1887
Volume 23, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1569-2159
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9862
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Debates over the difference between populism and nationalism have been at the forefront of political research on the far right in recent years. This paper aims to provide an empirical support for the claim that nationalism and populism are two distinct phenomena by analysing the articulations of both discourses in Vlaams Belang gender politics. In this perspective, this paper starts by presenting Benjamin De Cleen and Yannis Stavrakakis’s discursive-theoretical distinction of populism and nationalism (De Cleen and Stavrakakis 2017, 2020), before to introduce the literature on far right gender politics. The contribution then analyses Vlaams Belang's gender discourses by mobilizing this theoretical framework in order to show how this distinction can help us identifying the different dimensions underlying contemporary far right gender discourses. The article concludes by suggesting new avenues for a better understanding of the various discursive strands composing far right politics.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.22163.gus
2023-11-28
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Agius, Christine, Annika Bergman Rosamond and Catarina Kinnvall
    2020 “Populism, Ontological Insecurity and Gendered Nationalism: Masculinity, Climate Denial and Covid-19.”, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 21(4): 432–450. 10.1080/21567689.2020.1851871
    https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2020.1851871 [Google Scholar]
  2. Akkerman, Tjitske
    2015 “Gender and the radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis of policy agendas.”, Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1–2): 37–60. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anastasiou, Michelangelo
    2019 “Of nation and people: the discursive logic of nationalist populism.”, Javnost-the public, 26(3): 2019: 330–345. 10.1080/13183222.2019.1606562
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2019.1606562 [Google Scholar]
  4. 2020 “The spatiotemporality of nationalist populism and the production of political subjectivities.”. Subjectivity, 13(3): 217–234. 10.1057/s41286‑020‑00104‑x
    https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-020-00104-x [Google Scholar]
  5. Blee, Kathleen
    2020 “Where Do We Go from Here? Positioning Gender in Studies of the Far Right.”, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 21(4): 416–431. 10.1080/21567689.2020.1851870
    https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2020.1851870 [Google Scholar]
  6. Borriello, Arthur, and Nathalie Brack
    2019 “‘I want my sovereignty back!’ A comparative analysis of the populist discourses of Podemos, the 5 Star Movement, the FN and UKIP during the economic and migration crises.”, Journal of European integration, 41(7): 833–853. 10.1080/07036337.2019.1665658
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1665658 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bracke, Sarah, Wannes Dupont, and David Paternotte
    2017 “‘Personne n’est prophète en son pays’: le militantisme catholique anti-genre en Belgique.” InAnti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality, ed. byDavid Paternotte and Roman Kuhar (eds.), 79–88. London:Rowman & Littlefield.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Breeze, Ruth
    2019 “Positioning ‘the people’ and its enemies: populism and nationalism in AfD and UKIP.”, Javnost-the public, 26(1): 89–104. 10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339 [Google Scholar]
  9. Brubaker, Rogers
    2020 “Populism and nationalism.”, Nations and nationalism, 26(1): 44–66. 10.1111/nana.12522
    https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12522 [Google Scholar]
  10. Cammaerts, Bart
    2022 “The abnormalisation of social justice: The ‘anti-woke culture war’discourse in the UK.”, Discourse & Society, 33(6), 730–743. 10.1177/09579265221095407
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265221095407 [Google Scholar]
