Vowel system or vowel systems?

References

1. Ang See, Teresita
   1990 The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives (Volume1). Manila: Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Ang See, Teresita
   2004 The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives (Volume3). Manila: Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bakker, Peter
   1997 ‘A Language of our Own’: The genesis of Michif – the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York: Oxford University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bakker, Peter
   2003 Mixed languages as autonomous systems. InYaron Matras & Peter Bakker (eds.), The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances, 107–150. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Balukas, Colleen, & Koops, Christian
   2015 Spanish-English bilingual voice onset time in spontaneous code-switching. International Journal of Bilingualism19(4): 423–443. 10.1177/1367006913516035
   https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913516035 [Google Scholar]
6. Bautista, Lourdes S. & Bolton, Kingley
   2008 Philippine English: Linguistic and literary perspectives. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.001.0001
   https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
7. Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David
   2017 Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.31, Retrieved21 August 2017fromwww.praat.org/
8. Chu, Richard T.
   2010 Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila. Leiden, the Netherlands & Boston, MA: Brill. 10.1163/ej.9789004173392.i‑452
   https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004173392.i-452 [Google Scholar]
9. Chua, Amy
   2003 World on fire: How exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability. New York: Doubleday.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Chua, Dorothy Ang
    2004 From Chinese to Filipino: Changing identities of the Chinese in the Philippines. Unpublished MA thesis. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
11. Deterding, David
    1997 The formants of monophthong vowels in standard Southern British English pronunciation. Journal of the International Phonetic Association27: 47–55. 10.1017/S0025100300005417
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300005417 [Google Scholar]
12. Deterding, David
    2007 The vowels of the different ethnic groups in Singapore. InDavid Prescott, Andy Kirkpatrick, Isabel Martin & Azirah Hashim (eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Literacies, Literatures and Varieties, 2–29. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Doeppers, Daniel F.
    1986 Destination, selection and turnover among Chinese migrants to Philippine cities in the nineteenth century. Journal of Historical Geography12(4): 381–401. 10.1016/S0305‑7488(86)80176‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(86)80176-1 [Google Scholar]
14. Eckert, Penelope
    1989 The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change1(3): 245–267. 10.1017/S095439450000017X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450000017X [Google Scholar]
15. Fabricius, Anne H., Dominic Watt, & Daniel Ezra Johnson
    2009 A comparison of three speaker-intrinsic vowel formant frequency normalization algorithms for sociophonetics. Language Variation and Change21:413–435. 10.1017/S0954394509990160
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509990160 [Google Scholar]
16. Gijn, Rik van
    2009 The phonology of mixed languages. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages24(1): 91–117. 10.1075/jpcl.24.1.04gij
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.1.04gij [Google Scholar]
17. Golovko, Evgenij V.
    1994 Mednyj Aleut or Copper Island Aleut: an Aleut-Russian mixed language. InPeter Bakker & Maarten Mous (eds.), Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining, 113–121. Amsterdam: Uitgave IFOTT.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    2016 Trilingual code-switching using quantitative lenses: An exploratory study on Hokaglish. Philippine Journal of Linguistics47:109–131.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    2017 Language contact in the Philippines: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective. Language Ecology1: 185–212. 10.1075/le.1.2.04gon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/le.1.2.04gon [Google Scholar]
20. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    2018 Philippine Hybrid Hokkien as a postcolonial mixed language: Evidence from nominal derivational affixation mixing. Singapore: National University of Singapore thesis.
21. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong & Mie Hiramoto
    2020 Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines? A substratist account of Manila Chinese English. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages35(1): 127–161. 10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon [Google Scholar]
22. Gonzalez, Andrew
    1970 Acoustic correlates of accent, rhythm, and intonation in Tagalog. Phonetica22: 11–44. 10.1159/000259307
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000259307 [Google Scholar]
23. Grosjean, François
    2010 Bilingual. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10.4159/9780674056459
    https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674056459 [Google Scholar]
24. Grosjean, François, & Joanne L. Miller
    1994 Going in and out of languages: An example of bilingual flexibility. Psychological Science5(4): 201–206. 10.1111/j.1467‑9280.1994.tb00501.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00501.x [Google Scholar]
25. Hall-Lew, Lauren
    2010 Improved representation of variance in measures of vowel merger. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics9: 1–10.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Hay, Jennifer, Paul Warren, & Katie Drager
    2006 Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics34: 458–484. 10.1016/j.wocn.2005.10.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2005.10.001 [Google Scholar]
27. Klöter, Henning
    2011 The language of the Sangleys: A Chinese vernacular in missionary sources of the seventeenth century. Leiden, the Netherlands & Boston, NY: Brill. 10.1163/9789004195929
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004195929 [Google Scholar]
28. Labov, William
    1972 Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Ladefoged, Peter & Keith Johnson
    2011 A course in phonetics. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Lesho, Marivic
    2017 Philippine English (Metro Manila acrolect). Journal of the International Phonetic Association: Illustrations of the IPA. 1–14. doi:  10.1017/S0025100317000548
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000548 [Google Scholar]
31. Matras, Yaron & Peter Bakker
    2003 The study of mixed languages. InYaron Matras & Peter Bakker (eds.), The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances, 1–22. Berlin, Germany & New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Meakins, Felicity
    2012 Which mix – code-switching or a mixed language? – Gurindji Kriol. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages27(1): 105–140. 10.1075/jpcl.27.1.03mea
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.03mea [Google Scholar]
33. Meakins, Felicity & Jesse Stewart
    . In press. Mixed Languages. InSalikoko Mufwene & Anna Maria Escobar eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Mous, Maarten
    2003 The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma’a/Mbugu. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cll.26
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.26 [Google Scholar]
35. Muysken, Pieter
    1994 Callahuaya. InPeter Bakker & Maarten Mous (eds.), Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining, 207–211. Amsterdam: Uitgave IFOTT.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Nycz, Jennifer & Lauren Hall-Lew
