Epistemic stancetaking and speaker objectification in a spatio-cognitive discourse world

References

1. Anthony, Lawrence
   2014 AntConc (Version 3.4.3) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available fromwww.laurenceanthony.net/
   [Google Scholar]
2. Charteris-Black, Jonathan
   2005 Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230501706
   https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501706 [Google Scholar]
3. Chilton, Paul
   2004 Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203561218
   https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218 [Google Scholar]
4. Chilton, Paul
   2005 “Missing Links in Mainstream CDA: Modules, Blends and the Critical Instinct.” InA New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis: Theory, Methodology and Interdisciplinarity, ed byRuth Wodak, and Paul Chilton, 19–52. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/dapsac.13.05chi
   https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.13.05chi [Google Scholar]
5. Chilton, Paul
   2014 Language, Space and Mind: The Conceptual Geometry of Linguistic Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511845703
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845703 [Google Scholar]
6. Croft, William, and David A. Cruse
   2004 Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511803864
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803864 [Google Scholar]
7. Earnest, Josh
   2013 “Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Josh Earnest on Allegations of Chemical Weapons Use in Syria.” The White House, 21August 2013 Retrieved fromhttps://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/21/statement-principal-deputy-press-secretary-josh-earnest-allegations-chemon17 February 2018.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Fairclough, Norman
   2014 “A Critical Agenda for Education.” InThe Discourse Studies Reader: Main Currents in Theory and Analysis, ed. byJohannes Angermüller, Dominique Maingeueneau, and Ruth Wodak, 378–387. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner
   2002 The Way We Think. New York: Basic Books.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Fillmore, Charles J.
    1976 “Frame Semantics and the Nature of Language.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech280 (1): 20–32. 10.1111/j.1749‑6632.1976.tb25467.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25467.x [Google Scholar]
11. Fowler, Roger, and Gunter Kress
    1979 “Critical Linguistics.” InLanguage and Control, ed. byRoger Fowler, 185–213. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Hart, Christopher
    2007 “Critical Discourse Analysis and Conceptualisation: Mental Spaces, Blended Spaces and Discourse Spaces in the British National Party.” InCognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Analysis: Application and Theory, ed. byChristopher Hart, and Dominik Lukeš, 107–131. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Hart, Christopher
    2008 “Critical Discourse Analysis and Metaphor: Toward a Theoretical Framework.” Critical Discourse Studies5 (2): 91–106. 10.1080/17405900801990058
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900801990058 [Google Scholar]
14. Hart, Christopher
    2011 “Legitimizing Assertions and the Logico-Rhetorical Module: Evidence and Epistemic Vigilance in Media Discourse on Immigration.” Discourse Studies13 (6): 751–814. 10.1177/1461445611421360
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611421360 [Google Scholar]
15. Hart, Christopher
    2013 “Event-Construal in Press Reports of Violence in Two Recent Political Protests: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach to CDA.” Journal of Language and Politics12 (3): 400–423. 10.1075/jlp.12.3.05har
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.3.05har [Google Scholar]
16. Hart, Christopher
    2014 Discourse, Grammar and Ideology: Functional and Cognitive Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Hart, Christopher
    2015 “Viewpoint in Linguistic Discourse: Space and Evaluation in News Reports of Political Protests.” Critical Discourse Studies12 (3): 238–260. 10.1080/17405904.2015.1013479
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1013479 [Google Scholar]
18. Hart, Christopher
    2016 “The Visual Basis of Linguistic Meaning and Its Implications for Critical Discourse Studies: Integrating Cognitive Linguistic and Multimodal Methods. Discourse & Society27 (3): 335–350. 10.1177/0957926516630896
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926516630896 [Google Scholar]
19. Koller, Veronika
    2005 “Critical Discourse Analysis and Social Cognition: Evidence from Business Media Discourse.” Discourse & Society16 (2): 199–224. 10.1177/0957926505049621
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505049621 [Google Scholar]
20. Lakoff, George
    2009 The Political Mind: A Cognitive Scientist’s Guide to Your Brain and Its Politics. London: Penguin.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Langacker, Ronald W.
