1887
Volume 10, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2213-1272
  • E-ISSN: 2213-1280
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Linguistic analysis of the interpersonal patterning of threatening communication is a means of uncovering the attitudes, ideological orientation, and hostile intentions of perpetrators of violence in terrorist discourse (Gales 20102011). Corpus analysis focused on attitudinal meaning also offers a diagnostic for characterizing the personal and relational identities (Bednarek 2010) manifest in such texts. This paper explores discursive patterns of authorial identity in terrorist communication in a set of post-9/11 terrorist public statements made by former al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden. It draws on the Appraisal framework (Martin and White 2005), a model of evaluative language developed within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), to investigate the interpersonal component in this dataset. Specifically, patterns of provide evidence of relational and actional attitude, and personal and relational identities. Negative was found to characterize the encoded attitude in terms of (i) construing aggression and conflicting moral values (e.g., underpinning a perceived personal duty) and (ii) enacting the author’s aggressive and aloof identity, and violent actional attitude.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00058.eta
2021-02-05
2024-10-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Afsaruddin, Asma
    2020 “Jihad.” Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/jihad
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Antaki, Charles , and Sue Widdicombe
    1998 “Identity as an Achievement and as a Tool”. InIdentity in Talk, edited by Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe , 1–14. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anthony, Lawrence
    2019 AntConc Corpus Analysis Toolkit(Version 3.5.8.0) [Computer Software], Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker, Paul , and Rachelle Vessey
    2018 “A Corpus-driven Comparison of English and French Islamist Extremist Texts.” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics23(3): 255–278.   10.1075/ijcl.17108.bak
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17108.bak [Google Scholar]
  5. Bandura, Albert
    1999 “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities.” Personality and Social Psychology Review3(3): 193–209.   10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bazerman, Charles
    2003 “Intertextuality: How Texts Rely on Other Texts.” InWhat Writing Does and How It Does It: An Introduction to Analyzing Texts and Textual Practices, edited by Charles Bazerman and Paul Prior , 83–96. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781410609526
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609526 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bednarek, Monika
    2006Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 2009 “Language Pattern and Attitude.” Functions of Language16(2): 165–192.   10.1075/fol.16.2.01bed
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16.2.01bed [Google Scholar]
  9. 2010 “Corpus Linguistics and Systemic Functional Linguistics: Interpersonal Meaning, Identity and Bonding in Popular Culture.” InNew Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation, edited by Monika Bednarek and James Martin , 237–266. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Benwell, Bethan , and Elizabeth Stokoe
    2006Discourse and Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10.1515/9780748626533
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748626533 [Google Scholar]
  11. Block, David
    2006 “Identity in Applied Linguistics.” InSociolinguistics of Identity, edited by Tope Omoniyi and Goodith White , 34–49. London and New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Brookes, Gavin , and Tony McEnery
    2020 “Correlation, Collocation and Cohesion: A Corpus-Based Critical Analysis of Violent Jihadist Discourse.” Discourse and Society31(4): 351–373.   10.1177/0957926520903528
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926520903528 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bucholtz, Mary , and Kira Hall
    2005 “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach.” Discourse Studies7(4–5): 585–614.   10.1177/1461445605054407
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cap, Piotr
    2017The Language of Fear: Communicating Fear in Public Discourse. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/978‑1‑137‑59731‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59731-1 [Google Scholar]
  15. Cotler, Irwin , and David Grossman
    2009 “State-sanctioned Incitement to Genocide: The Responsibility to Prevent.” In“‘Hate Speech’ and Incitement to Violence” Workshop Series-Columbia University School of Law. https://www.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/law-culture/files/hate-speech-files/Hate-Speech-Cotler.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Coulthard, Malcolm , Alison Johnson , and David Wright
    2017An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Culpeper, Jonathan
    2001Language and Characterisation: People in Plays and Other Texts. Harlow: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Culpeper, Jonathan , Paul Iganski , and Abe Sweiry
    2017 “Linguistic Impoliteness and Religiously Aggravated Hate Crime in England and Wales.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict5(1): 1–29.   10.1075/jlac.5.1.01cul
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.5.1.01cul [Google Scholar]
  19. Du Bois, John
    2007 “The Stance Triangle.” InStancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction, edited by Robert Englebretson , 139–182. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.164.07du
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.164.07du [Google Scholar]
  20. Eggins, Suzanne , and Diana Slade
    1997Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Equinox.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Farkas, Johan , Jannick Schou , and Christina Neumayer
    2018 “Platform Antagonism: Racist Discourses on Fake Muslim Facebook Pages.” Critical Discourse Studies.   10.1080/17405904.2018.1450276
