1887
Volume 19, Issue 5
  • ISSN 1569-2159
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9862
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the war in Syria, some Western women and girls have travelled to the warzone to join the group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and marry some of the group’s fighters. However, since the collapse of the ‘caliphate’ some of the women and girls have been stranded amid reluctance to accept them back to countries of origin. The women and girls have been the subject of various descriptions and labels. This is a conceptual and theoretical study which examines the ideological construction of females who travelled from Europe and West to join ISIS. The paper uses discourse analysis to examine the use of particular labels in the Western media, drawing primarily from the British press, on the ISIS-associated females seeking return to the West. The paper finds that a naturalized and dominant discourse has developed in the ideological construction of the females.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19107.nya
2020-05-04
2023-12-10
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Altheide, David L.
    1985Media Power. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Altschull, J Herbert
    1984Agents of Power: The Role of the News Media in Human Affairs. New York: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson, Richard D.
    2004 “The Causal Power of Metaphor. Cueing Democratic Identities in Russia and Beyond.” InMetaphorical World Politics, eds. byFrancis A. Beer and Christ! De Landtsheer, 91–108. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bagdikian, Ben H.
    1983The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barrinha, Andre
    2011 “The political importance of labelling: terrorism and Turkey’s discourse on the PKK.” Critical Studies on Terrorism4 (2): 163–180. 10.1080/17539153.2011.586203
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2011.586203 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bar-Tal, Daniel
    1989 “Delegitimation: The Extreme Case of Stereotyping and Prejudice.” InStereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions, eds. byDaniel Bar-Tal, Carl. F. Graumann, Arie W. Kruglanski and Wolfgang Stroebe, 169–82. New York: Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4612‑3582‑8_8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_8 [Google Scholar]
  7. BBC
    BBC 2020 “Shamima Begum loses first stage of appeal over citizenship.” February7.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Becker, Howard S.
    1963Outsiders. Simon and Schuster.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Beer, Francis A., and Christ’l De Landtsheer
    2004 “Metaphors, Politics, and World Politics.” InMetaphorical World Politics, eds. byFrancis A. Beer and Christ’l De Landtsheer, 5–52. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bennett, W. Lance, and Robert M. Entman Robert
    2001Mediated Politics. Communication in the Future of Democracy. eds.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bhatia, Michael
    2005 “Fighting words: naming terrorists bandit rebels and other violent actors.” Third Word Quarterly26 (1): 5–22. 10.1080/0143659042000322874
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659042000322874 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bostom, Andrew G.
    2005The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Amherst: Prometheus.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown-Jackson, Maia
    2019 “ISIS Brides: Perpetrators or Victims?” Islamic Theology of Counter Terrorism (ITCT).
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Campbell, David
    1998Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of IdentityUniversity of Minnesota Press; 2nd edition.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Charter, David
    2018 “German teen who joined Isis is jailed for six years in Iraq The Sunday Times, February18.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Childwise
    Childwise 2018 “What children think…about war and terrorism.” The Monitor Report 2018
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chiluwa, Innocent
    2011 “Media Representation of Nigeria’s Joint Military Task Force in the Niger Delta Crisis.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science1 (9):197–208.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Christoph, Vanessa
    2012 “The Role of the Mass Media in the Integration of Migrants.” Journal Compilation International Mind, Brain, and Education Society and Blackwell Publishing6 (2): 97–107.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Clark, Natasha
    2019 “Dozens of ISIS brides could come back to UK as MI6 boss says ‘potentially dangerous’ Shamima Begum has the right to return.” The Sun, February15.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Conboy, Martin
    2007The Language of the News, Routledge, New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
    Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1975.
  22. Cook, J. and Vale, G.
    2019 “From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State.” CTC Sentinel12 (6).
