1887
image of Navigating Brexit through fear

Abstract

Abstract

Addressing a highly intriguing question of the persistence of fear-based appeals in the Brexit context, the article provides the first comprehensive longitudinal analysis of such discourse in the British Prime Ministerial communication on Brexit across the post-referendum period (2016–2024). It draws on and adapts Lazarus’ appraisal theory of emotion and combines content analysis with the Discourse Historical Approach in Critical Discourse Analysis, applied to a large, multi-genre dataset. The study shows that fear did not dissipate after the referendum but evolved and was strategically redeployed across successive leaderships. While May and Johnson used a more confrontational and populist rhetoric, Sunak adopted a more technocratic and policy-oriented variant — yet fear remained a subtle but powerful element through the period. The analysis advances existing scholarship by demonstrating how emotional rhetoric adapts to changing political contexts and leadership styles and offering a broader perspective on the discursive instrumentalisation of fear.

Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.25151.dia
2025-10-28
2025-11-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/10.1075/jlp.25151.dia/jlp.25151.dia.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.25151.dia&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Atkins, Judi
    2022 “Rhetoric and audience reception: An analysis of Theresa May’s vision of Britain and Britishness after Brexit.” Politics (): –. 10.1177/0263395721991411
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721991411 [Google Scholar]
  2. Atkins, Judi, and Nick Turnbull
    2014 “Conclusion: Rhetoric, British identity and interdisciplinarity.” InRhetoric in British Politics and Society, edited byJudi Atkins, Alan Finlayson, James Martin, and Nick Turnbull, –. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10.1057/9781137325532_13
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137325532_13 [Google Scholar]
  3. Black, Iain
    2016 “All the fear, none of the hope: EU referendum campaigns should learn from Scotland.” The Conversation, 1 June, https://theconversation.com/all-the-fear-none-of-the-hope-eu-referendum-campaigns-should-learn-from-scotland-59768. 10.64628/AB.t9yh6wpes
    https://doi.org/10.64628/AB.t9yh6wpes [Google Scholar]
  4. Bon, Esmeralda V., and Annemarie Sophie Walter
    2021 “The 2016 EU referendum campaign on social media: uncivil MPs and campaign groups?.” InPolitical Incivility in the Parliamentary, Electoral and Media Arena, edited byAnnemarie Sophie Walter, –. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003029205‑9
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003029205-9 [Google Scholar]
  5. Brader, Ted
    2006Campaigning For Hearts and Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work. University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Breeze, Ruth
    2019 “Emotion in politics: Affective-discursive practices in UKIP and Labour.” Discourse & Society (): –. 10.1177/0957926518801074
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926518801074 [Google Scholar]
  7. Cap, Piotr
    2017The Language of Fear: Communicating Threat in Public Discourse. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/978‑1‑137‑59731‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59731-1 [Google Scholar]
  8. Casteltrione, Isidoropaolo, and Magda Pieczka
    2018 “Mediating the contributions of Facebook to political participation in Italy and the UK: The role of media and political landscapes.” Palgrave Communications (): –. 10.1057/s41599‑018‑0109‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0109-5 [Google Scholar]
  9. Catt, Helen
    2023 “Matt Hancock: Leaked messages suggest plan to frighten public.” BBC, 5 March, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64848106
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Charteris-Black, Jonathan
    2018Analysing Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor. Palgrave.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Copeland, Paul, and Marzia Maccaferri
    2025 “Carving up the territorial integrity of the United Kingdom and blaming the European Union for it: The United Kingdom’s narration of Northern Ireland’s post-Brexit trading status.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10.1177/13691481241303274
    https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481241303274 [Google Scholar]
  12. Crigler, Ann, Marion Just, and Todd Belt
    2006 “The Three Faces of Negative Campaigning: The Democratic Implications of Attack Ads, Cynical News, and Fear-Arousing Messages.” InFeeling Politics, edited byDavid P. Redlawsk, –. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781403983114_8
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403983114_8 [Google Scholar]
  13. De Castella, Krista, Craig McGarty, and Luke Musgrove
    2009 “Fear appeals in political rhetoric about terrorism: An analysis of speeches by Australian Prime Minister Howard.” Political Psychology (): –. 10.1111/j.1467‑9221.2008.00678.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00678.x [Google Scholar]
  14. Demata, Massimiliano
    2019 “‘The referendum result delivered a clear message’: Jeremy Corbyn’s populist discourse.” InDiscourses of Brexit, edited byVeronika Koller, Susanne Kopf, and Marlene Miglbauer, –. Routledge. 10.4324/9781351041867‑8
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041867-8 [Google Scholar]
  15. Dianová, Simona, and Monika Brusenbauch Meislová
    2024 “Scaring for the greater good? Discursive construction of fear appeals in the Brexit referendum campaign.” British Politics, –. 10.1057/s41293‑024‑00267‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-024-00267-0 [Google Scholar]
  16. Dorey, Pete
    2021 “David Cameron’s catastrophic miscalculation: The EU Referendum, Brexit and the UK’s ‘culture war’.” Observatoire de la société britannique (): –. 10.4000/osb.5444
    https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.5444 [Google Scholar]