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2018.1450276 [Google Scholar]
  22. Fowler, Roger
    1991Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Gales, Tammy
    2010 “Ideologies of Violence: A Corpus and Discourse Analytic Approach to Stance in Threatening Communications”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 2011 “Identifying Interpersonal Stance in Threatening Discourse: An Appraisal Analysis.” Discourse Studies13(1): 27–46.   10.1177/1461445610387735
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445610387735 [Google Scholar]
  25. 2013 “Linguistic Analysis of Disputed Meanings: Threat.” InThe Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by Carol Chapelle . London: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 2015 “Threatening Stances: A Corpus Analysis of Realized vs. Non-Realized Threats.” Language and Law2(2): 1–25. https://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/LLLD/article/view/2401
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Gordon, Gregory
    2018 “Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech, and Incitement to Terrorism and Genocide: Resonances and Tensions.” InIncitement to Terrorism, edited by Anne Bayefsky and Laurie Blank , 1–14. The Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gozdz-Roszkowski, Stanislaw , and Susan Hunston
    2016 “Corpora and Beyond – Investigating Evaluation in Discourse: Introduction to the Special Issue on Corpus Approaches to Evaluation.” Corpora11(2): 131–141.   10.3366/cor.2016.0089
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2016.0089 [Google Scholar]
  29. Haidt, Jonathan , and Selin Kesebir
    2010 “Morality.” InHandbook of Social Psychology, edited by Susan Fiske , Daniel Gilbert and Gardner Lindzey , 797–852. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.   10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 [Google Scholar]
  30. Halliday, Michael
    1973Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 1978Language as Social Semiotic. London: Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 1979 “Modes of Meaning and Modes of Expression: Types of Grammatical Structure, and their Determination by Different Semantic Functions.” InFunction and Context in Linguistic Analysis: Essays Offered to William Haas, edited by David Allerton , Edward Carney and David Holdcroft , 57–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Halliday, Michael , and Ruqaiya Hasan
    1985Language, Context, and Text. Deakin University: Deakin University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hasan, Ruqaiya
    2010 “The Meaning of ‘not’ is not in ‘not.” InAppliable Linguistics, edited by Ahmar Mahboob and Naomi Knight , 267–305. London and New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Heritage, John
    2012 “Epistemics in Action: Action Formation and Territories of Knowledge.” Research on Language and Social Interaction45(1): 1–29.   10.1080/08351813.2012.646684
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.646684 [Google Scholar]
  36. Hodge, Robert , and Gunther Kress
    1988Social Semiotics. New York: Cornell University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Hunston, Susan
    1993 “Evaluation and Ideology in Scientific Writing.” InRegister Analysis: Theory and Practice, edited by Mohsen Ghadessy , 57–73. London and New York: Pinter.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Iedema, Rick, Susan Feez, and Peter White
    1994Media Literacy (Write it Right Literacy in Industry Research Project – Stage 2). Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools Program.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Jaffe, Alexandra
    2009 “Introduction: The Sociolinguistics of Stance.” InStance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, edited by Alexandra Jaffe , 3–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  40. Janicki, Karol
    2017 “What is Conflict? What is Aggression? Are these Challenging Questions?” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict5(1): 156–166. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/112c/5f613e399e42249be429a210a156eaa77ea5.pdf?_ga=2.66825902.1083632318.1601108451-81768530.1559736792. 10.1075/jlac.5.1.07jan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.5.1.07jan [Google Scholar]
  41. Johnstone, Barbara
    2009 “Stance, Style, and the Linguistic Individual.” InStance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, edited by Alexandra Jaffe , 29–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0002
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0002 [Google Scholar]
  42. Kniffka, Hannes
    2007Working in Language and Law. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230590045
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230590045 [Google Scholar]
  43. Leets, Laura , and Giles Howard
    1997 “Words as Weapon: When Do They Wound? Investigations of Harmful Speech.” Human Communication Research24(2): 260–301.   10.1111/j.1468‑2958.1997.tb00415.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00415.x [Google Scholar]
  44. Lemke, Jay
    1992 “Interpersonal Meaning in Discourse: Value Orientations.” InAdvances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice, edited by Martin Davies and Louise Ravelli , 82–104. London: Pinter.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 1998 “Resources for Attitudinal Meaning: Evaluative Orientations in Text Semantics.” Functions of Language, 5(1): 33–56.   10.1075/fol.5.1.03lem
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.1.03lem [Google Scholar]
  46. Liu, Feifei , and Susan Hood
    2019 “Rhetorical Strategies of Political Persuasion: The Play of Irrealis and Realis Meaning in Re/Aligning Readers in Newspapers Editorials.” Text and Talk39(5).   10.1515/text‑2019‑2041
    https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-2041 [Google Scholar]
  47. Lukin, Annabelle
    2019War and its Ideologies: A Social-Semiotic Theory and Description. Singapore: Springer. 10.1007/978‑981‑13‑0996‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0996-0 [Google Scholar]
  48. Lutz, James , and Brenda Lutz
    2008Global Terrorism. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203895030
