1887
Volume 32, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0920-9034
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9870
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Despite regular objections, creole research tends to regard Europeans-to-non-Europeans ratios in colonial settings as a decisive factor in degrees of restructuring. As a result, relatively high proportions of Europeans are seen as the explanation for the emergence of partially restructured varieties. Quite problematic, however, is that some colonial settings with relatively low proportions of Europeans show little historical evidence of restructuring. To address this apparent paradox while avoiding too locale-specific explanations, I attempt to sketch a unified sociolinguistic account of restructuring, or the absence thereof. Central to the account I propose is the notion of upward social mobility in colonial societies, whose linguistic impact I illustrate by means of a comparison between Orange River Afrikaans (ORA) and Cape Malay Dutch (CMD), i.e. two partially restructured non-European varieties of Dutch that arose at the colonial Cape. I emphasize that ORA, which developed in socially fluid frontier settings, seems in certain respects to display less restructuring than CMD, which developed in increasingly segregated settings. I present the fact that Europeans were less represented where ORA developed than where CMD did as evidence that social mobility might to an extent override European/non-European demographics as a factor in degrees of restructuring. I finally discuss the extent to which a socio-historical reconstruction of ORA and CMD can shed light on historical sociolinguistic developments elsewhere than the Cape, such as in particular colonial Ibero-America.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.04ste
2017-06-17
2025-02-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adhikari, Mohammad
    1996Straatpraatjes. Language, politics and popular culture in Cape Town, 1909–1922. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Arends, Jacques
    2006 A demographic perspective on creole formation. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John Victor Singler (eds.), The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 309–331. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Armstrong, James C. & Nigel A. Worden
    1979 The slaves, 1652–1834. In Richard Elphick & Herman Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 1652-, 1652–1840, 109–183. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Avezedo, Milton M
    2005Portuguese. A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker, Philip & Chris Corne
    1982Isle de France Creole: Affinities and origins. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Baker, Philip
    2000 Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring. In Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.), Degrees of restructuring in creole languages, 41–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.22 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bakker, Peter , Aymeric Daval-Markussen , Mikael Parkvall & Ingo Plag
    2011 Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of pidgin and creole studies26(1). 5–42. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.26.1.02bak
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.1.02bak [Google Scholar]
  8. Belcher, Ronnie
    1987 Afrikaans en kommunikasie oor die kleurgrens. In Hans Du Plessis & Theo Du Plessis (eds.), Afrikaans en taalpolitiek, 16–34. Pretoria: HAUM.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Besten, Hans den
    1989 From Khoekhoe foreignertalk via Hottentot Dutch to Afrikaans: The creation of a novel grammar. In Ton van der Wouden (ed.), Roots of Afrikaans: selected writings of Hans den Besten (2012), 257–288. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.44
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.44 [Google Scholar]
  10. 2000 The slaves’ languages in the Dutch Cape colony and Afrikaans vir. Linguistics38(5). 949–971. doi: 10.1515/ling.2000.017
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2000.017 [Google Scholar]
  11. 2001 What became of the Cape Dutch pidgin(s)?In Birgit Igla & Thomas Stolz (eds.), ‘Was ich noch sagen wollte...’ A multilingual Festschrift for Norbert Boretzky on occasion of his 65th birthday, 205–222. Berlin: Akademieverlag. doi: 10.1515/9783050079851‑016
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783050079851-016 [Google Scholar]
  12. 2002 Khoekhoe syntax and its implications for L2 acquisition of Dutch and Afrikaans. In Ton van der Wouden (ed.), Roots of Afrikaans: selected writings of Hans den Besten (2012), 153–194. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.44
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.44 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bickerton, Derek
    1981Roots of language. Ann Arbor: Karoma. doi: 10.1075/cll.44
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.44 [Google Scholar]
  14. 1984 The language bioprogram hypothesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences7. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00044149
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00044149 [Google Scholar]
  15. Booij, Geert E. & Ariane van Santen
    1995Morfologie. De Woordstructuur van het Nederlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bourhis, Richard , Lena C. Moïse , Stéphane Perreault & Sacha Sénécal
    1997 Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology32(6). 369–386. doi: 10.1080/002075997400629
    https://doi.org/10.1080/002075997400629 [Google Scholar]
  17. Bourquin, Alexandre