  17. Douglas, Fiona M.
    2021Political, Public and Media Discourses from Indyref to Brexit: The Divisive Language of Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑67384‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67384-0 [Google Scholar]
  18. Fairclough, Isabela, and Norman Fairclough
    2012Political Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced Students. London, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Friedrichs, Jörg, Niklas Stoehr, and Giuliano Formisano
    2022 “Fear-anger contests: Governmental and populist politics of emotion.” Online Social Networks and Media: . 10.1016/j.osnem.2022.100240
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2022.100240 [Google Scholar]
  20. Galpin, Charlotte
    2016 “Project Fear: How the negativity of the referendum campaign undermines democracy.” London School of Economic, 13 June, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/06/13/project-fear-how-the-negativity-of-the-referendum-campaign-undermines-democracy/
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Geddes, Andrew
    2004The European Union and British Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Graneheim, Ulla Hällgren, and Berit M. Lundman
    2004 “Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.” Nurse Education Today (): –. 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001 [Google Scholar]
  23. Guerra, Simona
    2019 ““Immigration, that’s what everyone’s thinking about…” The 2016 British EU referendum seen in the eyes of the beholder.” Journal of Language and Politics (): –. 10.1075/jlp.19022.gue
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.19022.gue [Google Scholar]
  24. Hermann, Margaret G.
    2008 “Content Analysis.” InQualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide, edited byAudie Klotz and Deepa Prakash, –. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230584129_10
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584129_10 [Google Scholar]
  25. Housley, William, Richard Fitzgerald, Roser Beneito-Montagut, and Adam Edwards
    2022The SAGE Handbook of Digital Society. Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hubbard, Phil
    2022 “‘We shall fight on the beaches’: invasion rhetoric and the anti-asylum discourse in Boris’s Britain.” King’s College London, 15 June, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches-invasion-rhetoric-and-the-anti-asylum-discourse-in-boriss-britain
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Iorga, Mihaela
    2025Narratives of Immigration in the EU: Migrants in the Romanian and British Press. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑031‑89506‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89506-7 [Google Scholar]
  28. Islentyeva, Anna
    2022 “British Media Representations of EU Migrants Before and After the EU Referendum.” Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines (). 10.21827/cadaad.14.2.41617
    https://doi.org/10.21827/cadaad.14.2.41617 [Google Scholar]
  29. Javadinejad, Arash
    2024 “Discursive Construction of Immigration Through the Lens of News Values in the Brexit Referendum.” Alicante Journal of English Studies (): –. 10.14198/raei.2024.41.02
    https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2024.41.02 [Google Scholar]
  30. Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira, and Paul Taggart
    2025 “Populism and democracy: The road ahead.” Political Science & Politics (): –. 10.1017/S1049096524000842
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096524000842 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kellner, Peter
    2023 “Trust and Compromise Return to EU-UK Relations.” Carnegie endowment: Strategic Europe, 9 March, https://carnegieendowment.org/europe/strategiceurope/2023/03/trust-and-compromise-return-to-eu-uk-relations?lang=en
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kemp, Simon
    2025 “Digital 2025: The United Kingdom.” Datareportal, 25 February, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-united-kingdom
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lazarus, Richard S.
