1887
Volume 32, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0920-9034
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9870
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

The present paper focuses on the speech of a rural Afro-Brazilian community called , situated 150 km from São Paulo. In 1978, when linguistic data were collected, the community constituted approximately eighty individuals, descendants of two slave women who inherited their owners’ proprieties. According to earlier studies, when the inhabitants of Cafundó spoke in their supposed ‘African language’, , they used structures borrowed from Portuguese and a vocabulary of possible African origin. A lexical analysis shows that the etymologies match historical and demographical data, indicating that speakers of varieties of Kimbundu, Kikongo, and Umbundu dominated in the community. Through a morphosyntactic analysis, specific features were found in the data, such as copula absence and variable agreement patterns. By showing that some of Cupópia’s specific grammatical features are not derived from the Portuguese spoken by the same speakers but are instead shared with more restructured varieties, this paper defends the hypothesis that this lexically driven in-group code is not simply a regional variety of Portuguese with a number of African-derived words.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.03alv
2017-06-17
2024-12-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aceto, Michael
    1995 Variation in a secret creole language of Panama. Language in Society24. 537–560. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500019011
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500019011 [Google Scholar]
  2. Alkmim, Tania & Laura Álvarez López
    2009 Registros da escravidão: as falas de pretos-velhos e de Pai João. Stockholm Review of Latin American Studies4. 37–48.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Álvarez López, Laura
    2004A língua de Camões com Iemanjá: forma e funções da linguagem do candomblé. Stockholm: Stockholm University dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 2012 Lubolos, mandingas y otros ‘nombres de nación’ de origen africano en Montevideo y Rio Grande do Sul. In Laura Álvarez López & Magdalena Coll (eds.), Una historia sin fronteras: léxico de origen africano en Uruguay y Brasil, 35–70. Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Álvarez López, Laura & Angela Bartens
    2014 The origin of African derived words in the Afro-Brazilian speech community of Cafundó. Paper presented at the workshop Contact, Variation and Change: Focus on Afro-Latin varieties . Aarhus University, 4-6 December 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Amaral, Amadeu
    1982. [1920] O dialeto caipira. 4th ed. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Avelar, Juanito Ornelas de
    2014 Constituintes Preposicionais em Afro-variedades de Português e Espanhol. Variação e Mudança Induzidas por Contato. Paper presented at the Seminário Ibero-Românico, Department of Romance Studies and Classics , Stockholm University, 20 October 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Baker, Philip
    2012 Interpreting the findings. In Angela Bartens & Philip Baker (eds.), Black through White. African words and calques which survived slavery in creoles and transplanted European languages, 273–286. London/Colombo: Battlebridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bamberg, Michael , Anna De Fina & Deborah Schiffrin
    2011 Discourse and identity construction. In Seth J. Schwartz , Koen Luyckx & Vivian L. Vignoles (eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research, 177–200. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑1‑4419‑7988‑9_8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_8 [Google Scholar]
  10. Baptista, Marlyse
    2002The syntax of Cape Verdean Creole: The Sotavento Varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.54
    https://doi.org/10.1075/la.54 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bartens, Angela & Philip Baker
    (eds.) 2012Black through White. African words and calques which survived slavery in Creoles and transplanted European languages. London & Colombo: Battlebridge. doi: 10.1075/la.54
    https://doi.org/10.1075/la.54 [Google Scholar]
  12. Baxter, Alan
    1998 O português vernáculo do Brasil – Morfossintaxe. In Matthias Perl & Armin Schwegler (eds.), América negra: panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguesas y criollas, 97–134. Frankfurt am Main/ Madrid: Verveurt Verlag/ Iberoamericana.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 2002 Semicreolization? The restructured Portuguese of the Tongas of São Tomé, a consequence of L1 acquisition in a special contact situation. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics1(1). 7–39. doi: 10.5334/jpl.47
    https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.47 [Google Scholar]
  14. 2009 A concordância de número. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 269–294. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  15. Baxter, Alan & Norma Lopes
    2009 O artigo definido. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 319–330. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  16. Brandão, Silvia Figueiredo & Silvia Rodrigues Vieira
    2012A concordância nominal e verbal no Português do Brasil e no Português de São Tomé: uma abordagem sociolinguística . Papia22(1). 7–39.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Byrd, Steven
    2012Calunga and the legacy of an African language in Brazil. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cacciatore, Olga
    1977Dicionário de cultos afro-brasileiros. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Careno, Mary F. do
