Volume 33, Issue 2
GBP
Buy:£15.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Earlier linguistic research suggested that Malacca Creole Portuguese (MCP) had existed without diglossia with Portuguese ever since the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Malacca in 1642, yet it had experienced some contact with Portuguese in the 19th and 20th centuries. The present study adds significantly to this discussion. It considers a range of information from sociohistorical studies and archival sources (including linguistic data) relating to the Dutch (1642–1795, 1818–1823) and early British (1795–1818, 1823–1884) colonial periods. For the Dutch period, it is seen that contact with other Creole Portuguese communities is likely to have persisted for some time. Most significant, however, is the finding that 19th century texts in Portuguese and creole Portuguese, recently identified in archival sources in London and Graz, show that Portuguese continued to be part of the Malacca sociolinguistic setting until the early British period, and that missionary Indo-Portuguese also had a presence at that time. It is concluded that, rather than presenting a narrow lectal range akin to that of the MCP community in the late 20th century, the creole lectal grid in the 19th century was more complex, and included dimensions of a continuum in a diglossic relationship with Portuguese.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.00016.bax
2018-10-19
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abdullah, Munshi
    1970The Hikayat Abdullah: An Annotated Translation. Translated by A. H. Hill . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Andaya, Barbara Watson
    1983 Melaka under the Dutch, 1641–1795. In Kernial Sing Sandhu & Paul Wheatley (eds.) Melaka. The transformation of a Malay capital c. 1400–1980. vol1:195–241. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baxter, Alan N.
    1988A Grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 1996 Portuguese in the Pacific and Pacific Rim”. In S. A. Wurm and P. Mühlhäusler (eds.), Language Atlas for Intercultural Communication in the Pacific Rim Area. Stuttgart: Geocenter, pp.299–338.10.1515/9783110819724.2.299
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110819724.2.299 [Google Scholar]
  5. 2009 “Causative and facilitative serial verbs in Asian Ibero-romance Creoles – a convergence of substrate and superstrate systems?” Journal of Portuguese Linguistics8(2):65–90.10.5334/jpl.119
    https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.119 [Google Scholar]
  6. 2012 The Creole Portuguese Language of Malacca: a delicate ecology. In Laura Jarnagin (ed.), Portuguese and Luso-Asian legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011 – Volume 2: Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World, 115–142. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.10.1355/9789814345514‑010
    https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814345514-010 [Google Scholar]
  7. Baxter, Alan N. and Augusta Bastos
    2012 A closer look at the post-nominal genitive determiner in Asian Creole Portuguese. In Hugo C. Cardoso , Alan N. Baxter , and Mário Pinharanda Nunes (eds.), Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives, 47–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cll.46.03bax
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.46.03bax [Google Scholar]
  8. Baxter, Ian
    1983 Dutch records from Malacca in the India Office’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 56 (2): 105–133..
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bible, N. T. Matthew
    1851O Evangelho conforme de Santo Mattheos. Traduzido ne Indo-Portugueza. Londres: R. Clay.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Borschberg, Peter
    2010 Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Melaka after the Transition from Portuguese to Dutch Rule (Seventeenth Century). Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume83(2): 93–117.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bort, Bathasar
    1927[1678] Report of Governor Balthasar Bort on Malacca 1678. (Trans. M. J. Bremmer ). Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society5(1):9–232.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Boss, James Newton
    2009The Portuguese Mission in Singapore (1825–1999). Singapore: ST Commercial Print.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cardoso, Hugo C.
    2014 Factoring sociolinguistic variation into the history of Indo-Portuguese. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola5: 87–114.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Chan, Kok Eng
    1969A study in the social geography of the Malacca Portuguese Eurasians. M.A. thesis, University of Malaya.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 1983 The Eurasians in Melaka. In Kernial Sing Sandhu & Paul Wheatley (eds.) Melaka. The transformation of a Malay capital c. 1400–1980, vol2:264–281. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Clements, J. Clancy
    2014 Lectal differences in Daman Indo-Portuguese. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola5: 115–156
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo
    1906 Dialecto indo-português do Norte. Revista Lusitana9: 142–166; 193–228.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Dickenson, A. H.
    1941 The history of the creation of the Malacca police. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society19(2): 251–283.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Fernando, Radin
    2004 Metamorphosis of the Luso-Asian Diaspora en the Malay Archipelago, 1640–1795. In Peter Borschberg (ed.) Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Century), 161–184. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 2005 The lost archives of Malacca: are they really lost?Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society78(1): 1–36.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Findlay, G. G. and W. W. Holdsworth
    1924The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. VolumeV. London: Epworth Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Gallop, Annabel Teh
    2006 Malay documents in the Melaka Records in the British Library. Itinerario30 (2): 54–77.10.1017/S0165115300013966
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165115300013966 [Google Scholar]
  23. Hancock, Ian F.
    1969 The Malacca Creoles and their language. Afrasian3:38–45.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 1973 Malacca Creole Portuguese: a brief transformational account. Te Reo16: 23–44.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 1975 Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European?Anthropological Linguistics17(5):211–236.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Harrison, Brian
    1979Waiting for China: the Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818–1843, and early 19th century missions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 1983 The Anglo-Chinese College and early modern education. In Kernial Sing Sandhu & Paul Wheatley (eds.) Melaka. The transformation of a Malay capital c. 1400–1980, vol1:297–310. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Huet, G.