    1991Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  34. Luo, Chih-Mei
    2017 “Brexit and its implications for European integration.” European Review (): –. 10.1017/S1062798717000308
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798717000308 [Google Scholar]
  35. Marlow-Stevens, Samuel, and Richard Hayton
    2021 “A rhetorical political analysis of Theresa May’s statecraft on Brexit.” Parliamentary Affairs (): –. 10.1093/pa/gsaa014
    https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa014 [Google Scholar]
  36. McQueen, Alison
    2021 “The Wages of Fear? Toward Fearing Well About Climate Change.” InPhilosophy and Climate Change, edited byMark Budolfson, Tristram McPherson, and David Plunkett, –. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198796282.003.0008
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796282.003.0008 [Google Scholar]
  37. Mohammed, Alhuthali
    2024Appraisal Theory and Interpreting Political Speech. ESI Preprints.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Nai, Alessandro
    2018 “Fear and Loathing in Populist Campaigns? Comparing the Communication Style of Populists and Non-populists in Elections Worldwide.” Journal of Political Marketing (): –. 10.1080/15377857.2018.1491439
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2018.1491439 [Google Scholar]
  39. Neuendorf, Kimberly A.
    2017The Content Analysis Guidebook. Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Newton, Kenneth
    2021 “Widespread reach, not much influence: Online news and mass political attitudes and behaviour in the UK.” The Political Quarterly (): –. 10.1111/1467‑923X.13052
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13052 [Google Scholar]
  41. Nilan, Pam
    2021 “Online discourse and social media.” InYoung People and the Far Right, edited byPam Nilan, –. Palgrave Macmillan Singapore. 10.1007/978‑981‑16‑1811‑6_2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1811-6_2 [Google Scholar]
  42. Oliver, Tim
    2018Understanding Brexit. A Concise Introduction. Bristol: Policy Press University of Bristol.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Parnell, Tamsin
    2024Constructing Brexit Britain: A Corpus-assisted Approach to National Identity Discourse. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 10.5040/9781350436978
    https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350436978 [Google Scholar]
  44. Puspita, Dian, and Budi Eko Pranoto
    2021 “The attitude of Japanese newspapers in narrating disaster events: Appraisal in critical discourse study.” Studies in English Language and Education (): –. 10.24815/siele.v8i2.18368
    https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.18368 [Google Scholar]
  45. Reland, Joël
    2023 “Is Rishi Sunak putting business before Brexit?” UK in a Changing Europe, 2 February, https://ukandeu.ac.uk/is-rishi-sunak-putting-business-before-brexit/
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Reisigl, Martin, and Ruth Wodak
    2015 “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA).” InMethods for Critical Discourse Analysis, edited byRuth Wodak and Michael Meyer, –. Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Roseman, Ira J., and Craig A. Smith
    2001 “Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies.” InAppraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research, edited byKlaus R. Scherer, Angela Schorr, and Tom Johnstone, –. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0001 [Google Scholar]
  48. Ruth-Lovell, Saskia P., and Nina Wiesehomeier
    2025 “Populism in Power and Different Models of Democracy.” Political Science & Politics (): –. 10.1017/S104909652400043X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909652400043X [Google Scholar]
  49. Saha, Punyajoy, Kiran Garimellab, Narla Komal Kalyana, Saurabh Kumar Pandeya, Pauras Mangesh Meher, Binny Mathew, and Animesh Mukherjee
    2023 “On the rise of fear speech in online social media.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (). 10.1073/pnas.2212270120
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212270120 [Google Scholar]
  50. Scheller, Simon
    2019 “The Strategic Use of Fear Appeals in Political Communication.” Political Communication (): –. 10.1080/10584609.2019.1631918
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1631918 [Google Scholar]
  51. Simpson, Kathryn, and Nick Startin
    2023 “Tabloid tales: How the British tabloid press shaped the Brexit vote.” Journal of Common Market Studies (): –. 10.1111/jcms.13386
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13386 [Google Scholar]
  52. Thiele, Daniel, Mojca Pajnik, Birgit Sauer, and Iztok Šori
    2024 “Borderless fear? How right-wing populism aligns in affectively framing migration as a security threat in Austria and Slovenia.” Journal of Language and Politics (): –. 10.1075/jlp.22026.thi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.22026.thi [Google Scholar]
  53. Tupala, Mira
    2019 “Applying quantitative appraisal analysis to the study of institutional discourse: The case of EU migration documents.” Functional Linguistics (): . 10.1186/s40554‑018‑0067‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-018-0067-7 [Google Scholar]