  11. Christley, Olyvia R.
    2021 “Traditional Gender Attitudes, Nativism, and Support for the Radical Right.”, Politics & Gender, 18(4): 1–27.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Custodi, Jacopo, Enrico Padoan
    2023 “The nation of the people: An analysis of Podemos and Five Star Movement’s discourse on the nation.” Nations and Nationalism, 29(2): 414–431. 10.1111/nana.12865
    https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12865 [Google Scholar]
  13. De Cleen, Benjamin
    2018 “The conservative political logic: a discourse-theoretical perspective.”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 23(1): 10–29. 10.1080/13569317.2017.1397917
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2017.1397917 [Google Scholar]
  14. De Cleen, Benjamin, and Juan Alberto Ruiz Casado
    2023 “Populism of the Privileged: On the Use of Underdog Identities by Comparatively Privileged Groups.”, Political Studies. 10.1177/00323217231160427
    https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217231160427 [Google Scholar]
  15. De Cleen, Benjamin, and Yannis Stavrakakis
    2017 “Distinctions and Articulations: A Discourse Theoretical Framework for the Study of Populism and Nationalism.”, Javnost-The Public, 2(4): 301–319. 10.1080/13183222.2017.1330083
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330083 [Google Scholar]
  16. 2020 “How should we analyze the connections between populism and nationalism: A response to Rogers Brubaker.”, Nations and Nationalism, 26(2): 314–322. 10.1111/nana.12575
    https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12575 [Google Scholar]
  17. De Cleen, Benjamin, Jason Glynos, and Aurelien Mondon
    2021 “Populist Politics and The Politics of ‘Populism’.” InPopulism in Global Perspective. A Performative and Discursive Approach, ed. byPierre Ostiguy, Francesco Panizza, and Benjamin Moffit, 155–177. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. De Giorgi, Elisabetta, Alice Cavalieri, and Francesca Feo
    2023 “From Opposition Leader to Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni and Women’s Issues in the Italian Radical Right.”, Politics and Governance, 11(1). 10.17645/pag.v11i1.6042
    https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i1.6042 [Google Scholar]
  19. De Lange, Sarah L., and Liza M. Mügge
    2015 “Gender and right-wing populism in the Low Countries: ideological variations across parties and time.”, Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1–2): 61–80. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014199
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014199 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dietze, Gabriele
    2016 “Ethnosexismus. Sex-Mob-Narrative um die Kölner Sylvesternacht.”, Movements, 2(1).
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 2020 “Why Are Women Attracted to Right-Wing Populism? Sexual Exceptionalism, Emancipation Fatigue, and New Maternalism.” InRight-Wing Populism and Gender. European Perspectives and Beyond, ed. byDietze Gabriele and Julia Roth, 147–165. Bielefield:Transcript Verlag. 10.1515/9783839449806‑009
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839449806-009 [Google Scholar]
  22. Dietze, Gabriele, and Julia Roth
    2020Right-Wing Populism and Gender. European Perspectives and Beyond, Bielefield: Transcript Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz
    2022 “The impact of radical right parties on family benefits”. West European Politics, 45(1): 154–176. 10.1080/01402382.2021.1936944
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1936944 [Google Scholar]
  24. Erel, Umut
    2018 “Saving and reproducing the nation: Struggles around right-wing politics of social reproduction, gender and race in austerity Europe.”, Women’s Studies International Forum, (68): 173–182. 10.1016/j.wsif.2017.11.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.11.003 [Google Scholar]
  25. Fangen, Katrine, and Lisanne Lichtenberg
    2021 “Gender and family rhetoric on the German far right.”, Patterns of Prejudice, 55(1): 71–93. 10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898815
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2021.1898815 [Google Scholar]
  26. Farris, Sara R.
    2017In The Name Of Women’s Rights. The Rise of Femonationalism, London: Duke University Press. 10.1215/9780822372929
    https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372929 [Google Scholar]
  27. Glynos, Jason, and Aurelien Mondon
    2019 “The political logic of populist hype: the case of right-wing populism’s ‘meteoric rise’ and its relation to the status quo.”, InPopulism and passions, ed. byPaolo Cossarini and Fernando Vallespín, 82–101. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781351205474‑6
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351205474-6 [Google Scholar]
  28. Graff, Agnieszka, and Elzbieta Korolczuk
    2022Anti-Gender Politics in the Populist Moment, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Heinemann, Isabel, and Alexandra Minna Stern
    2022 “Gender and Far-right Nationalism: Historical and International Dimensions. Introduction.”, Journal of Modern European History, 20(3): 311–321. 10.1177/16118944221110721
    https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944221110721 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hennig, Anja
    2018 “Political genderphobia in Europe: accounting for right-wing political-religious alliances against gender-sensitive education reforms since 2012.”, Zeitschrift für Religion, Gesellschaft und Politik, 2(2): 193–219. 10.1007/s41682‑018‑0026‑x
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-018-0026-x [Google Scholar]
  31. Hunnicutt, Gwen
    2009 “Varieties of patriarchy and violence against women: Resurrecting ‘patriarchy’ as a theoretical tool.” Violence against women15(5): 553–573. 10.1177/1077801208331246
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208331246 [Google Scholar]
