1887
Volume 6, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2215-1931
  • E-ISSN: 2215-194X
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This paper describes the features that set adult Indigenous language learning apart from other types second language learning, examining in particular the role that unique teaching and learning contexts might play in the acquisition of pronunciation. As a case study, the pronunciation of SENĆOŦEN (Coast Salish) /t’/ is compared across four groups of speakers, including two groups of adult learners. Acoustic analysis shows that /t’/, described as a weak ejective in previous work, is now consistently realized as a strong ejective, especially among learners and teachers. These findings are discussed with reference to factors relevant to language learning and teaching in general, as well as to ones relevant to Indigenous language learning and teaching in particular.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.17042.bir
2020-02-11
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Babel, M.
    (2009) The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute. InJ. Stanford & R. Preston (Eds.), Variation in indigenous minority languages (pp.23–46). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. 10.1075/impact.25.03bab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.25.03bab [Google Scholar]
  2. Bashan, C., & Fathman, A.
    (2008) The latent speaker: Attaining adult fluency in an endangered language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(5), 577–597. 10.1080/13670050802149192
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802149192 [Google Scholar]
  3. Best, C.
    (1994) The emergence of native-language phonological influences in infants: A perceptual assimilation model. InJ. Goodman & H. Nusbaum (Eds.), The development of speech perception: The transition from speech sounds to spoken words (pp.167–224). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bird, S.
    (2016) A phonetic study of the “K sounds” across generations of SENĆOŦEN speakers. UBCWPL 42: Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages (ICSNL), 19–36.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bird, S., Gerdts, D., & Leonard, J.
    (2016) The realization of obstruents across speakers of Hul’q’umi’num’. Canadian Acoustics, 44(3), 134–135.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bird, S., & Kell, S.
    (2017) The role of pronunciation in SENĆOŦEN language revitalization. Canadian Modern Language Review, 73(4): 538–569. 10.3138/cmlr.4060
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.4060 [Google Scholar]
  7. Blevins, J.
    (2004) Evolutionary Phonology: the emergence of sound patterns. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486357
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486357 [Google Scholar]
  8. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D.
    (2018) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 6.0.43)www.praat.org/
  9. Czaykowska-Higgins, E.
    (2009) Research models, community engagement, and linguistic fieldwork: Reflections on working within Canadian Indigenous communities. Language Documentation and Conservation, 3(1), 15–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Derwing, T., & Munro, M.
    (2009) Putting accent in its place: Rethinking obstacles to communication. Language Teaching, 42(4), 476–490. 10.1017/S026144480800551X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480800551X [Google Scholar]
  11. Dorian, N.
    (1994) Purism vs. compromise in language revitalization and language revival. Language in Society, 231, 479–494. 10.1017/S0047404500018169
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500018169 [Google Scholar]
  12. Dunlop, B., Gessner, S., Herbert, T., Parker, A.
    (2018) Report on the status of B.C. First Nations languages (3rd ed). Brentwood Bay, Canada: First Peoples’ Cultural Council.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Eckman, F., Iverson, G., & Song, J.
    (2013) The role of hypercorrection in the acquisition of L2 phonemic contrasts. Second Language Research291, 257–283. 10.1177/0267658312467029
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658312467029 [Google Scholar]
  14. Elliott, D. Sr.
    (1990) Saltwater people. Saanich, Canada: School District631.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fitzgerald, C., & Hinson, J.
    (2015) “Using listening workshops to integrate phonology into language revitalization: Learner training in Chickasaw pronunciation.” Presentation given at the4th International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation, Honolulu HI.
  16. Flege, J. E.
    (2003) Assessing constraints on second-language segmental production and perception. InA. Meyer & N. Schiller (Eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: differences and similarities (pp.319–345). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110895094.319
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110895094.319 [Google Scholar]
  17. Flege, J. E., Schirru, C., & MacKay, I. R. A.
    (2003) Interaction between the native and second language phonetic subsystems. Speech Communication401, 467–491. 10.1016/S0167‑6393(02)00128‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00128-0 [Google Scholar]
  18. Flemming, E., Ladefoged, P., & Thomason, S.
    (2008) Phonetic structures of Montana Salish. Journal of Phonetics, 361, 465–491. 10.1016/j.wocn.2007.10.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2007.10.002 [Google Scholar]
  19. Gatbonton, E., Trofimovich, P., & Segalowitz, N.
    (2011) Ethnic group affiliation and patterns of development of a phonological variable. The Modern Language Journal, 95(2), 188–204. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2011.01177.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01177.x [Google Scholar]
  20. Gerdts, D. B.
    (2010) Beyond expertise. The role of the linguist in language revitalization programs. InL. Grenoble & L. Furbee (Eds.), Language documentation practice and values (pp.173–192). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.158.18ger
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.158.18ger [Google Scholar]
  21. Ham, S.
    (2008) Tsilhqut’in Ejectives: A Descriptive Phonetic Study. Masters Thesis, University of Victoria.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Haynes, E.