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Coughlan, Sean
    2018 “Young people anxious from terror coverage.” BBC, October9.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act
    Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act 2019: Legislation UKwww.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/3/contents/enacted
  25. Cruise, Rebecca S.
    2016 “Enough with the Stereotypes: Representations of Women in Terrorist Organizations.” Social Science Quarterly97 (1): 33–43. Special Issue: Terror, Trauma, Memory: Special Issue Dedicated to the Oklahoma City Bombing. 10.1111/ssqu.12250
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12250 [Google Scholar]
  26. Develotte, Christine, and Rechniewski, Elizabeth
    2001 “Discourse analysis of newspaper headlines: A methodological framework for research into national representations.” Web Journal of French Media Studies4(1).
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dor, Daniel
    2003 “On newspaper headlines as relevance optimizers.” Journal of Pragmatics, 35: 695–721. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(02)00134‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00134-0 [Google Scholar]
  28. Eagleton, Terry
    1991Ideology. An Introduction. London: Verso.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ehrlich, Susan
    2001Representing Rape. Language and sexual consent. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Engerman, David C.
    2010 “Ideology and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917–1962.” InThe Cambridge History of the Cold War Cambridge, eds. byMelvyn P. Leffler, and Odd Arne Westad, 20–43. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CHOL9780521837194.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521837194.003 [Google Scholar]
  31. Fairclough, Norman, and Ruth Wodak
    1997 “Critical Discourse Analysis.” InDiscourse as social interaction, Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction, ed. byvan Dijk, T. (vol2.) Sage: London.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Farnham, Harriet
    2019 “What the media circus surrounding Shamima Begum can teach us about gender and nation.” LSE Engenderings.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Fowler, Roger
    1981Literature as Social Discourse: The Practice of Linguistic Criticism. London: Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Gerges, Fawaz. A.
    2005The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511512049
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511512049 [Google Scholar]
  35. Gerring, John
    1997 “Ideology: A Definitional Analysis.” Political Research Quarterly50 (4): 957–94. 10.1177/106591299705000412
    https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000412 [Google Scholar]
  36. Greer, Chris
    2014 “Labelling, Deviance and Media.” InEncyclopaedia of Criminology and Criminal Justiceeds. byGerben Bruinsma, and David Weisburd, 2814–2823. Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4614‑5690‑2_181
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_181 [Google Scholar]
  37. Hall, Richard
    2019 “Children of British Isis members will not be allowed to return to UK, government rules.” The Independent, August13.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hart, Christopher
    2010Critical Discourse Analysis and Cognitive Science: New Perspectives on Immigration Discourse. Springer. 10.1057/9780230299009
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299009 [Google Scholar]
  39. Hawkins, Richard, and Tiedman, Gary
    1975The Creation of Deviance. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merill Publishing Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Herzog, Benno, Esperanza Gómez-Guardeño, Victor Agulló-Calatayud, Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent, and Juan Carlos Valderrama-Zurián
    2008 “Discourses on Drugs and Immigration: The Social Construction of a Problem.” Qualitative Social Research10 (1):101–116.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Home Office, UK
    Home Office, UK 2018 “Ban all ISIS members from returning to UK, Reponses by the government.” November27.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum
    2002 “Adjectives and adverbs.” InThe Cambridge grammar of the English language, eds. byHuddleston, R., Pullum, G. K., 525–596. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781316423530
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316423530 [Google Scholar]
  43. Hülsse, Rainer
    2006 “Imagine the EU: The Metaphorical Construction of a Supra-Nationalist Identity.” Journal of International Relations and Development9 (4):396–421. 10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800105
    https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800105 [Google Scholar]
  44. Humphrey, Matthew
    2005 “(De)contesting Ideology: The Struggle Over the Meaning of the Struggle Over Meaning.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy8 (2):225–46. 10.1080/13698230500108900
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230500108900 [Google Scholar]
  45. Ingram, Kiriloi M.
    2017 “IS’s Appeal to Western Women: Policy Implications.” International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Policy Brief, The Hague.
  46. Iyengar, Shanto, and Richard Reeves
    1997Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America. eds.London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Jackson, Leonie B.