    1997Vale do Ribeira: a voz e a vez das comunidades negras. São Paulo: Editora Arte e Ciência.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Castro, Yeda Pessoa de
    2001Falares africanos na Bahia. Um vocabulário afro-brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Chatelain, Heli. n.d
    [1888-1889] Grammatica elementar do Kimbundu ou Língua de Angola (1889). Genebra: Typ. De Charles Schuchardt. Kessinger Publisher Legacy Reprints.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Couto, Hildo do
    1992 Anti-crioulo. Pápia2(1). 71–84.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Figueiredo, Carlos
    2008 A concordância variável no sintagma nominal plural do Português reestruturado de almoxarife (São Tomé). Papia18. 23–43.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Fry, Peter , Carlos Vogt & Maurizio Gnerre
    (1984) A comunidade do Cafundó. Mafambura e Caxapura: na encruzilhada da identidade. Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos6. 111–128.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Gonçalves, Pertpétua
    1997 Tipologia de 'erros' do Português oral de Maputo: um primeiro diagnóstico. In Christopher Stroud & Perpétua Gonçalves (eds.), Panorama do Português oral de Maputo Volume II: A construção de um banco de ‘erros’, 37–70.Maputo: INDE.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Goyvaerts, Didier
    1996 Kibalele’ Form and function of a secret language in Bukavu (Zaire). Journal of Pragmatics25. 123–143. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(94)00067‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)00067-6 [Google Scholar]
  27. Green, Katherine
    1997Non-standard Dominican Spanish: Evidence of partial restructuring. New York, NY: CUNY dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier & Sandro Sessarego
    2011 On the nature of bare nouns in Afro-Bolivian Spanish. In Julia Herschensohn (ed.), Romance Linguistics 2010: Selected papers from the 40th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Seattle, Washington, March 2010, 191–204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.318.12gut
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.318.12gut [Google Scholar]
  29. Guy, Gregory
    1981Linguistic variation in Brazilian Portuguese: Aspects of phonology, syntax and language history. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Holm, John
    2009 Languages in contact. The partial restructuring of vernaculars. In John Holm & Susanne Michaelis (eds.), Contact languages: Critical concepts in language studies, Vol. V, 332–344. London / New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Holm, John , et al
    1999 Copula patterns in Atlantic and non-Atlantic creoles. In John Rickford & Suzanne Romaine (eds.), Creole genesis, Attitudes and discourse, 97–119. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.20.10hol
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.20.10hol [Google Scholar]
  32. Inverno, Liliana
    2009Angolas transition to vernacular Portuguese. Coimbra: University of Coimbra dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Jon-And, Anna
    2011Variação, contato e mudança linguística em Moçambique e Cabo Verde. A concordância variável de número em sintagmas nominais do português. Stockholm: Stockholm University dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Karash, Mary
    1987Slave life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lima, José Leonildo
    2007A variação na concordância do gênero gramatical no falar cuiabano. Campinas, University of Campinas dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Lipski, John
    1989The Speech of the Negros Congos of Panama. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.4
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.4 [Google Scholar]
  37. 2004 The Spanish language of Equatorial Guinea. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies. 115–130. doi: 10.1353/hcs.2011.0376
    https://doi.org/10.1353/hcs.2011.0376 [Google Scholar]
  38. 2005A history of Afro-Hispanic language: Five centuries, five continents. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511627811
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627811 [Google Scholar]
  39. 2008Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Madrid/ Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 2010 Depleted plural marking in two Afro-Hispanic dialects: Separating inheritance from innovation. Language Variation and Change22. 1–44. doi: 10.1017/S0954394510000025
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394510000025 [Google Scholar]
  41. 2015 La reconstrucción de los primeros contactos lingüísticos afrohispánicos: la importancia de las comunidades de habla contemporáneas. In Juanito Ornelas de Avelar & Laura Álvarez López (eds.), Dinâmicas afro-latinas: Língua(s) e história(s), 93–127. Franfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Lopes, Norma
    2001Concordância nominal, contexto linguístico e sociedade. Salvador: Universidade Federal da Bahia dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Lopes Ruth & Emílio Pagozzo
    2014 DPs in non-Standard Brazilian Portuguese. Paper presented at the workshop CONTACT, VARIATION AND CHANGE: corpora development and analysis of Ibero-Romance language varieties , Stockholm University, 7-8 April 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Lucchesi, Dante
    2009a A concordância de gênero. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 295–318. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  45. 2009b Conclusão. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 513–546. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  46. Lucchesi, Dante , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro
    (eds.) 2009aO português afro-brasileiro. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  47. Lucchesi, Dante , Alan Baxter & Jorge Augusto Alves da Silva
