1887
Volume 9, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2213-1272
  • E-ISSN: 2213-1280
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This paper approaches the study of conflict through an examination of Spanish metapragmatic labels and comments of impoliteness on Twitter. The aim is twofold. It first aims to confirm the attributed importance of the label /ill-mannered in the specific context of Twitter and of digital discourse more generally, on quantitative and comparative grounds; then, it investigates this label, and the metapragmatic comments where it occurred, in a contextualized corpus of tweets compiled during the political campaign of Spain’s General Elections of April 28, 2019. The study draws from five corpora specifically compiled from Twitter, and a general corpus of Spanish digital discourse provided by Sketch Engine. The analysis adopts a corpus-based metapragmatic approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings revealed that was the most frequent metapragmatic label under scrutiny in the Twitter corpora and motivated the subsequent study of lay conceptualizations of this term.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00048.bou
2020-11-26
2025-02-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Agarwal, Amit
    . n.d.Google Addons. AccessedJanuary 30, 2018. https://ctrlq.org/
  2. Albelda Marco, Marta
    2007La intensificación como categoría pragmática: Revisión y propuesta. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Amón, Rubén
    2019 “La campaña de la vergüenza.” El País, April26.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker, Paul
    2010Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bax, Stephen
    2011Discourse and Genre: Using Language in Context. London: Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑1‑137‑28562‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28562-1 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bernal, María
    2007 “Categorización sociopragmática de la cortesía y de la descortesía: Un estudio de la conversación coloquial española.” Ph.D. Diss., Stockholm University. doi: 10.17710/tym‑bernal2007
    https://doi.org/10.17710/tym-bernal2007 [Google Scholar]
  7. 2008 “El test de hábitos sociales aplicado a la descortesía.” InCortesía y conversación: De lo escrito a lo oral. III Coloquio internacional Programa EDICE, edited byAntonio Briz, Antonio Hidalgo, Marta Albelda, Josefa Contreras and Nieves Hernández Flores, 623–41. València: Universitat de València.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Blas Arroyo, José Luis
    2001 “‘No diga chorradas…’ La descortesía en el debate político cara a cara. Una aproximación pragma-variacionista.” Oralia1: 9–15.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 2010 “Niveles en la caracterización de las estrategias discursivas. Aplicaciones al estudio de la descortesía en un corpus mediático.” Español Actual94: 47–76.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 2013 “‘No eres inteligente ni para tener amigos …Pues anda que tú! [You’re not even clever enough to have any friends …Look who’s talking!]’: A quantitative analysis of the production and reception of impoliteness in present-day Spanish reality television.” InReal Talk: Reality Television and Discourse Analysis in Action, edited byNuria Lorenzo-Dus, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 218–44. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137313461_11
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137313461_11 [Google Scholar]
  11. 2014 “Factores condicionantes en la producción y recepción de la descortesía en un reality show. Una aproximación variacionista.” Revista de Filología32: 17–43.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bolívar, Adriana
    2008 “Perceptions of (Im)politeness in Venezuelan Spanish: The Role of Evaluation in Interaction.” Pragmatics18: 605–33. doi:  10.1075/prag.18.4.03bol
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.18.4.03bol [Google Scholar]
  13. Boretti, Susan
    2003 “Test de hábitos sociales y la investigación de la cortesía.” InActas del 1er Coloquio del Programa EDICE, edited byDiana Bravo, 198–202. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bou-Franch, Patricia, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
    2014 “Conflict Management in Massive Polylogues: A Case Study from YouTube.” Journal of Pragmatics73: 19–36. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2014.05.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.05.001 [Google Scholar]
  15. Briz, Antonio
    2004 “Cortesía verbal codificada y cortesía verbal interpretada en la conversación.” InPragmática sociocultural: Estudios sobre el discurso de cortesía en español, edited byDiana Bravo, and Antonio Briz, 67–93. Barcelona: Ariel.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 2017 “Otra vez sobre las funciones de la intensificación en la conversación coloquial.” Boletín de Filología52(2): 37–58. doi:  10.4067/S0718‑93032017000200037
    https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-93032017000200037 [Google Scholar]
  17. Bublitz, Wolfram
