Gender matters in questioning presidents

References

1. Alfahad, Abdulrahman
   2015 “Aggressiveness and Deference in Arabic Broadcast News Interviews.” Journal of Pragmatics88: 58–72. 10.1016/j.pragma.2015.08.009
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.08.009 [Google Scholar]
2. Armstrong, C. L.
   2004 “The Influence of Reporter Gender on Source Selection in Newspaper Stories.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly81(1): 139–154. 10.1177/107769900408100110
   https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100110 [Google Scholar]
3. Beam, R. A., & Di Cicco, D. T.
   2010 “When Women Run the Newsroom: Management Change, Gender, and the News.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly87(2): 393–411. 10.1177/107769901008700211
   https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901008700211 [Google Scholar]
4. Benson, Rodney
   2004 “Bringing the Sociology of Media Back In.” Political Communication21(3): 275–292. 10.1080/10584600490481299
   https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481299 [Google Scholar]
5. Cann, David J. and Philip B. Mohr
   2001 “Journalist and Source Gender in Australian Television News.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media45(1): 162–174. 10.1207/s15506878jobem4501_10
   https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4501_10 [Google Scholar]
6. Clayman, Steven E., Marc N. Elliott, John Heritage, and Laurie McDonald
   2006 “Historical Trends in Questioning Presidents 1953–2000.“ Presidential Studies Quarterly36: 561–583. 10.1111/j.1741‑5705.2006.02568.x
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02568.x [Google Scholar]
7. Clayman, Steven E., John Heritage, Marc N. Elliott, and Laurie McDonald
   2007 “When Does the Watchdog Bark?: Conditions of Aggressive Questioning in Presidential News Conferences.” American Sociological Review72: 23–41. 10.1177/000312240707200102
   https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200102 [Google Scholar]
8. Clayman, Steven E., Marc Elliott, John Heritage, Megan Beckett
   2010 “A Watershed in White House Journalism: Explaining the Post-1968 Rise of Aggressive Presidential News.” Political Communication27: 229–247. 10.1080/10584609.2010.496712
   https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.496712 [Google Scholar]
9. Clayman, Steven E., Marc Elliott, John Heritage, Megan Beckett
   2012 “The President’s Questioners: Consequential Attributes of the White House Press Corps.” The International Journal of Press/Politics17(1): 100–121. 10.1177/1940161211420867
   https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211420867 [Google Scholar]
10. Clayman, Steven E.
    2017 “The Micropolitics of Legitimacy: Political Position-Taking and Journalistic Scrutiny at the Boundary of the Mainstream.” Social Psychology Quarterly80(1): 41–64. 10.1177/0190272516667705
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272516667705 [Google Scholar]
11. Correa, T., & Harp, D.
    2011 “Women Matter in Newsrooms: How Power and Critical Mass Relate to the Coverage of the HPV Vaccine.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly88(2): 301–319. 10.1177/107769901108800205
    https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800205 [Google Scholar]
12. Craft, S., & Wanta, W.
    2004 “Women in the Newsroom: Influences of Female Editors and Reporters on the News Agenda.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly81(1): 124–138. 10.1177/107769900408100109
    https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100109 [Google Scholar]
13. D’Alessio, Dave and Mike Allen
    2000 “Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Communication50: 133–156. 10.1111/j.1460‑2466.2000.tb02866.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x [Google Scholar]
14. Desmond, R. & A. Danilewicz
    2010 “Women Are On, But Not In, the News: Gender Roles in Local Television News.” Sex Roles62: 822–829. 10.1007/s11199‑009‑9686‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9686-5 [Google Scholar]
15. Ekström, Mats, Göran Eriksson, Bengt Johansson, and Patrik Wikström
    2013 “Biased Interrogations? A Multi-Methodological Approach on Bias in Election Campaign Interviews.” Journalism Studies14(3): 423–439. 10.1080/1461670X.2012.689488
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.689488 [Google Scholar]
16. Ekström, Mats and Marianna Patrona
    2011 Talking Politics in Broadcast Media: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Political Interviewing, Journalism, and Accountability. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/dapsac.42
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.42 [Google Scholar]
17. Gilligan, Carol
    1993 In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Goffman, Erving
    1977 “The Arrangement Between the Sexes,” Theory and Society4(3): 301–331. 10.1007/BF00206983
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206983 [Google Scholar]