  32. Jenne, Erin K.
    2018 “Is nationalism or ethnopopulism on the rise today?”, Ethnopolitics, 17(5): 546–552. 10.1080/17449057.2018.1532635
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2018.1532635 [Google Scholar]
  33. Krzyżanowski, Michał
    2013 “From anti-immigration and nationalist revisionism to Islamophobia: Continuities and shifts in recent discourses and patterns of political communication of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ).”, InRight-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse, ed. byRuth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik and Brigitte Mral, 135–148. London:Bloomsbury. 10.5040/9781472544940.ch‑009
    https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472544940.ch-009 [Google Scholar]
  34. Kuhar, Roman, and David Paternotte
    (eds) 2017Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality, 79–88. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Maiguashca, Bice
    2019 “Resisting the ‘populist hype’: A feminist critique of a globalising concept.”, Review of International Studies, 45(5): 768–785. 10.1017/S0260210519000299
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210519000299 [Google Scholar]
  36. Mahoudeau, Alex
    2022Le wokisme. Anatomie d’une offensive réactionnaire. Paris: Textuel.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mayer, Stefanie, and Birgit Sauer
    2017 ‘“L’idéologie du genre’ en Autriche: coalitions autour d’un signifiant vide.” InCampagnes anti-genre en Europe. Des mobilisations contre l’égalité, dir. byDavid Paternotte and Roman Kuhar, 59–78. Lyon:Presses universitaires de Lyon.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Mény, Yves, and Yves Surel
    2000Par le peuple, pour le peuple: le populisme et les démocraties. Paris:Fayard.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mondon, Aurelien, and Aaron Winter
    2017 “Articulations of Islamophobia: from the extreme to the mainstream?” Ethnic and Racial Studies40(13): 2151–2179. 10.1080/01419870.2017.1312008
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312008 [Google Scholar]
  40. Möser, Cornelia, Jennifer Ramme, and Judit Takács
    2022a “Paradoxes That Matter: Introducing Critical Perspectives on Right-Wing Sexual Politics in Europe”, InParadoxical Right-Wing Sexual Politics in Europe, ed. byCornelia Möser, Jennifer Ramme, and Judit Takács, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑81341‑3_1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81341-3_1 [Google Scholar]
  41. 2022bParadoxical Right-Wing Sexual Politics in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑81341‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81341-3 [Google Scholar]
  42. Mudde, Cas, and Cristobal R. Kaltwasser
    2013 “Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48(2): 147–174. 10.1017/gov.2012.11
    https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11 [Google Scholar]
  43. Mudde, Cas, and Cristian R. Kaltwasser
    2015 “Vox populi or vox masculini? Populism and gender in Northern Europe and South America.” Patterns of Prejudice49(1–2): 16–36. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014197
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014197 [Google Scholar]
  44. Newth, George
    2021 “Rethinking ‘Nativism’: beyond the ideational approach.” Identities. Global Studies in Culture and Power28(4): 1–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Nagel, Joane
    1998 “Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2): 242–269. 10.1080/014198798330007
    https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798330007 [Google Scholar]
  46. Newth, George
    2021 “Rethinking ‘Nativism’: beyond the ideational approach.” Identities. Global Studies in Culture and Power28(4): 1–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Norocel, Ov Cristian, and Alberta Giorgi
    2022 “Disentangling radical right populism, gender, and religion: an introduction”, Identities, 29(4): 1–12. 10.1080/1070289X.2022.2079307
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2022.2079307 [Google Scholar]
  48. Paternotte, David, and Roman Kuhar
    2017 ‘“L’idéologie du genre en mouvement.” InCampagnes anti-genre en Europe. Des mobilisations contre l’égalité, dir. byDavid Paternotte and Roman Kuhar, 11–36. Lyon, Presses universitaires de Lyon.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Pauwels, Teun
    2011 “Explaining the strange decline of the populist radical right Vlaams Belang in Belgium: The impact of permanent opposition”, Acta Politica, (46): 60–82. 10.1057/ap.2010.17
    https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2010.17 [Google Scholar]
  50. Rheindorf, Markus, and Ruth Wodak