    2015 “Introducing Quoting as a Ubiquitous Communicative Act.” InThe Pragmatics of Quoting Now and Then, edited byJenny Arendholz, Wolfram Bublitz, and Monika Kirner-Ludvig, 1–26. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110427561‑002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110427561-002 [Google Scholar]
  18. Coesemans, Roel, and Barbara De Cock
    2017 “Self-reference by Politicians on Twitter: Strategies to Adapt to 140 Characters.” Journal of Pragmatics116: 37–50. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2016.12.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.12.005 [Google Scholar]
  19. Contreras Fernández, Josefa
    2008 “Test de hábitos sociales en un análisis contrastivo sobre el uso y la interpretación de la cortesía lingüística. InCortesía y conversación: De lo escrito a lo oral. III Coloquio internacional Programa EDICE, edited byAntonio Briz, Antonio Hidalgo, Marta Albelda, Josefa Contreras, and Nieves Hernández Flores, 642–56. València: Universitat de València.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Culpeper, Jonathan
    2005 “Impoliteness and Entertainment in the Television Quiz Show: The Weakest Link.” Journal of Politeness Research1: 35–72. doi:  10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35 [Google Scholar]
  21. 2009 “The Metalanguage of Impoliteness: Using Sketch Engine to Explore the Oxford English Corpus.” InContemporary Corpus Linguistics, edited byPaul Baker, 64–86. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 2011Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511975752
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975752 [Google Scholar]
  23. Culpeper, Jonathan, and Claire Hardaker
    2016 “Pragmatics.” InTriangulating Methodological Approaches in Corpus Linguistic Research, edited byPaul Baker, and Jesse Egbert, 124–37. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Culpeper, Jonathan, Jim O’Driscoll, and Claire Hardaker
    2019 “Notions of Politeness in Britain and North America.” InFrom Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives, edited byEva Ogiermann, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 176–200. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108182119.008
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108182119.008 [Google Scholar]
  25. De Cock, Barbara, and Andrea Pizarro Pedraza
    2018 “From Expressing Solidarity to Mocking on Twitter: Pragmatic Functions of Hashtags Starting with #jesuis across Languages.” Language in Society47(2): 197–217. doi:  10.1017/S0047404518000052
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404518000052 [Google Scholar]
  26. Downing, Angela, and Phillipe Locke
    2006English Grammar: A University Course. Oxon: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203087640
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203087640 [Google Scholar]
  27. Eelen, Gino
    2001A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Fernández García, Francisco
    2016 “Mecanismos interaccionales al servicio de la descortesía en el debate político.” Spanish in Context13(2): 263–84. doi:  10.1075/sic.13.2.05fer
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.2.05fer [Google Scholar]
  29. Fuentes Rodríguez, Catalina
    2009 “Descortesía y agresividad bajo el anonimato: Internet.” InManifestaciones textuales de la descortesía y agresividad verbal en distintos ámbitos comunicativos, edited byCatalina Fuentes Rodríguez, and Esperanza Alcaide Lara, 188–2010. Sevilla: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gallardo Paúls, Beatriz, and Salvador Enguix Oliver
    2016Pseudopolítica: El discurso político en las redes sociales. Valencia: Universitat de València.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar
    2013 “El modelo del género y la des/cortesía clasificatoria de primer orden en las valoraciones de Sálvame por parte de la audiencia.” In(Des)cortesía para el espectáculo: Estudios de pragmática variacionista, edited byCatalina Fuentes, 167–96. Madrid: Arco/Libros.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 2018 “Globalization, Transnational Identities, and Conflict Talk: The Superdiversity and Complexity of the Latino Identity.” Journal of Pragmatics134: 120–133. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2018.02.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  33. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar, Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, and Patricia Bou-Franch
    2010 “A Genre Approach to Impoliteness in a Spanish Television Talkshow: Evidence from Corpus-Based Analysis, Questionnaires and Focus Groups.” Intercultural Pragmatics7(4): 689–723. doi:  10.1515/iprg.2010.030
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2010.030 [Google Scholar]
  34. Haugh, Michael
    2013 “Im/politeness, Social Practice and the Participation Order.” Journal of Pragmatics58: 52–72. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003 [Google Scholar]
  35. 2018 “Corpus-Based Metapragmatics.” InMethods in Pragmatics, edited byAndreas H. Jucker, Klaus P. Schneider, and Wolfram Bublitz, 619–43. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110424928‑024
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110424928-024 [Google Scholar]
