Performing innocence and integrity

References

1. Bonoli, Giuliano
   2012 “Blame Avoidance and Credit Claiming Revisited.” InThe Politics of the New Welfare State, edited byGiuliano Bonoli and David Natali, –. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645244.003.0005
   https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645244.003.0005 [Google Scholar]
2. Bovens, Mark, and Paul ’t Hart
   2016 “Revisiting the Study of Policy Failures.” Journal of European Public Policy (): –. 10.1080/13501763.2015.1127273
   https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1127273 [Google Scholar]
3. Brändström, Annika
   2016 “Crisis, Accountability and Blame Management: Strategies and Survival of Political Office-Holders.” PhD dissertation., Utrecht University.
4. Brokensha, Susan, Thinus Conradie, and Willfred Greyling
   2023 “‘I Did Not Know That There Were Problems’: Government Officials’ Blame Avoidance Strategies in the Life Esidimeni Arbitration Hearings.” Text & Talk (): –. 10.1515/text‑2020‑0208
   https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-0208 [Google Scholar]
5. Brown, S. A. W.
   2024 “Beyond the Great Firewall: EU and US Responses to the China Challenge in the Global Digital Economy.” Journal of European Integration (): –. 10.1080/07036337.2024.2402752
   https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2024.2402752 [Google Scholar]
6. Brusenbauch Meislová, Monika, and Dan Marek
   2022 “‘It’s the EU’s Fault!’ Strategies of Blame Avoidance in Andrej Babiš’s Discourse on the Conflict-of-Interest Case.” European Politics and Society (): –. 10.1080/23745118.2022.2043066
   https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2022.2043066 [Google Scholar]
7. Clayman, Steven, and John Heritage
   2002 The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511613623
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613623 [Google Scholar]
8. Clayton, James
   2023 “TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew’s Congress Showdown: Five Takeaways.” BBC, March 24, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/65047087
   [Google Scholar]
9. Cohen, Stanley
   2013 States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cristiano, F., and L. Monsees
    2025 “Beyond the Ban: TikTok and the Politics of Digital Sovereignty in the EU and US.” Politics and Governance. 10.17645/pag.10461
    https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.10461 [Google Scholar]
11. Fairclough, Norman
    2003 Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203697078
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203697078 [Google Scholar]
12. Giglioni, Cinzia
    2019 “Discursive Construction of Ethos-Based Framework for Public Identity: Investigative Congressional Hearings.” Lingue e Linguaggi: –.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Giglioni, Cinzia
    2020 Linguistic and Rhetorical Perspectives on Congressional Hearings. Berlin: Frank & Timme.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Goffman, Erving
    1967 Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Hansson, Sten
    2015 “Discursive Strategies of Blame Avoidance in Government: A Framework for Analysis.” Discourse & Society (): –. 10.1177/0957926514564736
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926514564736 [Google Scholar]
16. Hansson, Sten
    2018a “Analysing Opposition–Government Blame Games: Argument Models and Strategic Maneuvering.” Critical Discourse Studies (): –. 10.1080/17405904.2017.1405051
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1405051 [Google Scholar]
17. Hansson, Sten
    2018b “The Discursive Micro-Politics of Blame Avoidance: Unpacking the Language of Government Blame Games.” Policy Sciences (): –. 10.1007/s11077‑018‑9335‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-018-9335-3 [Google Scholar]
18. Hansson, Sten
    2024 “Blame Avoidance and Critical Language Awareness: An Approach from Critical Discourse Studies.” InThe Politics and Governance of Blame, edited byMatthew Flinders, Markus Hinterleitner, R. A. W. Rhodes, R. Kent Weaver, and Gergana Dimova, –. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198896388.003.0006
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198896388.003.0006 [Google Scholar]
19. Hearit, Keith M.
    2022 “Corporate Apologia as Crisis Communication.” InThe Handbook of Crisis Communication, edited byW. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, –. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. 10.1002/9781119678953.ch6
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119678953.ch6 [Google Scholar]
20. Heitshusen, Valerie
    2018 Types of Committee Hearings. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Hieronymi, Pamela
    2004 “The Force and Fairness of Blame.” Philosophical Perspectives (): –. 10.1111/j.1520‑8583.2004.00023.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-8583.2004.00023.x [Google Scholar]
22. Hinterleitner, Markus
    2017 “Reconciling Perspectives on Blame Avoidance Behaviour.” Political Studies Review (): –. 10.1111/1478‑9302.12099
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12099 [Google Scholar]
23. Hinterleitner, Markus
    2023 “Blame Avoidance in Public Policy.” InEncyclopedia of Public Policy, –. Cham: Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑90434‑0_44‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90434-0_44-1 [Google Scholar]
24. Hood, Christopher
    2011 The Blame Game: Spin, Bureaucracy, and Self-Preservation in Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Howlett, Michael
    2012 “The Lessons of Failure: Learning and Blame Avoidance in Public Policy-Making.” International Political Science Review (): –. 10.1177/0192512112453603
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512112453603 [Google Scholar]
26. Kampf, Zohar
    2009 “Public (Non-) Apologies: The Discourse of Minimizing Responsibility.” Journal of Pragmatics (): –. 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.007 [Google Scholar]
27. Kuipers, Sanneke, and Annika Brändström
    2020 “Accountability and Blame Avoidance after Crises.” InOxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1498
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1498 [Google Scholar]
28. Li, Jiayuan, Xing Ni, and Rui Wang
    2021 “Blame Avoidance in China’s Cadre Responsibility System.” The China Quarterly: –. 10.1017/S0305741021000011
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000011 [Google Scholar]
29. Liu, Ming, and Jinge Li
    2026 “When science communication meets politics: A corpus-assisted discourse study of the Congressional hearing on TikTok.” Discourse & Society (): –. 10.1177/09579265251335034
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265251335034 [Google Scholar]
30. Liu, Ming, and Yanxi Lu
    2024 “Blame-avoiding strategies for a digital scandal: A critical discourse analysis of Mark Zuckerberg’s congressional hearings.” Pragmatics and Society (): –. 10.1075/ps.21063.liu
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.21063.liu [Google Scholar]
31. Maor, Moshe
    2017 “The Implications of the Emerging Disproportionate Policy Perspective for the New Policy Design Studies.” Policy Sciences (): –. 10.1007/s11077‑016‑9259‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9259-8 [Google Scholar]
32. Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of ChinaB. Murphy
    Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China 2020 “Revisions to the Content of the Catalog of Prohibited or Restricted Technology Exports.” Translated byB. Murphy. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August28.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Mortensen, Peter B.