    1909 La communauté portugaise de Batavia. Revista Lusitana12: 149–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hussin, Nordin
    2007Trade and society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780–1830. Singapore: NUSPress.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Irwin, G. I.
    1956 Governor Couperus and the surrender of Malacca, 1795. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society19(3): 86–113.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Knowlton, J. Edgar Jr.
    1964 Malaysian Portuguese. The Linguist26:211–213, 239–241.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Leupe, P. A.
    1936 (1859) The siege and capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–41. Extracts from the Archives of the Dutch East India Company. (Translation by Mac Hacobian 1936) Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society14(1): 1–178.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lloyd, W. J.
    1827Catechismo de Biblia de W. J. Lloyd, – Hum Curto –. Traducio em Indo-Portugeza de R. Newstead . Londres.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lopes, David
    1936A expansão da Língua Portuguesa no oriente durante od séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII. 2ª edição. Porto: Portucalense Editora.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Maurer, Philippe
    2011The former Portuguese Creole of Batavia and Tugu (Indonesia). London: Battlebridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Maxwell, G.
    1911 Barreto de Resende’s account of Malacca: 1636. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society60:1–24.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. McPherson, Kenneth
    2004 Staying on: Reflecions on the Survival of Portuguese Enterprise in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the Seventeenth to the Eighteenth Century. In Peter Borschberg (ed.) 2004 Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Century), 63–91. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Muller, H. P. N.
    1914 The Malay peninsula and Europe in the past. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society67: 57–84.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Newbold, T. J.
    1839Political and statistical account of the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca. 2vols. London: John Murray.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. O’Sullivan, Ronnie Leona
    1986A history of the London Missionary Society in the Straits Settlements (c. 1815–1847). Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London 1986 (School of Oriental and African Studies)
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Rêgo, A. da Silva
    1998 [1942]Dialecto Português de Malaca – e outros escritos. Lisboa: Commissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Reinecke, John E. , De Camp, David ., Hancock, Ian F. , Tsuzaki, Stanley M. , Wood, Richard E.
    1975A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Sandhu, Kernial Singh
    1983 From Capital to Municipality. In Kernial Sing Sandhu & Paul Wheatley (eds.), Melaka: The Transformation of a Malay Capital, vol.2, pp.495–600.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Schuchardt, Hugo
    1882 Kreolische Studien II. Über das Indoportugiesische von Cochim. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien (Philosophisch-historische Klasse)102: 799–816.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 1883 Kreolische Studien VI. Über das Indoportugiesische von Mangalore. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien (Philosophisch-historische Klasse)105(III). 882–904.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 1889 Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: VI. Zum Indoportugiesischen von Mahé und Cannanore. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie13. 516–524.10.1515/zrph.1889.13.1‑4.463
    https://doi.org/10.1515/zrph.1889.13.1-4.463 [Google Scholar]
  47. Smith, W. H. C.
    1961 The Portuguese in Malacca during the Dutch period. STVDIA7: 87–106.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Sta Maria, Bernard
    1982My people, my country. The story of the Malacca Portuguese community. Malacca: The Malacca Portuguese Development Centre.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
    1985 Staying on: The Portuguese of southern Coromandel in the late seventeenth century. The Indian Economic and Social History Review22(4): 445–463.10.1177/001946468502200404
    https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468502200404 [Google Scholar]
  50. Teixeira, Manuel
    1963Macau e a sua diocese, VI: A Missão Portuguesa de Malacca. Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultramar.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 1987aThe Portuguese Missions in Malacca and Singapore (1511–1958), Vol II: Malacca. Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultramar.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 1987bThe Portuguese Missions in Malacca and Singapore (1511–1958), Vol III: Singapore. Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultramar.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Thomaz, Luís Felipe Reis
    2000Early Portuguese Malacca. Macau: Macau Territorial Commission for the Commemorations of the Portuguese Discoveries & Instituto Politécnico de Macau.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Turnbull, C. M.
    1983 Melaka under British colonial rule. In Kernial Sing Sandhu & Paul Wheatley (eds.) Melaka. The transformation of a Malay capital c. 1400–1980, vol1:242–296. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Verhoeven, F. R. J.
    1964 The Lost Archives of Dutch Malacca 1641–1824. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.37 (2): 11–27.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Ward, T. M. & J. P. & Grant
    1830Official papers on the medical statistics and topography of Malacca and Prince of Wales Island and on the prevailing diseases of the Tenasserim Coast. Penang: Government Press.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.00016.bax
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.00016.bax
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Keyword(s): continuum; early diglossia; historical sociolinguistics; lectal grid; Malacca Creole Portuguese

Most Cited