    2009b A concordância verbal. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 331–388. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  48. Lucchesi, Dante , Alan Baxter , Jorge Augusto Alves da Silva & Cristina Figueiredo
    2009c O Português afro-brasileiro: as comunidades analizadas. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 75–100. Salvador: Edufba. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  49. Matras, Yaron , Hazel Gardner , Charlotte Jones & Veronica Schulman
    2007 Angloromani: A different kind of language?Anthropological Linguistics49(2). 142–184.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. McArthur, Tom
    1998Concise Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Miller, Joseph
    2001 Central Africa during the era of the slave trade, c. 1490s-1850s. In Linda Heywood (ed.), Central Africans and cultural transformations in the American diaspora, 21–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511529108.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529108.003 [Google Scholar]
  52. Ortiz López, Luis
    1998Huellas etno-sociolingüísticas bozales y afrocubanas. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert/ Madrid: Iberoamericana.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Petter, Margarida
    1998 Línguas especiais, línguas secretas: na África e no Brasil. Revista da ANPOLL4. 185–201.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 1999 A linguagem do Cafundó: crioulo ou anticrioulo?In Klaus Zimmermann (ed.), Lenguas criollas de base lexical española y portuguesa, 101–115. Frankfurt: Vervuert.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 2013 A Tabatinga revisitada: a manutenção de um léxico de origem africana em Minas Gerais (MG-Brasil). Moderna Språk107. 89–100.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Petter, Margarida Taddoni & Dafne Zanoni
    2005 Quilombos do Vale do Ribeira: variação e mudança na concordância de gênero e número. Papia15. 61–71.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Queiroz, Sonia
    1998Pé preto no barro branco: a língua dos negros da Tabatinga. Belo Horizonte: Editora da UFMG.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Quint, Nicolas
    2012 African words and calques in Capeverdean Creole (Santiago variety). In Angela Bartens & Philip Baker (eds.), Black through White. African words and calques which survived slavery in creoles and transplanted European languages, 3–29. London & Colombo: Battlebridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Scherre, Marta Pereira
    1988Reanálise da concordância nominal em português. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Sessarego, Sandro
    2013Chota Valley Spanish. Madrid/Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Sharma, Devyani & John R. Rickford
    2009 AAVE/creole copula absence: A critique of the imperfect learning hypothesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages24(1). 53–90. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.24.1.03sha
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.1.03sha [Google Scholar]
  62. Smith, Norval
    1994 An annotated list of creoles, pidgins and mixed languages. In Jacques Arends , Pieter Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Pidgins and creoles. An introduction, 331–374. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.15.34smi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.15.34smi [Google Scholar]
  63. 2000 Symbiotic mixed languages: A question of terminology. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition3(2). 122–123. doi: 10.1017/S1366728900290214
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728900290214 [Google Scholar]
  64. Swadesh, Morris
    1971The origin and diversification of language. Edited post mortem by Joel Sherzer . Chicago: Aldine.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Tavares, José Lourenço
    1915Gramática da língua do Congo (kikongo) (Dialecto kisolongo). Luanda: Imprensa Nacional de Angola.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Thomason, Sarah & Terrence Kaufman
    1988Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Vogt, Carlos & Peter Fry
    1983 Ditos e feitos da ‘falange africana’ do Cafundó e da ‘Calunga’ de Patrocínio (ou de como fazer falando). Revista de Antropologia26. 65–92.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 1996Cafundó – a África no Brasil. Linguagem e sociedade. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 2005 As formas de expressão na ‘língua’ africana do Cafundó. Ciência e Cultura57(2). 39–42.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Winford, Donald
    2003 Contact-induced changes – Classification and processes. OSU Working Papers in Linguistics57. 129–150.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 2005 Contact-induced changes. Classifications and processes. Diachronica22(2). 373–427. doi: 10.1075/dia.22.2.05win
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.05win [Google Scholar]
  72. 2009 Group second language acquisition or language shift. In John Holm & Susanne Michaelis (eds.), Contact languages: Critical concepts in language studies, Vol. V, 310–331. London / New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 2010 Contact and borrowing. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Handbook of language lontact, 170–187. Somerset, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781444318159.ch8
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.ch8 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.03alv
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.03alv
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Afro-Brazilian; Brazil; Cafundó; Creolization; Cupópia; Lexicon; Morphosyntax; Portuguese; Restructuring
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error