz, Manuel
    2009a “Towards an Alternative Relevance-theoretic Approach to Interjections.” International Review of Pragmatics1 (1): 182–206. 10.1163/187731009X455884
     https://doi.org/10.1163/187731009X455884 [Google Scholar]
  69. 2009b “Might Interjections Encode Concepts? More Questions than Answers.” Łodź Papers in Pragmatics5 (2): 241–270.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 2018 “Expressive APs and Expletive NPs Revisited: Refining the Extant Relevance-theoretic Procedural Account.” Lingua205: 54–70. 10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.016
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.016 [Google Scholar]
  71. Potts, Christopher
    2007a “The Expressive Dimension.” Theoretical Linguistics33 (2): 165–197. 10.1515/TL.2007.011
     https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2007.011 [Google Scholar]
  72. 2007b “The Centrality of Expressive Indices.” Theoretical Linguistics33 (2): 255–268. 10.1515/TL.2007.019
     https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2007.019 [Google Scholar]
  73. Rahman, Jacquelyn
    2015 “Missing the Target: Group Practices that Launch and Deflect Slurs.” Language Sciences52: 70–81. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.011
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.011 [Google Scholar]
  74. Saucier, Donald A., Derrick F. Till, Stuart S. Miller, Conor J. O’Dea, and Emma Andres
    2015 “Slurs against Masculinity: Masculine Honor Beliefs and Men’s Reactions to Slurs.” Language Sciences52: 108–120. 10.1016/j.langsci.2014.09.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.09.006 [Google Scholar]
  75. Scott, Kate
    2013 “This and that: A Procedural Analysis.” Lingua131: 49–65. 10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.008 [Google Scholar]
  76. Searle, John R.
    1969 Speech Acts. An Essay on the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  77. Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson
    1986 Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 1995 Relevance. Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 1997 “The Mapping between the Mental and the Public Lexicon.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics9: 107–125.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 2008 “A Deflationary Account of Metaphors.” InThe Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, ed. byRaymond W. Gibbs, 84–105. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511816802.007
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816802.007 [Google Scholar]
  81. 2015 “Beyond Speaker’s Meaning.” Croatian Journal of Philosophy15 (44): 117–149.
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Staley, Constance M.
    1978 “Male-female Use of Expletives: A Heck of a Difference in Expectations.” Anthropological Linguistics20 (8): 367–380.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Stokoe, Elizabeth, and Derek Edwards
    2007 “‘Black this, black that’: Racial Insults and Reported Speech in Neighbour Complaints and Police Interrogations.” Discourse & Society18 (3): 337–372. 10.1177/0957926507075477
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926507075477 [Google Scholar]
  84. Taavitsainen, Irma, and Andreas H. Jucker
    2008 ““Methinks You Seem More Beautiful than Ever”: Compliments and Gender in the History of English.” InSpeech Acts in the History of English, ed. byAndreas H. Jucker, and Irma Taavitsainen, 195–228. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.176.11taa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.176.11taa [Google Scholar]
  85. Wharton, Tim
    2001 “Natural Pragmatics and Natural Codes.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics13: 109–158.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 2002 “Paul Grice, Saying and Meaning.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics14: 207–248.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 2003 “Interjection, Language, and the ‘Showing/Saying’ Continuum.” Pragmatics and Cognition11: 39–91. 10.1075/pc.11.1.04wha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.11.1.04wha [Google Scholar]
  88. 2009 Pragmatics and Non-verbal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511635649
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635649 [Google Scholar]
  89. 2016 “That Bloody So-and-so Has Retired: Expressives Revisited.” Lingua175–176: 20–35. 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.004 [Google Scholar]
  90. Wilson, Deirdre
    1999 “Metarepresentation in Linguistic Communication.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics11: 127–161.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 2004 “Relevance and Lexical Pragmatics.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics16: 343–360.
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 2011 “Procedural Meaning: Past, Present, future.” InProcedural Meaning: Problems and Perspectives, ed. byMaría V. Escandell Vidal, Manuel Leonetti and Aoife Ahern, 3–31. Bingley: Emerald. 10.1108/S1472‑7870(2011)0000025005
     https://doi.org/10.1108/S1472-7870(2011)0000025005 [Google Scholar]
  93. 2012 “Modality and the Conceptual-procedural Distinction.” InRelevance Theory. More than Understanding, ed. byEwa Wałaszewska, and Agnieszka Piskorska, 23–43. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 2016 “Reassessing the Conceptual-procedural Distinction.” Lingua175–176: 5–19. 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.12.005 [Google Scholar]
  95. Wilson, Deirdre, and Robyn Carston
    2006 “Metaphor, Relevance and the ‘Emergent Property’ Issue.” Mind and Language21: 404–433. 10.1111/j.1468‑0017.2006.00284.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00284.x [Google Scholar]
  96. 2007 “A Unitary Approach to Lexical Pragmatics: Relevance, Inference and ad hoc Concepts.” InPragmatics, ed. byNoel Burton-Roberts, 230–259. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 10.1057/978‑1‑349‑73908‑0_12
     https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-73908-0_12 [Google Scholar]
  97. Wilson, Deirdre, and Dan Sperber
    1993 “Linguistic Form and Relevance.” Lingua90 (1): 1–25. 10.1016/0024‑3841(93)90058‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(93)90058-5 [Google Scholar]
  98. 2004 “Relevance Theory.” InThe Handbook of Pragmatics, ed. byLarry Horn, and Gregory Ward, 607–632. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Wilson, Deirdre, and Tim Wharton
    2006 “Relevance and Prosody.” Journal of Pragmatics38: 1559–1579. 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.012
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.012 [Google Scholar]
  100. Yoon, Suwon
    2015 “Semantic Constraint and Pragmatic Nonconformity for Expressives: Compatibility Condition on Slurs, Epithets, Anti-honorifics, Intensifiers, and Mitigators.” Language Sciences52: 46–69. 10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.009
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.03.009 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00023.cru
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): insults; lexical-pragmatic processes; procedural meaning; psychological-state representations; relevance theory; showing-saying

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error