  54. Van Dijk, Teun A.
    1990 “Social cognition and discourse.” InHandbook of language and social psychology, edited byW. Peter Robinson and Howard Giles, –. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Vasilopoulou, Sofia, and Markus Wagner
    2017 “Fear, anger and enthusiasm about the European Union: Effects of emotional reactions on public preferences towards European integration.” European Union Politics (): –. 10.1177/1465116517698048
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116517698048 [Google Scholar]
  56. 2022 “Emotions and domestic vote choice.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties (): –. 10.1080/17457289.2020.1857388
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2020.1857388 [Google Scholar]
  57. Ward, Bob
    2021 “MP joins climate change deniers’ ‘Project Fear’ on net zero.” London School of Economic, 28 May, https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/mp-joins-climate-change-deniers-project-fear-on-net-zero/
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Weber, Christopher
    2013 “Emotions, campaigns, and political participation.” Political Research Quarterly (): –. 10.1177/1065912912449697
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912449697 [Google Scholar]
  59. White, Hannah
    2023 “Government in 2023: what challenges does Rishi Sunak face?” Institute for Government, 12 January, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publication/government-2023
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Witte, Kim, and Mike Allen
    2000 “A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns.” Health education & behavior (): –. 10.1177/109019810002700506
    https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506 [Google Scholar]
  61. Wodak, Ruth
    2001 “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” InMethods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited byRuth Wodak and Michael Meyer, –. Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 2015a “Critical discourse analysis, discourse-historical approach”. InThe International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction, edited byKaren Tracy, Cornelia Ilie, and Todd Sandel, –. Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi116
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi116 [Google Scholar]
  63. 2015bThe Politics of Fear: What Right-wing Populist Discourses Mean. Sage. 10.4135/9781446270073
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073 [Google Scholar]
  64. 2021 “From post-truth to post-shame: analyzing far-right populist rhetoric.” InApproaches to Discourse Analysis, edited byCynthia Gordon, . Georgetown University Press. 10.2307/j.ctv1wdvwzn.16
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1wdvwzn.16 [Google Scholar]
  65. Wodak, Ruth, and Michal Krzyżanowski
    2017 “Right-wing populism in Europe & USA: Contesting politics & discourse beyond ‘Orbanism’ and ‘Trumpism’.” Journal of Language and Politics (): –. 10.1075/jlp.17042.krz
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17042.krz [Google Scholar]
  66. Zappettini, Franco
    2021 “The Brexit referendum: How trade and immigration in the discourses of the official campaigns have legitimised a toxic (inter) national logic.” In“Brexit” as a Social and Political Crisis, edited byFranco Zappettini and Michał Krzyżanowski, –. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003166832‑3
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166832-3 [Google Scholar]
  67. 2025 “Europhobia as a trajectory to hate speech normalisation? A diachronic analysis of Brexit media propaganda.” Critical Discourse Studies, –. 10.1080/17405904.2024.2446943
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2024.2446943 [Google Scholar]
  68. Johnson, Boris
    2019a “In full Boris Johnson on ‘getting Brexit done’ and Brexit Party intimidation claims (ITV News).” YouTube, 15 November, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY9-kdn41wk
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 2019b Facebook post (“Tonight I have written to Jeremy Corbyn to ask him if he has made up his mind on Brexit.”). Facebook, 4 November, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/posts/pfbid0ZGLx6HYXtCRz489ouvDJPc39oUhJ9rvTtWxE7QyaonRRWx3qKa83Cima2You99Zml
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 2019c “Boris Johnson — 2019 Statement in the House of Commons.” UKPOL, 25 September, https://www.ukpol.co.uk/boris-johnson-2019-statement-in-the-house-of-commons/
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 2019d Facebook post (“I will never surrender the control of our negotiations in the way Jeremy Corbyn is demanding.”). Facebook, 3 September, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/posts/pfbid031hetdkmEbnCN9u9u2Bcw1ovDgis7ZuXXPYpjMJUsHAwL3cE1t2YVeaDH5WWf61Kjl
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 2019e “Boris Johnson interview: From do or die, to deal or die?”. YouTube, 23 September, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqNCRCq_k-o