  36. 2019 “The Metapragmatics of Consideration in (Australian and New Zealand) English.” InFrom Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives, edited byEva Ogiermann, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 221–25. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108182119.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108182119.009 [Google Scholar]
  37. Hernández Flores, Nieves
    2002La cortesía en la conversación española de familiares y amigos: La búsqueda del equilibrio entre la imagen del hablante y la imagen del destinatario, Aalborg: Institut for Sprog Internationale Kurturstudier. Aalborg Universitet, vol.37.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 2008 “El test de hábitos sociales en el análisis de debates televisivos.” InCortesía y conversación: De lo escrito a lo oral. III Coloquio internacional Programa EDICE, edited byAntonio Briz, Antonio Hidalgo, Marta Albelda, Josefa Contreras, and Nieves Hernández Flores, 657–68. València: Universitat de València.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Johansson, Marjut
    2019 “Digital and Written Quotations in a News Text: The Hybrid Genre of Political Opinion Review.” InAnalyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Future Directions, edited byPatricia Bou-Franch, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 133–62. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑92663‑6_5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92663-6_5 [Google Scholar]
  40. Jucker, Andreas H., Taavitsainen, Irma, and Gerold Schneider
    2012 “Semantic Corpus Trawling: Expressions of ‘Courtesy’ and ‘Politeness’ in the Helsinki Corpus.” InDeveloping Corpus Methodology for Historical Pragmatics, edited byCarla Suhr, and Irma Taavitsainen. Helsinki: Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English. www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/11/jucker_taavitsainen_schneider/
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kádár, Dániel, and Michael Haugh
    2013Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139382717
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139382717 [Google Scholar]
  42. Kaul de Marganleon, Silvia
    2005 “Descortesía de fustigación por afiliación exacerbada o refractariedad. El discurso tanguero de la década del ‘20’.” InEstudios de la (des)cortesía en español. Categorías conceptuales y aplicaciones a corpora orales y escritos, edited byDiana Bravo, 299–318. Buenos Aires: Dunken.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kilgarriff, Adam, Vit Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vit Suchomel
    2014 “The Sketch Engine: Ten years on.” Lexicography1(1): 7–36. doi:  10.1007/s40607‑014‑0009‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9 [Google Scholar]
  44. Locher, Miriam A., and Richard J. Watts
    2005 “Politeness Theory and Relational Work.” Journal of Politeness Research1: 9–33. doi:  10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9 [Google Scholar]
  45. Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria, Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, and Patricia Bou-Franch
    2011 “On-line Polylogues and Impoliteness: The Case of Postings Sent in Response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube Video.” Journal of Pragmatics43(10): 2578–93. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.005 [Google Scholar]
  46. Mancera Rueda, Ana
    2014 “Cortesía en 140 caracteres: Interacciones en Twitter entre periodistas y prosumidores.” Revista de Filología32: 163–80.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Mancera Rueda, Ana, and Ana Pano Alamán
    2013El discurso político en Twitter. Barcelona: Anthropos.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Mills, Sara
    2003Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511615238
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615238 [Google Scholar]
  49. Moulinou, Iphigenia
    2014 “Striving to Make a Difference: Linguistic Devices of Moral Indignation.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict2(1): 74–98. doi:  10.1075/jlac.2.1.03mou
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.2.1.03mou [Google Scholar]
  50. Mugford, Gerrard
    2014 “Examining First-Order Localised Politeness: Mexican Positive Impoliteness Practices.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict2(1): 99–126. doi:  10.1075/jlac.2.1.04mug
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.2.1.04mug [Google Scholar]
  51. 2018 “Critical Intercultural Impoliteness: ‘Where Are you Located? Can you Please Transfer me to Someone Who is American?’” Journal of Pragmatics134: 173–182. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2018.03.014
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.03.014 [Google Scholar]
  52. Murillo Medrano, Jorge
    2006 “Significado de la cortesía lingüística a partir de la aplicación de un test de hábitos sociales en Costa Rica.” InActas del II Coloquio del Programa EDICE, edited byJorge Murillo Medrano, 116–36. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Nevalainen, Tertu, and Heli Tissari
    2010 “Contextualizing Eighteenth-Century Politeness: Social Distinction and Metaphorical Levelling.” InEighteenth-century English: Ideology and Change, edited byRaymond Hickey, 133–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511781643.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781643.009 [Google Scholar]