    2019 “Austria First revisited: a diachronic cross-sectional analysis of the gender and body politics of the extreme right.”, Patterns of prejudice, 53(3): 302–320. 10.1080/0031322X.2019.1595392
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1595392 [Google Scholar]
  51. Rydgren, Jens
    2017 “Radical right-wing parties in Europe. What’s populism got to do with it?” Journal of Language and Politics16(4): 485–496. 10.1075/jlp.17024.ryd
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17024.ryd [Google Scholar]
  52. Sauer, Birgit
    2016 “Gender and Citizenship: Governing Muslim Body Covering in Europe.” InContemporary Encounters in Gender and Religion: European Perspectives, dir. byGemzöe, Lena, Marja-Liisa Keinänen and Avril Maddrell, 105–130. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑42598‑6_5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42598-6_5 [Google Scholar]
  53. Schminke, Imke
    2020 “Sexual Politics from the Right. Attacks on Gender, Sexual Diversity and Sex Education.” InRight-Wing Populism and Gender. European Perspectives and Beyond, ed. byGabriele Dietze, and Julia Roth, 59–73. Bielefield:Transcript Verlag. 10.14361/9783839449806‑004
    https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839449806-004 [Google Scholar]
  54. Schreier, Margrit
    2013 “Qualitative Content Analysis.”, InThe SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, ed. byUwe Flicke, 170–183. London:Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Spierings, Niels
    2020 “Why gender and sexuality are both trivial and pivotal in populist radical right politics”. InRight-Wing Populism and Gender. European Perspectives and Beyond, ed. byDietze Gabriele and Julia Roth, 41–58. Bielefield: Transcript Verlag. 10.1515/9783839449806‑003
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839449806-003 [Google Scholar]
  56. Spierings, Niels, Andrej Zaslove, Liza M. Mügge, and Sarah L. de Lange
    2015 “Gender and populist radical-right politics: an introduction.” Patterns of Prejudice49(1–2): 3–15. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642 [Google Scholar]
  57. Stavrakakis, Yannis, Giorgos Katsambekis, Nikos Nikisianis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis and Thomas Siomos
    2017 “Extreme right-wing populism in Europe: revisiting a reified association.”, Critical discourse studies, 14(4): 420–439. 10.1080/17405904.2017.1309325
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1309325 [Google Scholar]
  58. Taguieff, Pierre-André
    2007L’illusion populiste: essai sur les démagogies de l’âge démocratique. Paris:Flammarion.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Van Langenhove, Dries
    2022 “Wat is woke?”, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wb7aRAsBWc (accessed23 June 2022).
  60. Vida, Bianka
    2022The Gendered Politics of Crises and De-Democratization: Opposition to Gender Equality. London: ECPR Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. VB
    VB, Eerst onze mensen. Verkiezingsprogramma 2019 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. VB
    VB 2022 “Elke klacht van intra-familiaal geweld moet ernstig genomen worden.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/elke-klacht-van-intra-familiaal-geweld-moet-ernstig-genomen-worden/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  63. VB
    VB 2022 “Moskee huurt zwembad enkel voor mannen af: islamitische apartheid en discriminatie”, 13 October 2022, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/nieuws/moskee-huurt-zwembad-enkel-voor-mannen-af-islamitische-apartheid-en-discriminatie (accessed31 August 2023).
  64. VB
    VB 2021 “Genitale verminking: Barbaarse praktijk tier took hier welig.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/genitale-verminking-barbaarse-praktijk-tiert-ook-hier-welig/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  65. VB
    VB 2021 “Groepsverkrachtingen in Duistland: helft daders is vreemdeling.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/groepsverkrachtingen-in-duitsland-helft-daders-is-vreemdeling/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  66. VB
    VB 2021 “Grootschalige sensibilisering tegen seksueel geweld nodig.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/grootschalige-sensibilisering-tegen-seksueel-geweld-nodig/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  67. VB
    VB 2021 “Huiselijk geweld: Franse en Spaanse aanpak verdient navolging.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/huiselijk-geweld-franse-en-spaanse-aanpak-verdient-navolging/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  68. VB
    VB 2021 “Levenslang moet mogelijk zijn voor dodelijk partnergeweld.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/levenslang-moet-mogelijk-zijn-voor-dodelijk-partnergeweld (accessed23 June 2022).