    2005Histoire des petits-blancs de la Réunion. XIXe-début XXe siècles. Paris: Karthala.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Boxer, Charles R
    1965The Dutch seaborne empire 1600–1800. London: Hutchison.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bradfield, Julian
    2014 Clicks, concurrency, and Khoisan. Phonology31. 1–49. doi: 10.1017/S0952675714000025
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675714000025 [Google Scholar]
  20. Bradlow, Frank R. & Margaret Cairns
    1978The early Cape Muslims: A study of their mosques, genealogy and origins. Cape Town: Balkema.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Brasseaux, Carl A
    1992Acadian to Cajun. Transformation of a people, 1803–1877. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Chaudenson, Robert
    1974Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion. Paris: Champion.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 1992Des îles, des hommes, des langues. Paris: L’Harmattan.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 2000 Créolisation du français et francisation du créole: Le cas de Saint-Barthélémy et de la Réunion. In Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.), Degrees of restructuring in Creole Languages, 361–382. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.22 [Google Scholar]
  25. Conradie, Jac
    2004Wanneer Genadendallers ‘in hunne eigene taal spreken’. Unpublished oral intervention held at the SAVN/ALV-kongres, Potchefstroom, Sept. 2004.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Daniel, Reginald
    2006Race and multiraciality in Brazil and the United States. Converging paths?University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Davids, Achmat
    1987 The role of Afrikaans in the history of the Cape Muslim community. In Hans Du Plessis & Theo Du Plessis (eds.), Afrikaans en Taalpolitiek, 37–59. Pretoria: HAUM.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 1991The Afrikaans of the Cape Muslims from 1815 to 1915. M.A. Thesis. University of Natal.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Dedering, Tilman
    1997Hate the old and follow the new. Khoekhoe and missionaries in early nineteenth century Namibia. Stuttgart: Steiner.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Deumert, Ana
    2004Language standardization and language change. The dynamics of Cape Dutch. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/impact.19
    https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.19 [Google Scholar]
  31. Dillard, John L
    1972Black English: Its history and usage in the United States. New York: Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Du Plessis , Theodorus L.T
    1986Afrikaans in beweging. Bloemfontein: Patmos.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Elphick, Richard
    1977Kraal and castle: Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa. London: Yale University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 1985Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Elphick, Richard & Herman Giliomee
    1979 The origins and entrenchment of European dominance at the Cape, 1652-c. 1840. In Richard Elphick & Herman Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 1652-, 1652–1840, 521–559. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Elphick, Richard & Robert Shell
    1979 Intergroup relations: Khoikhoi, settlers, slaves and free blacks, 1652–1795. In Richard Elphick & Hermann Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 1652-, 1652–1840, 184–231. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Elbourne, Elizabeth & Robert Ross
    1997 Combating spiritual and social bondage: Early missions in the Cape Colony. In Richard Elphick & Rodney Davenport (eds.), Christianity in South Africa. A political, social, and cultural history, 31–50. Oakland: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Fasold, Ralph W . et al
    1987 Are black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV Panel Discussion. American Speech62. 3–80. doi: 10.2307/454555
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454555 [Google Scholar]
  39. Follett, Richard
    2007The sugar masters: Planters and slaves in Louisiana’s cane world, 1820–1860. Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Freyre, Gilberto
    1933[1986]The Masters and the slaves. A study in the development of Brazilian civilization [Casa-grande e senzala]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Gerstner, Jonathan N
    1997 A Christian monopoly: The Reformed Church and colonial society under Dutch rule. In Richard Elphick & Rodney Davenport (eds.), Christianity in South Africa. A political, social, and cultural history, 16–30. University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Giles, Howard
    1979 Ethnicity markers in speech. In Klaus R. Scherer & Howard Giles (eds.), Social markers in speech, 251–290. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Giliomee, Herman
    1979 The eastern frontier, 1770–1812. In Richard Elphick & Herman Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 421–471. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 2004Die Afrikaners. ‘n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Guelke, Leonard
    1979 Freehold farmers and frontier settlers, 1657–1780. In Richard Elphick & Herman Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 66–108. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Haacke, Wilfrid & Eliphas Eiseb
    2002A Khoekhoegowab dictionary. With an English-Khoekhoegowab index. Windhoek: Gamsberg McMillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Haacke, Wilfrid
    2015 Lexical borrowing by Khoekhoegowab from Cape Dutch and Afrikaans. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus47. 59–74. doi: 10.5842/47‑0‑653