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203895030 [Google Scholar]
  49. Mahlberg, Michaela
    2014 “Corpus Stylistics.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Stylistics, edited byMichael Burke, 378–392. London/New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Malešević, Siniša
    2019 “Cultural and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Terrorism.” InThe Oxford Handbook of Terrorism, edited by Erica Chenoweth , Richard English , Andreas Gofas and Stathis Kalyvas , 177–193. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Martin, James , and David Rose
    2003Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Martin, James , and Peter White
    2005The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230511910
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511910 [Google Scholar]
  53. Mateo, José , and Francisco Yus
    2013 “Towards a Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Taxonomy of Insults.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict1(1): 87–114.   10.1075/jlac.1.1.05mat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.1.1.05mat [Google Scholar]
  54. McCauley, Clark , and Sophia Mosalenko
    2016 “Fear and Anger Elicited by Terrorist Attack: The Power of Jujitsu Politics.” White Paper on Assessing and Anticipating Threats to US Security Interests (March). nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Anticipating-Threats-to-US-Security-Interests-MAR-2016.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  55. McMenamin, Gerald
    2010 “Forensic Stylistics: Theory and Practice of Forensic Stylistics.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson , 487–507. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203855607.ch32
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855607.ch32 [Google Scholar]
  56. Meloy, Reid
    2001 “Communicated Threats and Violence toward Public and Private Targets: Discerning Differences among Those Who Stalk and Attack.” Journal of Forensic Sciences46(5): 1211–1213. drreidmeloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2001_CommunicatedThr.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Meloy, Reid , David James , Frank Farnham , Paul Mullen , Michele Pathé , Brian Darnley , and Lulu Preston
    2004 “A Research Review of Public Figure Threats, Approaches, Attacks, and Assassinations in the United States.” Journal of Forensic Sciences49: 1086–1093. drreidmeloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2004_AResearchReview.pdf. 10.1520/JFS2004102
    https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2004102 [Google Scholar]
  58. Millar, Neil , and Susan Hunston
    2015 “Adjectives, Communities, and Taxonomies of Evaluative Meaning.” Functions of Language22(3): 297–331.   10.1075/fol.22.3.01mil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.22.3.01mil [Google Scholar]
  59. Miller, Flagg
    2015The Audacious Ascetic. London: Hurst & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Muschalik, Julia
    2018Threatening in English: A Mixed Method Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.284
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.284 [Google Scholar]
  61. Musolff, Andreas
    2015 “Dehumanizing Metaphors in UK Immigrant Debates in Press and Online Media.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict3(1): 41–56. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/473d/36b34f59825d9abec6abf83bb5a575a88e8e.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Olsson, John
    2004Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language, Crime and the Law. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 2008Forensic Linguistics. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Omoniyi, Tope , and Goodith White
    2006Sociolinguistics of Identity. London and New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Palmer, David
    1995 “The Revolutionary Terrorism of Peru’s Shining Path.” InTerrorism in Context, edited byMartha Crenshaw, 249–308. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Prideaux, Gary
    2011 “Linguistic Contributions to the Analysis of Hate Language.” International Journal of Law, Language and Discourse1(1): 27–52. https://www.ijlld.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Free-Journals/article%202.%20prideaux.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ray, Saumyajit
    2017 “A Crusade Gone Wrong: George W. Bush and the War on Terror in Asia.” International Studies52(1–4) 12–26.   10.1177/0020881717718018
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881717718018 [Google Scholar]
  68. Reynolds, Katherine , John Turner , and Alexander Haslam
    2000 “When are we Better than them and they Worse than us? A Closer Look at Social Discrimination in Positive and Negative Domains.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology78(1): 64–80.   10.1037/0022‑3514.78.1.64
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.64 [Google Scholar]
  69. Sachs, Benjamin
    2013 “Why Coercion is Wrong When it’s Wrong.” Australian Journal of Philosophy91: 63–82.   10.1080/00048402.2011.646280
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2011.646280 [Google Scholar]
  70. Sacks, Harvey
    1992Lectures on Conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Schbley, Ayla
    2006 “Toward a Common Profile of Religious Terrorism: Some Psychosocial Determinants of Christian and Islamic Terrorists.” Police Practice and Research7(4): 275–292.   10.1080/15614260600919621
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260600919621 [Google Scholar]
  72. Schleppegrell, Mary
    2012 “Systemic Functional Linguistics.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis, edited by James Gee and Michael Handford , 21–34. London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Shuy, Roger
    2010 “Linguistics and Terrorism Cases.” InRoutledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson , 558–575. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203855607.ch36
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855607.ch36 [Google Scholar]
  74. Smith, Allison