    2013 Best practices in measuring vowel merger. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics20. 1–19.
    [Google Scholar]
37. O’Shannessy, Carmel
    2005 Light Warlpiri: A new language. Australian Journal of Linguistics25(1): 31–57. 10.1080/07268600500110472
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07268600500110472 [Google Scholar]
38. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URLwww.R-project.org/
39. Schachter, Paul & Fe T. Otanes
    1972 Tagalog reference grammar. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA, & London, the United Kingdom: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Schuchardt, Hugo
    1884 Kreolische Studien IV, Ueber das Malaiospaniche der Philippinen. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-historischen der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 105.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Siu, Phila
    2019 Why are Chinese workers so unpopular in Southeast Asia? South China Morning Post, 2 Jun, 2019. [Retrieved fromhttps://www.asiaone.com/asia/why-are-chinese-workers-so-unpopular-southeast-asia, 19 November 2019].
42. Smith, Ian
    1979a Convergence in South Asia: A creole example. Lingua, 48, 193–222. 10.1016/0024‑3841(79)90005‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(79)90005-6 [Google Scholar]
43. Smith, Ian
    1979b Substrata versus universals in the formation of Sri Lanka Portuguese. InPeter Mühlhäusler (ed.), Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics2. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Starr, Rebecca L. & Brinda Balasubramaniam
    2019 Variation and change in English /r/ among Tamil Indian Singaporeans. World Englishes38(4): 630–643. 10.1111/weng.12357
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12357 [Google Scholar]
45. Stewart, Jesse
    2014 A comparative analysis of Media Lengua and Quichua vowel production. Phonetica71:159–182. 10.1159/000369629
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000369629 [Google Scholar]
46. Stewart, Jesse
    2018 Voice onset time production in Ecuadorian Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. Journal of the International Phonetic Association48(2): 173–197. 10.1017/S002510031700024X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S002510031700024X [Google Scholar]
47. Tayao, Ma. Lourdes G.
    2004 The evolving study of Philippine English phonology. World Englishes23(1): 77–90. 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.2004.00336.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2004.00336.x [Google Scholar]
48. Thomas, Erik R. & Tyler Kendall
    2007 NORM: The vowel normalization and plotting suite. [Online Resource: ncslaap.lib.ncsu.edu/tools/norm/]
49. Thomason, Sarah Grey
    2003 Social factors and linguistic processes in the emergence of stable mixed languages. InYaron Matras & Peter Bakker, (eds.), The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances, 21–40. Berlin, Germany & New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufman
    1988 Language contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Tsai, Huiming
    2017 A study of Philippine Hokkien language. Unpublished PhD dissertation: National Taiwan Normal University.
52. Uytanlet, Juliet Lee
    2014 The Hybrid Tsinoys: Challenges of Hybridity and Homogeneity as Sociocultural Constructs among the Chinese in the Philippines. PhD dissertation. Asbury Theological Seminary.
53. Watt, Dominic & Fabricius, Anne
    2002 Evaluation of a technique for improving the mapping of multiple speakers’ vowel spaces in the F1-F2 plane. InD. Nelson, ed.Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics9:159–173.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Watt, Dominic & Anne Fabricius
    2011 A measure of variable planar locations anchored on the centroid of the vowel space: A sociophonetic research tool. Proceedings of the 17th ICPhS. Hong Kong, SAR, People’s Republic of China. 2102–2105.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Winford, Donald
    2009 The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances (review). Language85(1):223–228. 10.1353/lan.0.0088
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0088 [Google Scholar]
56. Winford, Donald
    2013 Social factors in contact languages. InPeter Bakker and Yaron Matras (eds.), Contact languages: A comprehensive guide, 363–416. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9781614513711.363
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614513711.363 [Google Scholar]