  54. Ogiermann, Eva, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
    2019 “Im/politeness between the Analyst and Participant Perspectives: An Overview of the Field.” InFrom Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness: Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives, edited byEva Ogiermann, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 1–24. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108182119.001
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108182119.001 [Google Scholar]
  55. Pano Alamán, Ana
    2015 “Ironía verbal y actividad de imagen en el discurso de políticos y ciudadanos españoles en Twitter.” Pragmática Sociocultural3(1): 59–89. doi:  10.1515/soprag‑2015‑0002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2015-0002 [Google Scholar]
  56. Placencia, María Elena
    2001 “Percepciones y manifestaciones de la (des)cortesía en la atención al público: El caso de una institución pública ecuatoriana.” Oralia1: 177–212.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 2008 “(Non)compliance with Directives among Family and Friends: Responding to Social Pressure and Individual Wants.” Intercultural Pragmatics5(3): 315–44. 10.1515/IPRG.2008.015
    https://doi.org/10.1515/IPRG.2008.015 [Google Scholar]
  58. Sifianou, Maria
    1992Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 2015 “Conceptualizing Politeness in Greek: Evidence from Twitter Corpora.” Journal of Pragmatics86: 25–30. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2015.05.019
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.05.019 [Google Scholar]
  60. 2019 “Conflict, Disagreement, and (Im)politeness.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict, edited byMatthew Evans, Lesley Jeffries, and Jim O’Driscoll, 176–95. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429058011‑11
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429058011-11 [Google Scholar]
  61. Sifianou, Maria, and Spiridoula Bella
    2019 “Twitter, Politeness, Self-presentation.” InAnalyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Future Directions, edited byPatricia Bou-Franch, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, 341–65. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑92663‑6_12
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92663-6_12 [Google Scholar]
  62. Sifianou, Maria, and Angeliki Tzanne
    2010 “Conceptualizations of Politeness and Impoliteness in Greek.” Intercultural Pragmatics7(4): 661–87. doi:  10.1515/iprg.2010.029
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2010.029 [Google Scholar]
  63. Taylor, Charlotte
    2015 “Beyond Sarcasm: The Metalanguage and Structures of Mock Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics87: 127–41. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2015.08.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.08.005 [Google Scholar]
  64. Tracy, Karen
    2008 “‘Reasonable Hostility’: Situation-Appropriate Face-Attack.” Journal of Politeness Research4(2): 169–191. doi:  10.1515/JPLR.2008.009
    https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.009 [Google Scholar]
  65. van Dijk, Teun A.
    1998 “Opinions and Ideologies in the Press.” InApproaches to Media Discourse, edited byAllan Bell, and Peter Garret, 21–63. London: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Verschueren, Jeff
    2000 “Notes on the Role of Metapragmatic Awareness in Language Use.” Pragmatics10(4): 463–98. 10.1075/prag.10.4.02ver
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.10.4.02ver [Google Scholar]
  67. Waters, Sophia
    2012 “‘It’s Rude to VP’: The Cultural Semantics of Rudeness.” Journal of Pragmatics44(9): 1051–62. doi:  10.1016/j.pragma.2012.02.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  68. Watts, Richard J.
    2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511615184
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615184 [Google Scholar]
  69. Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich
    1992Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110886542
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886542 [Google Scholar]
  70. Zappavigna, Michele
    2011 “Ambient Affiliation: A Linguistic Perspective on Twitter.” New Media and Society13(5): 788–806. doi:  10.1177/1461444810385097
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385097 [Google Scholar]
  71. 2017a “Evaluation.” InPragmatics of Social Media, edited byChristian Hoffmann, and Wolfram Bublitz, 435–58. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110431070‑016
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110431070-016 [Google Scholar]
  72. 2017b “Twitter.” InPragmatics of Social Media, edited byChristian Hoffmann, and Wolfram Bublitz, 201–224. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110431070‑008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110431070-008 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00048.bou
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00048.bou
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): conflict; impoliteness; metapragmatics; Spanish; Twitter
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error