    2013 “Public Sector Reform and Blame Avoidance Effects.” Journal of Public Policy (): –. 10.1017/S0143814X13000032
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X13000032 [Google Scholar]
34. Moynihan, Donald P.
    2012 “Extra-Network Organizational Reputation and Blame Avoidance in Networks: The Hurricane Katrina Example.” Governance (): –. 10.1111/j.1468‑0491.2012.01593.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01593.x [Google Scholar]
35. Murphy, James
    2019 “Blame Avoidance.” InThe Discursive Construction of Blame: The Language of Public Inquiries, edited byJames Murphy, –. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/978‑1‑137‑50722‑8_4
    https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50722-8_4 [Google Scholar]
36. Orvell, Ariana, Ethan Kross, and Susan A. Gelman
    2020 “‘You’ Speaks to Me: Effects of Generic-You in Creating Resonance between People and Ideas.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (): –. 10.1073/pnas.2010939117
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010939117 [Google Scholar]
37. Pierson, Paul
    1994 Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511805288
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805288 [Google Scholar]
38. Sayed, Sarah Khalaf, and Manal Jasim Muhammad
    2022 “A Pragmatic Study of Image Repair in Crisis Management Selected Cases.” International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education (): –.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Schlembach, Raphael, and Emily Luise Hart
    2024 “Systemic Failings or ‘Isolated Incidents’? A Discourse Analysis of Corporate Blame Avoidance for the Mistreatment of Immigration Detainees.” Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime. Advance online publication.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Searle, John R.
    1979 Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511609213
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609213 [Google Scholar]
41. Solomona, R. Patrick, John P. Portelli, Beverly-Jean Daniel, and Arlene Campbell
    2005 “The Discourse of Denial: How White Teacher Candidates Construct Race, Racism and ‘White Privilege’.” Race Ethnicity and Education (): –. 10.1080/13613320500110519
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320500110519 [Google Scholar]
42. Stivers, Tanya, and Makoto Hayashi
    2010 “Transformative Answers: One Way to Resist a Question’s Constraints.” Language in Society (): –. 10.1017/S0047404509990637
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404509990637 [Google Scholar]
43. U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce
    U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce 2023 TikTok: How Congress Can Safeguard American Data Privacy and Protect Children from Online Harms. 118th Cong., 1st sess. Serial No. 118–14. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Van Dijk, Teun A.
    1992 “Discourse and the Denial of Racism.” Discourse & Society (): –. 10.1177/0957926592003001005
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926592003001005 [Google Scholar]
45. Vis, Barbara
    2016 “Taking Stock of the Comparative Literature on the Role of Blame Avoidance Strategies in Social Policy Reform.” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice (): –. 10.1080/13876988.2015.1005955
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2015.1005955 [Google Scholar]
46. Wang, Hongwung, and Yi-Ching Tsai
    2020 “Blame Avoidance Strategies of Multiple Administrative Agencies during Policy Failure: A Case Study of Taiwan’s 2014 Waste Oil Scandal.” Administration & Society (): –. 10.1177/0095399720953143
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399720953143 [Google Scholar]
47. Weaver, R. Kent
    1986 “The Politics of Blame Avoidance.” Journal of Public Policy (): –. 10.1017/S0143814X00004219
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X00004219 [Google Scholar]
48. Wodak, Ruth
    2006 “Blaming and Denying.” InEncyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, edited byK. Brown, Vol., –. Oxford: Elsevier. 10.1016/B0‑08‑044854‑2/04307‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04307-8 [Google Scholar]
49. Yang, Hai
    2024 “Counterframing, Blame Avoidance, and China’s Rhetorical Response to ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’.” Journal of Contemporary China: –.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Zahariadis, N., E. Petridou, and L. I. Oztig
    2020 “Claiming Credit and Avoiding Blame: Political Accountability in Greek and Turkish Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis.” European Policy Analysis (): –. 10.1002/epa2.1089
    https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1089 [Google Scholar]