    2019 “Framing British ‘Jihadi Brides’: Metaphor and the Social Construction of I.S. Women,” Terrorism and Political Violence. doi:  10.1080/09546553.2019.1656613
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1656613 [Google Scholar]
  48. Jackson, Richard, Lee Jarvis, Jeroen Gunning, and Marie Breen Smyth
    2011Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. 10.1007/978‑0‑230‑35980‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-35980-2 [Google Scholar]
  49. Jost, John T.
    2006 “The End of the End of Ideology.” American Psychologist61 (7): 651–70. 10.1037/0003‑066X.61.7.651
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651 [Google Scholar]
  50. Kabakchi, Victor V.
    1998English-language cross-cultural communication fundamentals. St. Petersburg: Russian State Pedagogical University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Kakenmaster, Bill
    2016 “Belonging in a new home: Discursive othering of Latin American Immigrants in U.S. Print Media.” Clocks and Clouds, 7 (1): 64–101
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Karim, H Karim
    2012 “Are Ethnic Media Alternative?” InAlternative Media in Canada, eds. byKirsten Kozolanka, Patricia Mazepa, and David Skinner, 1–18. Vancouver, BC, Can: UBC Press, ProQuest Library
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Khan, Aina
    2020 “Shamima Begum is a product of Britain. She should face justice here.” The Guardian, February7.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Killalea, Debra
    2015 “How Islamic State Recruits Teenagers.” News.com.au, November28.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Knight, Kathleen
    2006 “Transformations in the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century.” American Political Science Review100 (4): 619–26. 10.1017/S0003055406062502
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055406062502 [Google Scholar]
  56. Kuiken, Jeffrey, Anne Schuth, Martjin Spitters, and Maarten Marx
    2017 “Effective Headlines of Newspaper Articles in a Digital Environment.” Digital Journalism5 (10): 1300–1314. 10.1080/21670811.2017.1279978
    https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279978 [Google Scholar]
  57. Laclau, Enersto, and Mouffe, Chantal
    2001Hegemony and socialist strategy (2nd ed.). London: Verso.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Lane, Edward W.
    1865An Arabic English Lexicon. Book I, Part2. London: Williams and Norgate.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Lay, Samantha, and Thomas, Lisa
    2012 “Ethnic minority media in London: transition and transformation.” Media, Culture and Society34 (3): 369–380. 10.1177/0163443711434348
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443711434348 [Google Scholar]
  60. Lemert, Edward. M.
    1951Social pathology: A systematic approach to the theory of sociopathic behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Lister, Charles
    2015 “Returning Foreign Fighters: Criminalization or Reintegration?” Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  62. Lloyd, Anthony
    2019 “Shamima Begum: I was brainwashed. I knew nothing: The Isis bride is facing up to a life outside the UK.” The Times, April1.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. McLellan, David
    1995Ideology. London: Open University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. McNally, Loiuse, and Gemma Boleda
    2004 “Relational adjectives as properties of kinds.” InEmpirical Issues in Formal Syntax and Semantics5, eds. byOliver Bonami, and Patricia Cabredo-Hofherr, 179–196.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Moaveni, Azadeh
    2019 “Jihadi bride’ doesn’t fit: we need a new language for female militants.” The Guardian, February26.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Moniruzzaman, Md
    2008 “Jihad and Terrorism: An Alternative Explanation Jihad and Terrorism” Journal of Religion and Society2 (10):1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Nacos, Brigitte L.
    2005 “The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 28 (5): 435–451. 10.1080/10576100500180352
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500180352 [Google Scholar]
  68. Nyamutata, Conrad
    2020 “Young Terrorists or Child Soldiers? ISIS Children, International Law and Victimhood.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law. doi:  10.1093/jcsl/krz034
    https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz034 [Google Scholar]
  69. Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups
    Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, February. 2007. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). https://www.unicef.org/mali/media/1561/file/ParisPrinciples.pdf.