    2004 “From Words to Action: Exploring the Relationship between a Group’s Value References and its Likelihood of Engaging in Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism27: 409–437.   10.1080/10576100490483679
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100490483679 [Google Scholar]
  75. 2018How Radicalization to Terrorism Occurs in the United States: What Research Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice Tells Us. Washington: National Institute of Justice. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/250171.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Smith, Sharon , and Roger Shuy
    2002 “Forensic Psycholinguistics: Using Language Analysis for Identifying and Assessing Offenders.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin(April): 16–21. diogenesllc.com/statementlinguistics.pdf. 10.1037/e312522004‑005
    https://doi.org/10.1037/e312522004-005 [Google Scholar]
  77. Straun, Jørgen
    2009 “A Linguistic Turn of Terrorism Studies.” DIIS Working Paper2009:01. pure.diis.dk/ws/files/105548/WP2009_02_Linguistic_Terrorism.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Suleiman, Yasir
    2006 “Constructing Languages, Constructing National Identities.” InSociolinguistics of Identity, edited by Tope Omoniyi and Goodith White , 50–71. London and New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Sykes, Mary
    1988 “From ‘Right’ to ‘Needs’: Official Discourse and the ‘Welfarization’ of Race.” InDiscourse and Discrimination, edited by Geneva Smitherman-Donaldson and Teun van Dijk , 176–205. Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Tabouret-Keller, Andrée
    1997 “Language and Identity.” InThe Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by Florian Coulmas , 315–326. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Tajfel, Henry , and John Turner
    1979 “An Integrated Theory of Inter-Group Conflict.” InThe Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William Austin and Stephen Worchel , 33–47. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Tann, Ken
    2010 “Imagining Communities: A Multifunctional Approach to Identity Management in Texts.” InNew Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation, edited by Monika Bednarek and James Martin , 163–194. London and New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Thetela, Puleng
    1997 “Evaluated Entities and Parameters of Value in Academic Research Articles.” English for Specific Purposes16(2): 101–118.   10.1016/S0889‑4906(96)00022‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(96)00022-1 [Google Scholar]
  84. Thetela, Puleng
    2001 “Critique Discourses and Ideology in Newspaper Reports: A Discourse Analysis of the South African Press Reports on the 1998 SADC’s Military Intervention in Lesotho.” Discourse and Society12(3): 347–370.   10.1177/0957926501012003004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012003004 [Google Scholar]
  85. Thompson, Geoff , and Laura Alba-Jues
    (Eds.) 2014Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.242
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.242 [Google Scholar]
  86. Tracy, Karen
    2008 “‘Reasonable Hostility’: Situation-appropriate Face-attack.” Journal of Politeness Research4(2): 169–191.   10.1515/JPLR.2008.009
    https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.009 [Google Scholar]
  87. Tracy, Karen , and Jessica Robles
    2002Everyday Talk: Building and Reflecting Identities. New York and London: The Guildford Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Turner, James , and Michael Gelles
    2003Threat Assessment: A Risk Management Approach. New York: Haworth Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Van Langenhove, Luk
    2017 “Varieties of Moral Orders and the Dual Structure of Society: A Perspective from Positioning Theory.” Frontiers in Sociology2(9): online.   10.3389/fsoc.2017.00009
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2017.00009 [Google Scholar]
  90. van Leeuwen, Theo
    1996 “The Representation of Social Actors.” InTexts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard and Malcolm Coulthard , 32–70. New York, NY: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 2008Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Analysis. London: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  92. Verschueren, Jef
    2012Ideology in Language Use: Guidelines for Empirical Research. UK: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Weintraub, Walter
    2003 Verbal Behavior and Personality Assessment. InThe Psychological Assessment of Political leaders with Profiles of Saddam Hussein and Bill Clinton, edited by Jerrold Post , 137–152. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. White, Peter
    2003 “Beyond Modality and Hedging: A Dialogic View of the Language of Intersubjective Stance.” Text23(2): 259–284. https://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/textspecial/beyond-modality(white).pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 2006 “Evaluative Semantics and Ideological Positioning in Journalistic Discourse.” InMediating Ideology in Text and Image: Ten Critical Studies, edited by Inger Lassen , 37–69. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/dapsac.18.05whi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.18.05whi [Google Scholar]
  96. 2015 “Appraisal Theory.” The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. USA: John Wiley & Sons.   10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi041
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi041 [Google Scholar]
  97. Whittaker, David
    2005The Terrorism Reader. London and New York. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Wignell, Peter , Sabine Tan , and Kay O’Halloran
    2017 “Violent Extremism and Iconisation: Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil?” Critical Discourse Studies14(1): 1–22.   10.1080/17405904.2016.1250652
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2016.1250652 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00058.eta
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jlac.00058.eta
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): aggression; attitudinal meaning; conflict; identity; terrorist discourse
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error