19. Hanitzsch, T., & Hanusch, F.
    2012 “Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence.” European Journal of Communication27(3): 257–277. 10.1177/0267323112454804
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112454804 [Google Scholar]
20. Heritage, John
    2002 “The Limits of Questioning: Negative Interrogatives and Hostile Question Content.” Journal of Pragmatics34: 1427–1446. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(02)00072‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00072-3 [Google Scholar]
21. Heritage, John and Steven E. Clayman
    2013 “The Changing Tenor of Questioning Over Time: Tracking a Question Form Across U.S. Presidential News Conferences 1953–2000.” InMarcel Broersma, Bas den Herder, and Birte Schohaus (eds.) The Changing Dynamics Between Journalists and Sources, special issue of Journalism Practice7(4): 481–501.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Higgins, Michael
    2010 “The “Public Inquisitor” As Media Celebrity.” Cultural Politics6(1): 93–110. 10.2752/175174310X12549254318863
    https://doi.org/10.2752/175174310X12549254318863 [Google Scholar]
23. Hochschild, Arlie
    1973 “A Review of Sex Role Research.” American Journal of Sociology78: 1011–1029. 10.1086/225418
    https://doi.org/10.1086/225418 [Google Scholar]
24. Huls, Erica and Jasper Varwijk
    2011 “Political Bias in TV Interviews,” Discourse and Society22(1): 48–65. 10.1177/0957926510382836
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510382836 [Google Scholar]
25. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
    1976 “The Impact of Hierarchical Structures on the Work Behavior of Women and Men.” Social Problems23(4): 415–430. 10.2307/799852
    https://doi.org/10.2307/799852 [Google Scholar]
26. Komarovsky, Mirra
    1950 “Functional Analysis of Sex Roles.” American Sociological Review15(4): 508–516. 10.2307/2087310
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2087310 [Google Scholar]
27. Meeks, Lindsey
    2013 “He Wrote, She Wrote: Journalist Gender, Political Office, and Campaign News.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly90(1): 58–74. 10.1177/1077699012468695
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699012468695 [Google Scholar]
28. Meeks, Lindsey
    2017 “Thank You, Mr. President: Journalist Gender in Presidential News Conferences.” International Journal of Communication11: 2411–2430.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Meeks, Lindsey
    2018 “Questioning the President: Examining Gender in the White House Press Corps.” Journalism19(4): 519–535. 10.1177/1464884916669737
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916669737 [Google Scholar]
30. Schudson, Michael
    1994 “Question Authority: A History of the News Interview in American Journalism, 1860s–1930s.” Media, Culture, and Society16(4): 565–587. 10.1177/016344379401600403
    https://doi.org/10.1177/016344379401600403 [Google Scholar]
31. Schudson, Michael
    2000 “The Sociology of News Production Revisited (Again).” Mass Media and Society3: 175–200.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Sherman, Susan R. and Aaron Rosenblatt
    1984 “Women Physicians as Teachers, Administrators, and Researchers in Medical and Surgical Specialities: Kanter Versus “Avis” As Competing Hypotheses.” Sex Roles11(3–4): 203–209. 10.1007/BF00287514
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287514 [Google Scholar]
33. Stahl, Leslie
    1999  Reporting Live. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Tolson, Andrew
    2012 ““You’ll need a miracle to win this election” (J. Paxman 2005): Interviewer Assertiveness in U.K. General Elections 1983–2010.” Discourse, Context, and Media1: 45–53. 10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.003 [Google Scholar]
35. Weaver, David H., Lars Willnat, and G. Cleveland Wilhoit
    2019 “The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Another Look at U.S. News People.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly96(1): 101–130. 10.1177/1077699018778242
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018778242 [Google Scholar]
36. West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman
    1987 “Doing Gender.” Gender & Society1(2): 125–151. 10.1177/0891243287001002002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002 [Google Scholar]
37. Williams, Bruce A. and Michael X. Delli Carpini
    2011 After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511846366
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511846366 [Google Scholar]
38. Zeldes, Geri Alumit and Frederick Fico
    2005 “Race and Gender: An Analysis of Sources and Reporters in the Networks’ Coverage of the 2000 Presidential Campaign.” Mass Communication and Society8(4): 373–385. 10.1207/s15327825mcs0804_5
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0804_5 [Google Scholar]
39. Zeldes, Geri Alumit, Frederick Fico, and Arvind Diddi
    2007 “Race and Gender: An Analysis of the Sources and Reporters in Local Television Coverage of the 2002 Michigan Gubernatorial Campaign.” Mass Communication and Society10(3): 345–363. 10.1080/15205430701407405
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430701407405 [Google Scholar]
40. Zhang, Di and Pamela J. Shoemaker
    2014 “Foreign Reporters’ Aggressiveness and Chinese Officials’ Openness at News Conferences: Influences on Foreign Media Coverage of the Chinese Government.” Chinese Journal of Communication7(1): 106–125. 10.1080/17544750.2013.844191
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2013.844191 [Google Scholar]