  70. Peresin, Anita
    2018 “Why Women from the West are Joining ISIS.” International Annals of CriminologySpecial Issue on Female Migration to ISIS, 1–2 (56):32–42. 10.1017/cri.2018.19
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2018.19 [Google Scholar]
  71. Peters, Rudolph
    1996Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 1979Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. Mouton Publishers: The Hague.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Saltman, Erin Marie, and Melanie Smith
    2015 “Till Martyrdom Do Us Part – Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon.” Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
  74. Schleifer, S. Abdullah
    1983 “Understanding Jihad: Definition and Methodology Islamic.” Quarterly2 (1): 118–131.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Scott, Mike, and Tribble, Christopher
    2006Textual Patterns: Key words and corpus analysis in language education. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/scl.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.22 [Google Scholar]
  76. Shimko, K. L.
    1994 “Metaphors and Foreign Policy Decision Making.” Political Psychology15(4): 655–671. 10.2307/3791625
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3791625 [Google Scholar]
  77. Shore, Todd
    2010 “Making sense of adjectives: Association vs. ascription in a family-resemblance model of semantic inheritance.” SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics7 (3): 2–7.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Shorer, Marina
    2018 “Mobilization of Women to Terrorism: Tools and Methods of ISIS.” International Annals of CriminologySpecial Issue on Female Migration to ISIS, 1–2 (56) 93–104. 10.1017/cri.2018.16
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2018.16 [Google Scholar]
  79. Sjoberg, Laura
    2009 “Feminist Interrogations of Terrorism/Terrorism Studies.” International Relations23 (1): 69–74. 10.1177/0047117808100611
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117808100611 [Google Scholar]
  80. Spencer, Alexander
    2012 “The Social Construction of Terrorism: Media, Metaphor and Policy Implications.” Journal of International Relations and Development15 (3): 393–419. 10.1057/jird.2012.4
    https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2012.4 [Google Scholar]
  81. Stubbs, Michael
    1996Text and Corpus Analysis. Computer-assisted Studies of Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Teo, Peter
    2000 “Racism in the News: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reporting in Two Australian Newspapers.” Discourse and Society11 (1): 7–49. 10.1177/0957926500011001002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011001002 [Google Scholar]
  83. Thompson, John B.
    1984Studies in the Theory of Ideology. ed.Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Tully, James H.
    1983 “The Pen is a Mighty Sword: Quentin Skinner’s Analysis of Politics.” British Journal of Political Science13 (4):489–509. 10.1017/S0007123400003379
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400003379 [Google Scholar]
  85. Ulas, Gulfer
    2019 “Female Radicalisation: Why do Women join ISIS?” LSE Middle East Centre blog, August15.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Van Dijk, Teun A.
    1998 “Critical Discourse Analysis”. Available: www.hum.uva.nl/teun/cda.htm.(1/25/2000).
  87. 2006 “Ideology and Discourse Analysis.” Journal of Political Ideologies11 (2): 115–140. 10.1080/13569310600687908
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908 [Google Scholar]
  88. 2000Language and Ideology: A Multidisciplinary introduction. Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Van Aelst, Peter
    2014 “Media, political agendas and public policy.” InHandbook of Political Communication, ed. byCarsten Reinemann, 231–248. De Gruyter-Mouton: Berlin. 10.1515/9783110238174.231
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110238174.231 [Google Scholar]
  90. Van Leeuwen, Theo
    1996 “The representation of social actors” InTexts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis, eds. byCarmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard, and Malcom Coulthard, 32–70. vol3. Routledge, London.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Walton, Richard
    2019 “‘Jihadi brides’ like Shamima Begum are as dangerous as their male counterparts” The Times, February25.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. White, Peter R. R.
    1997 “Death, Disruption and the Moral Order: The Narrative Impulse in Mass-Media Hard news Reporting.” InGenre and Institutions, eds. byFrancis Christie, and James R. Martin, 101–133. London: Cassell.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Williams, Michael
    2007Culture and security: symbolic power and the politics of international securityRoutledge. 10.4324/9780203414538
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203414538 [Google Scholar]
  94. Wodak, Ruth, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart
    2009The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Yılmaz, Ferruh
    2012 “Right-wing hegemony and immigration: How the populist far-right achieved hegemony through the immigration debate in Europe.” Current sociology, 60(3): 368–381. 10.1177/0011392111426192
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392111426192 [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19107.nya
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19107.nya
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): critical discourse analysis; gender; ISIS brides; jihadi brides; media; terrorism
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error