1887
image of Language change and (im)politeness in film discourse
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The paper examines language change based on evidence from the , an extensive corpus of dialogues from 105 Greek films, spanning nine decades (from 1938 to 2018, approx. 900,000 words in total). Keywords are identified for each decade of film dialogues with reference to the corpus as a whole, as well as with reference to conversational and other data from Greek corpora. Language change in the data is found to be crucially related to (im)politeness, involving terms of address, intimacy markers, address verbs, politeness formulae and response forms. Findings point to a general trend towards more informal, less hierarchical and more intimate and offensive vocabulary, similarly to what has been found in the literature on telecinematic discourse in other languages. Overall, the corpus-based diachronic approach followed suggests that (im)politeness is especially foregrounded in film dialogues, as compared to non-scripted conversation.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jlpop.24014.gou
2025-03-17
2025-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Anthony, L.
    (2023) AntConc (Version 4.2.4) [Computer software]. Waseda University. www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Babiniotis, G.
    (2002) Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής γλώσσας [Dictionary of the modern Greek language]. Lexicology Centre.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker, P.
    (2010) Will Ms ever be as frequent as Mr? A corpus-based comparison of gendered terms across four diachronic corpora of British English. Gender & Language, (), –. 10.1558/genl.v4i1.125
    https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v4i1.125 [Google Scholar]
  4. (2011) Times may change, but we will always have money: Diachronic variation in recent British English. Journal of English Linguistics, (), –. 10.1177/0075424210368368
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424210368368 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bednarek, M.
    (2012) “Get us the hell out of here”: Key words and trigrams in fictional television series. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, (), –. 10.1075/ijcl.17.1.02bed
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.1.02bed [Google Scholar]
  6. (2015) Corpus-assisted multimodal discourse analysis of television and film narratives. InT. McEnery & P. Baker (Eds.), Corpora and discourse studies: Integrating discourse and corpora (pp.–). Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137431738_4
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137431738_4 [Google Scholar]
  7. (2018) A linguistic approach to TV dialogue. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108559553
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108559553 [Google Scholar]
  8. (2020) The Sydney Corpus of Television Dialogue: Designing and building a corpus of dialogue from US TV series. Corpora, (), –. 10.3366/cor.2020.0187
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0187 [Google Scholar]
  9. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E.
    (1999) Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bleichenbacher, L.
    (2008) Multilingualism in the movies: Hollywood characters and their linguistic choices. Francke.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Boberg, C.
    (2018) New York City English in film: Phonological change in reel time. American Speech(), –. 10.1215/00031283‑6926135
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-6926135 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bonsignori, V.
    (2013) English tags: A close-up on film language, dubbing and conversation. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown, R., & Gilman, A.
    (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. InT. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp.–). MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Charalambakis, C.
    (2014) Χρηστικό λεξικό της Νεοελληνικής γλώσσας [User dictionary of modern Greek]. National Printing Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Lee, L.
    (2011) Chameleons in imagined conversations: A new approach to understanding coordination of linguistic style in dialogs. InF. Keller & D. Reitter (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (pp.–). Association for Computational Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Csomay, E., & Young, R.
    (2021) Language use in pop culture over three decades: A diachronic keyword analysis of Star Trek dialogues. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, (), –. 10.1075/ijcl.00037.cso
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.00037.cso [Google Scholar]
  17. Daltas, P.
    (1994) The concept of diglossia from Ferguson to Fishman to Fasold. InI. Philippaki-Warburton, K. Nicolaidis, & M. Sifianou (Eds.), Themes in Greek linguistics (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.117.50dal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.117.50dal [Google Scholar]
  18. Davies, M.
    (2021) The TV and Movies corpora: Design, construction, and use. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, (), –. 10.1075/ijcl.00035.dav
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.00035.dav [Google Scholar]
  19. Díaz Cintas, J.
    (Ed.) (2009) New trends in audiovisual translation. Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781847691552
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691552 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dynel, M.