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 2019f “Prime Minister’s letter to President Donald Tusk.” British Government, 28 October, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-president-donald-tusk-28-october-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 2019g Facebook post (“I have written to Jeremy Corbyn: this Parliament must get Brexit done now or a NEW Parliament must get Brexit done so the country can move on.”). Facebook, 24 October, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/posts/pfbid0k2GBVMz5Vte5JjGMuMDdK7JKG1hPxSyhDnNzrG3dz1xDrkfAgtyLWsCq7zPhazvbl
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 2019h “Boris Johnson — 2019 Speech Launching General Election.” UKPOL, 6 November, https://www.ukpol.co.uk/boris-johnson-2019-speech-launching-general-election/
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 2019i “Boris Johnson’s speech to the 2019 Conservative Party conference.” Politics Home, 2 October, https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/read-in-full-boris-johnsons-speech-to-the-2019-conservative-party-conference
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 2019j Facebook post (“We welcome Nigel Farage’s recognition that another gridlocked hung Parliament is the greatest threat to getting Brexit done.”). Facebook, 11 November, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/posts/pfbid02RBwbD4E6WvAfPa4xEWSqofo1Cq1GpTtGmoHscqVBjYHppzBXLzqTuApys4dwi4Xul
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 2019k Facebook post (“We will get Brexit done and get Parliament working on your priorities…”). Facebook, 11 December, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/videos/2222892164484167/
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 2019l Facebook post (“Corbyn and his friends in Parliament want to delay Brexit and surrender billions more to Brussels.”). Facebook, 10 September, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/videos/699467300525337/
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 2019m Facebook post (“Ignoring the referendum result would be the worst thing for democracy.”). Facebook, 30 August, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/videos/541470063258226/
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 2019n “In Coventry today setting out my vision for unleashing Britain’s potential.” Facebook, 13 November, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/videos/2475269506065148/
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 2019o Facebook post (“As families sit down to carve up their turkeys this Christmas, I want them to enjoy their festive-season free from the seemingly unending Brexit box-set drama.”). Facebook, 24 November, https://www.facebook.com/boris​john​son/posts/pfbid​04Co​9KYc​3GTJo​EjH9a​Ktq9​rLajh​X6bq4​cE8u​dEbZ​7cAT​uHHt​Z2td​DTJ2​Ct4T​38qPdl
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 2019p Facebook post (“Today should have been the day that Brexit was delivered and we finally left the EU.”). Facebook, 31 October, https://www.facebook.com/boris​john​son/posts/pfbid​0B5X​FwV9​CkHfV​jHge​8eMGs​Fae8​QREV​85Kwkobk​L8PB​jBXhX​JTP8d​VBna​769Ga​7wvgl
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 2019q “Boris Johnson — 2019 Speech at Conservative Manifesto Launch.” UKPOL, 24 November, https://www.ukpol.co.uk/boris-johnson-2019-speech-at-conservative-manifesto-launch/
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 2019r Facebook post (“Corbyn and his friends in Parliament don’t trust you to make this decision — but I do.”). Facebook, 5 September, https://www.facebook.com/borisjohnson/videos/422495991703872/
    [Google Scholar]
  86. May, Theresa
    2017a “Theresa May launches Conservative manifesto.” YouTube, 18 May, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPLU6QaNJLI
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 2017b “Theresa May’s general election statement in full: Prime Minister Theresa May has announced a plan to call a snap general election on 8 June.” BBC, 18 April, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-39630009
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 2017c “PM: Britain is unconditionally committed to the defence and security of Europe.” British Government, 28 September, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-britain-is-unconditionally-committed-to-the-defence-and-security-of-europe
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 2017d Facebook post (“The stakes are high — and I need your support to strengthen my hand in the Brexit negotiations.”). Facebook, 7 May, https://www.facebook.com/notes/theresa-may/the-stakes-are-high-and-i-need-your-support-to-strengthen-my-hand-in-the-brexit-/1719831784700254/
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 2017e Facebook post (“At this election, I’m asking for your support to strengthen our negotiating position on Brexit…”). Facebook, 21 April, https://www.facebook.com/TheresaMayOfficial/videos/1697436180273148/