    https://doi.org/10.5842/47-0-653 [Google Scholar]
  48. Heuman, Gad J
    2003The Slavery Reader, Vol. I. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Holm, John A
    1988Pidgins and creoles. Vol. I. Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 1989Pidgins and creoles. Vol. II. Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 2000Languages in contact. The partial restructuring of vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Horrell, Muriel
    1970The education of the Coloured community in South Africa, 1652–1970. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Kähler, Hans
    1971 Studien über die Kultur, die Sprache und die arabisch-afrikaanse Literatur der Kap-Malaien. Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität Hamburg7.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Klein, Herbert & Ben Vinson
    2007African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Klingler, Thomas A
    2003If I could turn my tongue like that. The creole language of Pointe Coupée Parish, Louisiana. Baton Rouge: LSU Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Klopper R. M
    1983 Taalsisteemvariasie in Kaapse Afrikaans. InA. J. L. Sinclair(ed.), G. S. Nienaber. ’n Huldeblyk, 275–296. Bellville: Publikasiekomitee UWK.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Peter, Kolbe
    1727Naauwkeurige en Uitvoerige Beschryving van De Kaap de Goede Hoop [�] waar by nog Komt, een Zeer Nette en uit Eige Ondervinding Opgemaakte Beschryving van den Oorsprong der Hottentotten [�], 2 vols. Amsterdam: Balthasar Lakeman.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Kotzé, Ernst F
    1989 'How creoloid can you be?’ Aspects of Malay Afrikaans. In Martin Pütz & René Dirven (eds.), Wheels within wheels. Papers of the Duisburg Symposium on Pidgin and Creole Languages, 251–264. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Labov, William & Wendell A. Harris
    1986 De facto segregation of black and white vernaculars. In David Sankoff (ed.), Diversity and diachrony, 1–24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.53.04lab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.53.04lab [Google Scholar]
  60. Legassick, Martin C
    1979 The Northern Frontier to c. 1840: The rise and decline of the Griqua people. In Richard Elphick & Herman Giliomee (eds.), The shaping of South African society, 358–420. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Leite, S
    1938–50História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, 10 Vol. Lisbon – Rio de Janeiro.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Lipski, John
    2005A history of Afro-Hispanic language. Five centuries, five continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511627811
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627811 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lucchesi, Dante
    2009 História do contato entre línguas no Brasil. In Dante Lucchesi , Alan Baxter & Ilza Ribeiro (eds.), O português afro-brasileiro, 41–74. Salvador: EDUFBA. doi: 10.7476/9788523208752
    https://doi.org/10.7476/9788523208752 [Google Scholar]
  64. Luijks, Carla
    2000The realisation of syntactic principles in non-standard Afrikaans: The correspondence of Jan Jonker Afrikaner (1820–1889). Doctoral Dissertation. University of Cape Town.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 2009 Connecting the Cape Dutch Vernacular with Orange River Afrikaans. In Hans den Besten , Frans Hinskens & Jerzy Koch (eds.), AfrikaansAfrikaans. Een Drieluik, 149–175. Münster: Nodus.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Marais, Johannes S
    1962The Cape Coloured people. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. McMullan, Terrance
    2009Habits of whiteness: A pragmatist reconstruction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. McWhorter, John H
    2000The missing Spanish creoles. Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Mesthrie, Rajend
    2008 Pidgins/creoles and contact languages: An overview. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John V. Singler (eds.), The Handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 263–286. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Mintz, Sidney W
    1969Comments on the socio-historical background to pidginization and creolization . Revised version of remarks presented at the Mona conference , University of the West Indies, April 1968.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Mörner, Magnus
    1967Race mixture in the history of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Mufwene, Salikoko
    1996 The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica13. 83–134. doi: 10.1075/dia.13.1.05muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.05muf [Google Scholar]
  73. Neumann, Ingrid
    1984 Le créole des blancs en Lousiane. Etudes Créoles6(2). 63–78.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 1985Le créole de Beaux Bridge, Lousiane: Etude morphosyntaxique, textes, vocabulaire. Hamburg: Buske.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid & Edgar W. Schneider
    2000 Introduction: ‘Degrees of restructuring’ in creole languages?In Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.), Degrees of restructuring in creole languages, 1-18. Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.22 [Google Scholar]
  76. Nienaber, Gabriel S
    1963Hottentots. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Noll, Volker
    2004 A formação do português do Brasil. In Wolf Dietrich & Volker Noll (eds.), O português do Brasil. Perspectivas da pesquisa atual, 11–26. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Parkvall, Mikael