  69. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – April 2021”, 18(4).
    [Google Scholar]
  70. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Juli-Augustus 2021”, 18(7–8).
    [Google Scholar]
  71. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Juli-Augustus 2018”, 18(7).
    [Google Scholar]
  72. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Juni 2021”, 18(6).
    [Google Scholar]
  73. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Juni 2018”, 15(6).
    [Google Scholar]
  74. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Mei 2021”, 18(5).
    [Google Scholar]
  75. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang Magazine – Oktober 2021”, 18(10). 10.1109/MEMC.2021.9477287
    https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMC.2021.9477287 [Google Scholar]
  76. VB
    VB 2021 “Nog te veel taboes in Brussels plan dat geweld tegen vrouwen bestrijdt.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/nog-te-veel-taboes-in-brussels-plan-dat-geweld-tegen-vrouwen-bestrijdt (accessed23 August 2023).
  77. VB
    VB 2021Onderwijs.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. VB
    VB 2021 “Vlaams Belang pleit met resolutievoorstel voor algemeen hoofddoekenverbod minderjarige meisjes”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/nieuws/vlaams-belang-pleit-met-resolutievoorstel-voor-algemeen-hoofddoekenverbod-minderjarige (accessed31 August 2023).
  79. VB
    VB 2021 “Regering heeft andere prioriteiten dan deze genderneutrale onzin.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/regering-heeft-andere-prioriteiten-dan-deze-genderneutrale-onzin/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  80. VB
    VB 2021 “VB wil onderzoek naar woke censuur in hoger onderwijs.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/vlaams-belang-wil-onderzoek-naar-woke-censuur-in-hoger-onderwijs/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  81. VB
    VB 2022 “Vlaamse regering blijft diversiteitindustrie subsidieren.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/vlaamse-regering-blijft-diversiteitsindustrie-subsidieren/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  82. VB
    VB 2022 “Woke ideologie vergiftigt nu ook onze woordenboeken.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/woke-ideologie-vergiftigt-nu-ook-onze-woordenboeken/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  83. VB
    VB 2021 “Woke activism nefast voor wetenschappelijke wereld.”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/woke-activisme-nefast-voor-wetenschappelijke-wereld/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  84. VB
    VB 2020 “1 op 3 vrouwen onveilig op openbaar vervoer: Nu lik-op-stukbeleid!”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/1-op-3-vrouwen-onveilig-op-openbaar-vervoer-nu-lik-op-stukbeleid/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  85. VB
    VB 2021 “8/10 vrouwen voelt zich geintimideerd: Legaliseer pepperspray!”, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/8-10-vrouwen-voelt-zich-geintimideerd-legaliseer-pepperspray/ (accessed23 June 2022).
  86. VB
    VB 2018 “Het aantal verkrachtingen gepleegd door minderjarigen blijft op een bijzonder hoog punt pieken”, available at: https://www.facebook.com/vlbelang (accessed31 August 2023).
  87. VB
    VB 2017 “Het verschil kan niet duidelijker zijn.”, available at: https://twitter.com/vlbelang/status/898240793068089345 (accessed23 June 2022).
  88. VB
    VB 2017 “Steden organiseren op vraag moslimas vrouwenavonden zwembaden. Vlaams Belang wil verbod”, 27 October 2017, available at: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/steden-organiseren-op-vraag-moslimas-vrouwenavonden-zwembaden-vlaams-belang-wil-verbod/ (accessed31 August 2023).
  89. Vulović, Marina and Emilia Palonen
    2022 “Nationalism, populism or peopleism? Clarifying the distinction through a two-dimensional lens”. Nations and nationalism, 29(2): 1–16.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Wodak, Ruth
    2021The Politics of Fear:What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. New York:SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Yuval-Davis, Nira
    1997Gender and Nation. New York: SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.22163.gus
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Articulations; Far right; Gender; Nationalism; Populism; Vlaams Belang
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error