    (2011) Stranger than fiction? A few methodological notes on linguistic research in film discourse. Brno Studies in English, (), –. 10.5817/BSE2011‑1‑3
    https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2011-1-3 [Google Scholar]
  21. (2017) (Im)politeness and telecinematic discourse. InM. A. Locher & A. H. Jucker (Eds.), Pragmatics of fiction (pp.–). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110431094‑015
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110431094-015 [Google Scholar]
  22. Ferguson, C. A.
    (1959) Diglossia. Word, , –. 10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 [Google Scholar]
  23. Forchini, P.
    (2012) Movie language revisited: Evidence from multi-dimensional analysis and corpora. Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑0351‑0325‑0
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0351-0325-0 [Google Scholar]
  24. (2013) A diachronic study of familiarizers (‘man’, ‘guys’, ‘buddy’, ‘dude’) in movie language. Perspectives, (), –. 10.1080/0907676X.2013.831923
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.831923 [Google Scholar]
  25. Formentelli, M.
    (2014) Vocatives galore in audiovisual dialogue: Evidence from a corpus of American and British films. English Text Construction, (), –. 10.1075/etc.7.1.03for
    https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.7.1.03for [Google Scholar]
  26. Fragaki, G., & Goutsos, D.
    (2015) Women and men talking about men and women in Greek. InJ. Romero-Trillo (Εd.), Yearbook of corpus linguistics and pragmatics (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑17948‑3_5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17948-3_5 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2018) The importance of genre in the Greek diglossia of the 20th century: A diachronic corpus study of recent language change. InR. Whitt (Ed.), Diachronic corpora, genre, and language change (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.85.07fra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.85.07fra [Google Scholar]
  28. Freddi, M.
    (2011) A phraseological approach to film dialogue: Film stylistics revisited. Yearbook of Phraseology, , –. 10.1515/9783110236200.137
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110236200.137 [Google Scholar]
  29. (2013) Constructing a corpus of translated films: A corpus view of dubbing. Perspectives, (), –. 10.1080/0907676X.2013.831925
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.831925 [Google Scholar]
  30. Freddi, M., & Pavesi, M.
    (2009) The Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue: Methodology and research rationale. InM. Freddi & M. Pavesi (Eds.), Analysing audiovisual dialogue: Linguistic and translational insights (pp.–). CLUEB. 10.1400/133809
    https://doi.org/10.1400/133809 [Google Scholar]
  31. Gambier, Y., & Ramos Pinto, S.
    (2018) Audiovisual translation: Theoretical and methodological challenges. John Benjamins. 10.1075/bct.95
    https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.95 [Google Scholar]
  32. Georgakas, D.
    (2002–2003) Greek cinema for beginners: A thumbnail history. Film Criticism, (), –. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44019120
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Georgakopoulou, A.
    (2000) On the sociolinguistics of popular films: Funny characters, funny voices. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, (), –. 10.1353/mgs.2000.0006
    https://doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2000.0006 [Google Scholar]
  34. Georgakopoulou, A., & Goutsos, D.
    (1998) Conjunctions versus discourse markers in Greek: The interaction of frequency, positions and functions in context. Linguistics, (), –. 10.1515/ling.1998.36.5.887
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1998.36.5.887 [Google Scholar]
  35. (1999) Κείμενο και επικοινωνία [Text and communication]. Ellinika Grammata
    [Google Scholar]
  36. (2004) Discourse analysis: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press. 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620456.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620456.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  37. Goutsos, D.
    (2010) The Corpus of Greek Texts: A reference corpus for Modern Greek. Corpora, (), –. 10.3366/cor.2010.0002
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2010.0002 [Google Scholar]
  38. Goutsos, D., & Fragaki, G.
    (2009) Lexical choices of gender identity in Greek genres: The view from corpora. Pragmatics, (), –. 10.1075/prag.19.3.02gou
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.3.02gou [Google Scholar]
  39. Goutsos, D., Fragaki, G., Florou, I., Kakousi, V., & Savvidou, P.
    (2017) The Diachronic Corpus of Greek of the 20th century: Design and compilation. InT. Georgakopoulos, T.-S. Pavlidou, M. Pechlivanos, A. Alexiadou, J. Androutsopoulos, A. Kalokairinos, S. Skopeteas, & K. Stathi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Greek Linguistics (pp.–). Romiosini. https://bibliothek.edition-romiosini.de/catalog/book/30
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Heiss, C., & Soffritti, M.
    (2008) Forlixt 1 — The Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation: Exploring microstructures. InD. Chiaro, C. Heiss, & C. Bucaria (Eds.), Between text and image: Updating research in screen translation (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.78.07hei
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.78.07hei [Google Scholar]
  41. Heyd, T.
    (2010) How you guys doin’? Staged orality and emerging plural address in the television series Friends. American Speech, (), –. 10.1215/00031283‑2010‑002
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-002 [Google Scholar]
  42. Joseph, B. D.
    (1997) Methodological issues in the history of the Balkan lexicon: The case of Greek vre/re and relatives. Balkanistica, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Jucker, A.