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 2017f Facebook post (“Every vote for Jeremy Corbyn is a vote for a chaotic Brexit; every vote for me is a vote to strengthen our hand in negotiating the best deal for Britain.”). Facebook, 26 April, https://www.facebook.com/TheresaMayOfficial/videos/1704612232888876/
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 2017g Facebook post (“Labour are always talking Britain down, the Conservatives are leading Britain forward…”). Facebook, 19 July, https://www.facebook.com/TheresaMayOfficial/videos/1817037351646363/
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 2017h Facebook post (“If you believe in Britain and that our best days lie ahead, give me your backing to lead Britain…”). Facebook, 8 June, https://www.facebook.com/TheresaMayOfficial/posts/pfbid0VajLCLZZg5mw6QrduByvntkscFods1y1e3bgqNB1YG8PEE4WzP41B7VAAVijdtY3l
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 2017i Facebook post (“Your family’s economic security is too important to risk.”). Facebook, 3 May, https://www.facebook.com/TheresaMayOfficial/videos/1715059211844178/
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 2017j Facebook post (“My energy price cap will stand up for millions of working families repeatedly hit with rising gas and electricity bills.”). Facebook, 9 May, https://www.facebook.com/notes/theresa-may/my-energy-price-cap-will-stand-up-for-millions-of-working-families-repeatedly-hi/1722493747767391/
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 2018a “PM Commons statement on European Council.” British Government, 26 March, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-commons-statement-on-european-council-26-march-2018
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 2018b Facebook post (“None of this is about me. It’s all about you.”). Facebook, 22 October, https://www.facebook.com/notes/theresa-may/none-of-this-is-about-me-its-all-about-you/2449598408390251/
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 2018c “PM speech at Munich Security Conference.” British Government, 17 February, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-munich-security-conference-17-february-2018
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 2018d “PM Brexit negotiations statement.” British Government, 21 September, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-brexit-negotiations-statement-21-september-2018
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 2018e “PM statement on Brexit negotiations.” British Government, 15 November, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-brexit-negotiations-15-november-2018
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 2019a “PM’s Brexit speech in Stoke-on-Trent.” British Government, 14 January, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-brexit-speech-in-stoke-on-trent-14-january-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 2019b “PM statement in the House of Commons.” British Government, 13 March, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-in-the-house-of-commons-13-march-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 2019c “PM statement to the House of Commons on Brexit.” British Government, 21 January, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-on-brexit-21-january-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 2019d “PM statement on new Brexit deal.” British Government, 22 May, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-new-brexit-deal-22-may-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 2019e “Theresa May on Brexit vote timing and her political future — BBC News. YouTube, 6 January, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXlIpUtqxiE
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 2019f “PM speech in Belfast.” British Government, 5 February, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-belfast-5-february-2019
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 2019g “PM statement in the House of Commons.” British Government, 14 January, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-in-the-house-of-commons-14-january-2018
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Sunak, Rishi
    2023a “PM statement to the House of Commons.” British Government, 27 February, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-27-feb-2023
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 2023b “Watch in full: British PM Sunak answers questions on Windsor protocol.” YouTube, 28 February, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkxRn4vw8rM&t=9s&ab_channel=TheTelegraph
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 2024 Facebook post (“8 years ago today, I proudly voted for Brexit.”). Facebook, 23 June, https://www.facebook.com/rishisunak/posts/pfbid0QHXGNEVYArFoqJymj1hZTxUA1CYJjZ2aomZUVrejrxDbHYtJpMZRemSrwQpvoLJol
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.25151.dia
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.25151.dia
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: United Kingdom ; discourse ; Brexit ; appraisal theory ; fear-based appeals
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error