    (2010) Phonetic and phonological acquisition in Endangered Languages Learned by adults: A case study of Numu (Oregon Northern Paiute). PhD Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Herrick, D., Berardo, M., Feeling, D., Hirata-Edds, T., & Peter, L.
    (2015) Collaborative Documentation and Revitalization of Cherokee Tone. Language Documentation & Conservation, 91, 12–31.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hinton, L.
    (2002) How to keep your language alive: A commonsense approach to one-on-one language learning (with Matt Vera, Nancy Steele, and the Advocates for Indigenous Language Survival). Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. (Original work published 1959)
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Iverson, P., Kuhl, P. K., Akahane-Yamada, R., Diesch, E., Tohkura, Y., Kettermann, A., & Siebert, C.
    (2003) A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes. Cognition, 87(1), B47–B57. 10.1016/S0010‑0277(02)00198‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00198-1 [Google Scholar]
  26. King, J.
    (2001) Te Kōhanga Reo: Māori language revitalization. InL. Hinton and K. Hale (Eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization (pp.119–128). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 10.1163/9789004261723_012
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261723_012 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2009) Language is Life: The Worldview of Second Language Speakers of Maori. InL. Lockard (Ed.), Indignenous language revitalization: Encouragement, guidance, and lessons learned (pp.97–108). Flagstaff AZ: Northern Arizona University.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. King, J., Harlow, R., Watson, C., Keegan, P., & MacLagan, M.
    (2009) Changing pronunciation of the Maori language: Implications for revitalization. InJ. Reyhner & L. Lockard (Eds.), Indigenous language revitalization: Encouragement, guidance & lessons learned (pp.85–96). Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kingston, J.
    (1985) The phonetics and phonology of the timing of oral and glottal events. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Krashen, S. D.
    (1982) Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Lee, J., Jang, J., & Plonsky, L.
    (2015) The effectively of second language pronunciation instruction: A meta-analysis. Applied Linguistics, 36(1), 345–366. 10.1093/applin/amu040
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu040 [Google Scholar]
  32. Lindau, M.
    (1984) Phonetic differences in glottalic consonants. Journal of Phonetics, 121, 147–155. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30861‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30861-7 [Google Scholar]
  33. Marti, R., Adreeva, B., & Barry, W.
    (2009) Korpora bedrohter Sprachen asl eierlegende Wollmilchsau? Bas Beispiel GENIE. Linguistik online, 39(3/09), 137–148.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. McDonough, J., Whalen, D. H.
    (2008) Editorial: The phonetics of native North American languages. Journal of Phonetics, 361, 423–426. 10.1016/j.wocn.2008.06.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2008.06.001 [Google Scholar]
  35. McIvor, O.
    (2015) Chapter 4: Adult Indigenous language learning in Western Canada: What is holding us back?InK. Michel, P. Walton, E. Bourassa, & J. Miller (Eds.), Living Our Languages: Papers from the 19th Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium (pp.37–49). Ronkonkoma, NY: Linus Learning.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Montler, T.
    (1986) An outline of the morphology and phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Working Papers in Linguistics 4.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. (2018) SENĆOŦEN: A Dictionary of the Saanich Language. Tsartlip, BC: W̱SÁNEĆ School Board.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Morgan, J.
    (2017) The Learner Varieties of the Chikasha Academy: Chickasaw Adult Language Acquisition, Change, and Revitalization. PhD Dissertation, University of Oklahoma.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Nance, C., & Stuart-Smith, J.
    (2013) Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43(2), 129–152. 10.1017/S0025100313000042
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100313000042 [Google Scholar]
  40. Nance, C., McLeod, W., O’Rourke, B., & Dunmore, S.
    (2016) Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers’ use of phonetic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics20(2): 164–191. 10.1111/josl.12173
    https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12173 [Google Scholar]
  41. Ohala, J.
    (1981) The listener as a source of sound change. InC. S. Masek, R. A. Hendrick & M. F. Miller (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on language and behaviour (pp.178–203). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Olson, D. J.