    (2021) Features of orality in the language of fiction: A corpus-based investigation. Language and Literature, (), –. 10.1177/09639470211047751
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470211047751 [Google Scholar]
  44. Jucker, A., & Landert, D.
    (2023) The diachrony of im/politeness in American and British movies (1930–2019). Journal of Pragmatics, , –. 10.1016/j.pragma.2023.02.020
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.02.020 [Google Scholar]
  45. Karahaliou, Ο.
    (2015) Προσφωνήσεις ως πραγματολογικοί δείκτες σε συνομιλιακές αφηγήσεις: Η περίπτωση του ρε και των συνδυασμών του [Vocatives as pragmatic markers in conversation narratives: The case of re and its combinations]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Patras. https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/36877
  46. Karalis, V.
    (2012) A history of Greek cinema. Continuum. 10.5040/9781628928501
    https://doi.org/10.5040/9781628928501 [Google Scholar]
  47. Kousoumidis, M.
    (1981) Ιστορία του ελληνικού κινηματογράφου [History of Greek cinema]. Kastaniotis.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Levshina, N.
    (2017a) Online film subtitles as a corpus: An n-gram approach. Corpora, (), –. 10.3366/cor.2017.0123
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2017.0123 [Google Scholar]
  49. (2017b) A multivariate study of T/V forms in European languages based on a parallel corpus of film subtitles. Research in Language, (), –. 10.1515/rela‑2017‑0010
    https://doi.org/10.1515/rela-2017-0010 [Google Scholar]
  50. Mair, C.
    (1997) Parallel corpora: A real-time approach to the study of language change in progress. InM. Ljung (Ed.), Corpus-based studies in English: Papers from the Seventeenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 17) (pp.–). Rodopi. 10.1163/9789004653641_015
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004653641_015 [Google Scholar]
  51. McCarthy, M.
    (1998) Spoken language and applied linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. McIntyre, D.
    (2012) Prototypical characteristics of Blockbuster movie dialogue: A corpus stylistic analysis. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, (), –. 10.7560/TSLL54307
    https://doi.org/10.7560/TSLL54307 [Google Scholar]
  53. Papanikolaou, D.
    (2020) Greek weird wave: A cinema of biopolitics. Edinburgh University Press. 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474436311.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474436311.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  54. Pavesi, M.
    (2015) The Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue: A means to several ends. InM. Pavesi, M. Formentelli, & E. Ghia (Eds.), The languages of dubbing: Mainstream audiovisual translation in Italy (pp.–). Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑0351‑0809‑5
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0351-0809-5 [Google Scholar]
  55. Pavesi, M., Formentelli, M., & Ghia, E.
    (Eds.) (2015) The languages of dubbing: Mainstream audiovisual translation in Italy. Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑0351‑0809‑5
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0351-0809-5 [Google Scholar]
  56. Piazza, R.
    (2011) The discourse of Italian cinema and beyond: Let cinema speak. Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Piazza, R., Bednarek, M., & Rossi, F.
    (2011) Introduction: Analysing telecinematic discourse. InR. Piazza, M. Bednarek, & F. Rossi (Eds.), Telecinematic discourse: Approaches to the language of films and television series (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.211.02pia
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.211.02pia [Google Scholar]
  58. Quaglio, P.
    (2009) Television dialogue: The sitcom Friends vs. natural conversation. John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.36
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.36 [Google Scholar]
  59. Queen, R. M.
    (2015) Vox popular: The surprising life of language in the media. Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781394260232
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394260232 [Google Scholar]
  60. Ranzato, I., & Zanotti, S.
    (Eds.) (2018) Linguistic and cultural representation in audiovisual translation. Routledge. 10.4324/9781315268552
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268552 [Google Scholar]
  61. Renna, D.
    (2022) Language variation and multimodality in audiovisual translation: A new framework of analysis. Ibidem Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Rossi, F.
    (2011) Discourse analysis of film dialogues Italian comedy between linguistic realism and pragmatic non-realism. InR. Piazza, M. Bednarek, & F. Rossi (Eds.), Telecinematic discourse: Approaches to the language of films and television series (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.211.04ros
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.211.04ros [Google Scholar]
  63. Rouvas, A., & Stathakopoulos, H.
    (2005) Ελληνικός κινηματογράφος. Ιστορία-Φιλμογραφία-Βιογραφικά [Greek cinema: History-filmography-biographies]. Ellinika Grammata.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Scott, M., & Tribble, C.