    2000 Reassessing the role of demographics in language restructuring. In Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.), Degrees of restructuring in creole languages, 185–214. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.22 [Google Scholar]
  79. Penn, Nigel
    2005The forgotten frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape’s northern frontier in the 18th century. Athens: Ohio University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Ponelis, Fritz
    1979Afrikaanse sintaksis. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 1981 Beskouing oor Abu Bakr se ‘Uiteensetting van die godsdiens’ deur A. van Selms. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe1981. 71–79.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 1993The development of Afrikaans. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 1998Standaardafrikaans en die Afrikaanse taalfamilie. Universiteit van Stellenbosch: Annale, 1.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Raidt, Edith H
    1976 Die herkoms van objekskonstruksies met vir. InT. J. R. Botha & A.D. de V. Cluver (eds.), 1875–1975. Studies in die Afrikaanse taal. Uitgegee in opdrag van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns by geleentheid van die inwyding van die Afrikaanse Taalmonument, 72-101. Johannesburg: Perskor.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Rensburg, Christo J. van
    1989 Orange River Afrikaans: A stage in the pidgin/creole cycle. In Martin Pütz & René Dirven (eds.), Wheels within wheels. Papers of the Duisburg Symposium on Pidgin and Creole Languages, 135–149. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 1989 Soorte Afrikaans. In Theunis J.R. Botha (ed.), Inleiding tot die Afrikaanse taalkunde, 436–467. Pretoria: Academica.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Rickford, John
    1999African American Vernacular English. Malden: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Roberge, Paul
    1994a The formation of Afrikaans. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics27. 1–112.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 1994b On detecting a prior linguistic continuum in Cape Dutch. In Gerrit Olivier & Edith Raidt (eds.), Nuwe perspektiewe op die geskiedenis van Afrikaans, 153–165. Halfweghuis: Johannesburg.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Roberge, Paul T
    2000 Etymological opacity, hybridization and the Afrikaans brace negation. American Journal of Germanic Linguistics12(1). 101–176. doi: 10.1017/S1040820700002821
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1040820700002821 [Google Scholar]
  91. Roberts, Ian
    2001 Verb movement and markedness. In Michel DeGraff (ed.), Language creation and language change. Creolization, diachrony, and development, 287–328. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Ross, Robert J
    1976Adam Kok’s Griquas. A study in the development of stratification in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Scholtz, J. Du P
    1980Wording en ontwikkeling van Afrikaans. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Selms, Adriaan van
    1951 ’n Tweetalige (Arabiese en Afrikaanse) kategismus. Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen14(1). 4–103.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 1953 Die oudste boek in Afrikaans: Isjmoeni se ‘Betroubare Woord’. In Hertzog-Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns2(2). 61–101.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 1979 Abu Bakr se ‘Uiteensetting van die godsdiens’. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen101.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Shell, Robert
    1997 Between Christ and Mohammed: Conversion, slavery, and gender in the urban Western Cape. In Richard Elphick & Rodney Davenport (eds.), Christianity in South Africa: political, social, and cultural history, 268–277. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Singler, John V
    2006 The sociohistorical context of creole genesis. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John V. Singler (eds.), The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 332–358. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Stals, Ernst L. P
    2009Môrewind oor die Karasberge. ’n Kultuurhistoriese verkenning van die Karasstreek van die laat negentiende eeu. Pretoria: Protea.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Stell, Gerald
    2011Language and ethnicity: Grammar and code-switching in the Afrikaans speech community. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Steyn, Jacob C
    1980Tuiste in eie taal. Die behoud en bestaan van Afrikaans. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Uys, Mariette D
    1983Die vernederlandsing van Afrikaans. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Pretoria.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Valkhoff, Marius F
    1966Studies in Portuguese and Creole, with special reference to South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Widmer, Isabelle
    2005La Réunion et Maurice. Parcours de deux îles australes des origines au XXè siècle. Paris: INED.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Wielligh, Gideon R. von
    1925Ons geselstaal. ’n Oorsig van gewestelike spraak soos Afrikaans gepraat word. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Worden, Nigel , Elizabeth van Leyningen & Vivian Bickford-Smith
    1998Cape Town: The making of a city. Cape Town: Phillip.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Worden, Nigel
    1985Slavery in Dutch South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.04ste
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.04ste
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error