    2013 Essentials of Cognitive Grammar. Oxford: University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Marín-Arrese, Juana I.
    2011 “Epistemic Legitimising Strategies, Commitment and Accountability in Discourse.” Discourse Studies13 (6): 789–797. 10.1177/1461445611421360c
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611421360c [Google Scholar]
23. Marín-Arrese, Juana I.
    2013 “Stancetaking and Inter/Subjectivity in the Iraq Inquiry: Blair vs. Brown.” InEnglish Modality: Core, Periphery and Evidentiality, ed. byJuana I. Marín Arrese, Marta Carretero, Jorge Arús Hita, and Johan van der Auwera, 411–446. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110286328.411
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110286328.411 [Google Scholar]
24. Marín-Arrese, Juana I.
    2015 “Epistemicity and stance: A cross-linguistic study of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English and Spanish.” Discourse Studies17 (2): 210–225. 10.1177/1461445614564523
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445614564523 [Google Scholar]
25. Nuyts, Jan
    2001 Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/hcp.5
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.5 [Google Scholar]
26. O’Halloran, Kieran
    2003 Critical Discourse Analysis and Language Cognition. Edinburgh: University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Pinker, Steven
    1997 How the Mind Works. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Radden, Günter, and René Dirven
    2007 Cognitive English Grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/clip.2
    https://doi.org/10.1075/clip.2 [Google Scholar]
29. Sorenson, David S.
    2016 Syria in Ruins: The Dynamics of the Syrian Civil War. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Stockwell, Peter
    1999 “Towards a Critical Cognitive Linguistics?” InDiscourses of War and Conflict, ed. byAnnette Combrink, and Ina Biermann, 510–28. Potchefstroom: Ptochefstroom University Press. Retrieved fromwww.pala.ac.uk/uploads/2/5/1/0/25105678/stockwell.pdfon17 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Talmy, Leonard
    2006 “Grammatical Construal.” InCognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings, ed. byDirk Geeraerts, 69–108. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110199901.69
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199901.69 [Google Scholar]
32. Ullmann, Stefanie
    2017 “Conceptualising Force in the Context of the Arab Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of International Mass Media Reports and Twitter Posts.” Discourse & Communication11 (2): 160–178. 10.1177/1750481317691859
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691859 [Google Scholar]
33. United Nations
    United Nations 2013a “Report of the United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic on the alleged use of chemical weapons in the Ghouta area of Damascus on 21 August 2013.” 16September 2013 Retrieved fromwww.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2013_553.pdfon17 February 2018.
34. United Nations
    United Nations 2013b “United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic.” 12December 2013 Retrieved fromhttps://unoda-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/report.pdfon17 February 2018.
35. United Nations
    United Nations 2014 “Removal of Syria’s chemical weapons material complete, announces OPCW-UN mission.” 23June 2014 Retrieved fromwww.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48103#.WMqqNVXhDcson17 February 2018.
36. Van Dijk, Teun A.
    2011 “Discourse, Knowledge, Power and Politics: Towards Critical Epistemic Discourse Analysis.” InCritical Discourse Studies in Context and Cognition, ed. byChristopher Hart, 27–64. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/dapsac.43.03van
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.43.03van [Google Scholar]
37. Van Dijk, Teun A.
    1993 “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Discourse & Society4 (2): 249–283. 10.1177/0957926593004002006
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006 [Google Scholar]
38. Al-Assad, Bashar
    2013 “Speech.” Rossiya 24, 13September 2013 Retrieved fromhttps://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/2013/09/13/president-al-assads-speech-to-rossiya-24-tv-channel-full-text-in-engfraesp-video-arabic/on17 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Kerry, John
    2013 “Statement on Syria.” The White House, 30August 2013 Retrieved fromhttps://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/08/213668.htmon17 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Putin, Vladimir
    2013 “The Syrian Alternative.” The New York Times, 12September 2013 Retrieved fromen.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/19205on17 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]