    (2006) Textual patterns: Key words and corpus analysis in language education. John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.22 [Google Scholar]
  65. Sifianou, M.
    (1992) Politeness phenomena in England and Greece: A cross-cultural perspective. Clarendon. 10.1093/oso/9780198239727.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198239727.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  66. Sifianou, M., & Antonopoulou, A.
    (2005) Politeness in Greece: The politeness of involvement. InL. Hickey & M. Stewart (Eds.), Politeness in Europe (pp.–). Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781853597398‑020
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853597398-020 [Google Scholar]
  67. Stamou, A. G.
    (2013) Adopting a Critical Discourse Analytical approach to the mediation of sociolinguistic reality in mass culture: The case of youth language in advertising. Critical Studies in Media Communication, (), –. 10.1080/15295036.2012.755049
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2012.755049 [Google Scholar]
  68. Soldatos, Y.
    (2015) Συνοπτική ιστορία του ελληνικού κινηματογράφου [A brief history of Greek cinema]. Aigokeros.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Tagliamonte, S., & Roberts, C.
    (2005) So weird; so cool; so innovative: The use of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech, (), –. 10.1215/00031283‑80‑3‑280
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-80-3-280 [Google Scholar]
  70. Tannen, D., & Kakava, C.
    (1992) Power and solidarity in Modern Greek conversation: Disagreeing to agree. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, (), –. 10.1353/mgs.2010.0203
    https://doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0203 [Google Scholar]
  71. Taylor, C.
    (2004) The language of film: Corpora and statistics in the search for authenticity. Notting Hill (1998) — A case study. Miscelánea, , –. 10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.200410129
    https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.200410129 [Google Scholar]
  72. Tonetti Tübben, I., & Landert, D.
    (2022) Uh and Um as pragmatic markers in dialogues: A contrastive perspective on the functions of planners in fiction and conversation. Contrastive Pragmatics, (), –. 10.1163/26660393‑bja10049
    https://doi.org/10.1163/26660393-bja10049 [Google Scholar]
  73. Triandaphyllidis Foundation
    Triandaphyllidis Foundation 1998 Λεξικό της Κοινής Νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of standard modern Greek]. Institute of Modern Greek Studies, Manolis Trandaphyllidis Foundation.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Valentini, C.
    (2008) Forlixt 1 — The Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation: Exploring macrostructures. InD. Chiaro, C. Heiss, & C. Bucaria (Eds.), Between text and image: Updating research in screen translation (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.78.06val
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.78.06val [Google Scholar]
  75. Veirano Pinto, M.
    (2014) Dimensions of variation in North American movies. InT. Berber Sardinha & M. Veirano Pinto (Eds.), Multi-dimensional analysis, 25 years on: A tribute to Douglas Biber (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.60.04vei
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.60.04vei [Google Scholar]
  76. (2018) Variation in movies and television programs: The impact of corpus sampling. InV. Werner (Ed.), The language of pop culture (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315168210‑7
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315168210-7 [Google Scholar]
  77. Werner, V.
    (2021a) A diachronic perspective on telecinematic language. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, (), –. 10.1075/ijcl.00036.wer
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.00036.wer [Google Scholar]
  78. (2021b) Text-linguistic analysis of performed language: Revisiting and re-modeling Koch and Oesterreicher. Linguistics, (), –. 10.1515/ling‑2021‑0036
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0036 [Google Scholar]
  79. (2022) Pop cultural linguistics. InM. Aronoff (ed.), The Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.999
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.999 [Google Scholar]
  80. Werner, V., & Schubert, C.
    (2023) Zooming in: Stylistic approaches to pop culture. InC. Schubert & V. Werner (Eds.), Stylistic approaches to pop culture (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781003147718‑1
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003147718-1 [Google Scholar]
  81. Williams, R.
    (1976) Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Zago, R.
    (2015) “That’s none of your business, Sy”: The pragmatics of vocatives in film dialogue. InM. Dynel & J. Chovanec (Eds.), Participation in public and social media interactions (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.256.08zag
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.256.08zag [Google Scholar]
  83. (2016) From originals to remakes: Colloquiality in English film dialogue over time. Bonanno.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jlpop.24014.gou
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jlpop.24014.gou
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: pragmatics ; film discourse ; keyword analysis ; Greek ; diachronic study
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error