    (2014) Benefits of visual feedback on segmental production in the L2 classroom. Language Learning and Technology, 18(3), 173–192.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Oster, R., Grier, A., Lightning, R., Mayan, M., & Toth, E.
    (2014) Cultural continuity, traditional Indigenous language, and diabetes in Alberta First Nations: a mixed methods study. International Journal for Equity in Health. Retrieved fromhttps://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-014-0092-4. 10.1186/s12939‑014‑0092‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0092-4 [Google Scholar]
  44. PENÁĆ G.D. Underwood
    PENÁĆ G.D. Underwood (2017) SX̱ENIEṈ YEW̱ ȻNEs I, TW̱E SENĆOŦEN? How is it that I have come to speak SENĆOŦEN?: My Reflections on Learning and Speaking SENĆOŦEN. Masters project, University of Victoria.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Percival, M.
    (2019) Contextual variation in the acoustics of Hul’q’umi’num’ ejective stops. InCalhoun, S., Escudero, P., Tabain, M., & Warrne, P. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Melbourne, Australia 2019 (pp.3270–3274). Canberra, Australia: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. R Core Team
    R Core Team 2018R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. www.R-project.org/
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Ratima, M., & May, S.
    (2011) A Review of Indigenous Second Language Acquisition: Factors leading to proficiency in te reo Māori (the Māori language). MAI Review 2011(1), 1–21.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Rindal, U.
    (2010) Constructing identity with L2: Pronunciation and attitudes among Norwegian learners of English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 14 (2), 240–261. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2010.00442.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00442.x [Google Scholar]
  49. Ryan, E. B.
    (1983) Social psychological mechanisms underlying native speaker reactions to nonnative speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 51, 148–159. 10.1017/S0272263100004824
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004824 [Google Scholar]
  50. Saito, K., & van Poeteren, K.
    (2012) Pronunciation-specific adjustment strategies for intelligibility in L2 teacher talk: results and implications of a questionnaire study. Language Awareness, 21(4), 369–385. 10.1080/09658416.2011.643891
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2011.643891 [Google Scholar]
  51. Speas, M.
    (2009) Someone Else’s Language: On the Role of Linguists in Language Revitalization. InJ. A. Reyhner & L. Lockard (Eds.), Indigenous Language Revitalization: Encouragement, Guidance & Lessons Learned. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Uther, M., Knoll, M. A., & Burnham, D.
    (2006) Do you speak E-NG-L-I-SH? A comparison of foreigner- and infant-directed speech. Speech Communication, 491, 2–7. 10.1016/j.specom.2006.10.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2006.10.003 [Google Scholar]
  53. Thomson, R., & Derwing, T.
    (2015) The effectively of L2 pronunciation instruction: A narrative review. Applied Linguistics, 36(3), 326–344. 10.1093/applin/amu076
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu076 [Google Scholar]
  54. Wagner, K. O. C., & Baker-Smemoe, W.
    (2013) An investigation of the production of ejectives by native (L1) and second (L2) language speakers of Q’eqchi’ Mayan. Journal of Phonetics, 411, 453–467. 10.1016/j.wocn.2013.08.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.08.002 [Google Scholar]
  55. Warner, N.
    (1996) Acoustic characteristics of ejectives in Ingush. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1525–1528.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Watson, C., Maclagan, M., King, J., Harlow, R., & Keegan, P.
    (2016) Sound change in Māori and the influence of New Zealand English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 46(2), 185–218. 10.1017/S0025100316000025
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000025 [Google Scholar]
  57. Werker, J. & Tees, R.
    (1984) Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 71, 49–63. 10.1016/S0163‑6383(84)80022‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3 [Google Scholar]
  58. Woolard, K.
    (1989) Language convergence and language death as as ocial process. InN. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating Obsolescence (pp.181–196). Cambridge: CUP. 10.1017/CBO9780511620997.028
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620997.028 [Google Scholar]
  59. Wright, R., Hargus, S., & Davis, K.
    (2002) On the categorization of ejectives: data from Witsuwit’en. Journal of the International Phonetic Association321, 43–77. 10.1017/S0025100302000142
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100302000142 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.17042.bir
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.17042.bir
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error