Individual variation in acquisition of voicing contrasts by classroom learners of French

References

1. Baker Smemoe, W., & Haslam, N.
   (2013) The effect of language learning aptitude, strategy use and learning context on L2 pronunciation learning. Applied Linguistics, 34(4), 435–456. doi:  10.1093/applin/ams066
   https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams066 [Google Scholar]
2. Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S.
   (2015) Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. doi:  10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
3. Birdsong, D.
   (2007) Nativelike pronunciation among late learners of French as a second language. InO.-S. Bohn & M. J. Munro (Eds.), Language Learning & Language Teaching (Vol.17, pp.99–116). John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:  10.1075/lllt.17.12bir
   https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.12bir [Google Scholar]
4. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D.
   (2018) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.0.37) [Computer program and manual]. www.praat.org/
   [Google Scholar]
5. Caramazza, A., & Yeni-Komshian, G. H.
   (1974) Voice onset time in two French dialects. Journal of Phonetics, 2(3), 239–245. doi:  10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)31274‑4
   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31274-4 [Google Scholar]
6. Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Zurif, E. B., & Carbone, E.
   (1973) The acquisition of a new phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54(2), 421–428. doi:  10.1121/1.1913594
   https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1913594 [Google Scholar]
7. Casillas, J. V.
   (2020) The longitudinal development of fine-phonetic detail: Stop production in a domestic immersion program. Language Learning, 70(3), 768–806. doi:  10.1111/lang.12392
   https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12392 [Google Scholar]
8. Davidson, L.
   (2018) Phonation and laryngeal specification in American English voiceless obstruents. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 48(3), 331–356. doi:  10.1017/S0025100317000330
   https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000330 [Google Scholar]
9. Deng, J., Holtby, A., Howden-Weaver, L., Nessim, L., Nicholas, B., Nickle, K., Pannekoek, C., Stephan, S., & Sun, M.
   (2009) English pronunciation research: The neglected orphan of Utopian Goals. Prairie Metropolis Centre Working Paper Series, WP05-09, Edmonton, AB.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J.
    (2013) The development of L2 oral language skills in two L1 groups: A 7-year study. Language Learning, 63(2), 163–185. doi:  10.1111/lang.12000
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12000 [Google Scholar]
11. Dewaele, J.-M., & Furnham, A.
    (2000) Personality and speech production: A pilot study of second language learners. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 355–365. doi:  10.1016/S0191‑8869(99)00106‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00106-3 [Google Scholar]
12. Duanmu, S.
    (2007) The phonology of standard Chinese. OUP Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Escudero, P.
    (2009) Linguistic perception of “similar” L2 sounds. InP. Boersma & S. Hamann (Eds.), Phonology in perception (pp.151–190). Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Escudero, P., & Boersma, P.
    (2004) Bridging the gap between L2 speech perception research and phonological theory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(04). doi:  10.1017/S0272263104040021
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104040021 [Google Scholar]
15. Flege, J.
    (1987) The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65. doi:  10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30537‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30537-6 [Google Scholar]
16. Flege, J.
    (1991) Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice-onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(1), 395–411. doi:  10.1121/1.400473
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400473 [Google Scholar]
17. Flege, J.
    (1995) Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. InW. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp.233–277). York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Flege, J., & Bohn, O.-S.
    (2021) The revised speech learning model (SLM-r). InR. Wayland (Ed.), Second Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress (pp.3–83). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108886901.002
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.002 [Google Scholar]
19. Flege, J., Munro, M. J., & Mackay, I. R. A.
    (1995) Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16(1), 1–26. doi:  10.1016/0167‑6393(94)00044‑B
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-B [Google Scholar]
20. Flege, J., & Eefting, W.
    (1987a) Cross-language switching in stop consonant perception and production by Dutch speakers of English. Speech Communication, 6(3), 185–202. doi:  10.1016/0167‑6393(87)90025‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(87)90025-2 [Google Scholar]
21. Flege, J., & Eefting, W.
    (1987b) Production and perception of English stops by native Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 67–83. doi:  10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30538‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30538-8 [Google Scholar]
22. Flege, J., & Hillenbrand, J.
    (1984) Limits on phonetic accuracy in foreign language speech production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76(3), 708–721. doi:  10.1121/1.391257
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.391257 [Google Scholar]
23. Gabriel, C., Kupisch, T., & Seoudy, J.
    (2016) VOT in French as a foreign language: A production and perception study with mono-and multilingual learners (German/Mandarin-Chinese). SHS Web of Conferences, 27, 09002. 10.1051/shsconf/20162709002
    https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162709002 [Google Scholar]
24. González López, V., & Counselman, D.
    (2013) L2 acquisition and category formation of Spanish voiceless stops by monolingual English novice learners. InJ. Cabrelli Amaro, G. Lord, A. de Prada Perez, & J. E. Aaron (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 16th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp.118–127). Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Gonzalez-Bueno, M.
    (1997) Voice-onset-time in the perception of foreign accent by native listeners of Spanish. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 34(4), 251–262. doi:  10.1515/iral.1997.35.4.251
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1997.35.4.251 [Google Scholar]
26. Holliday, J. J.
    (2015) A longitudinal study of the second language acquisition of a three-way stop contrast. Journal of Phonetics, 50, 1–14. doi:  10.1016/j.wocn.2015.01.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.01.004 [Google Scholar]
27. Huffman, M. K., & Schuhmann, K. S.
    (2015) Effect of early L2 learning on L1 stop voicing. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 169 ASA, 23(1), 060007. doi:  10.1121/2.0000168
    https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000168 [Google Scholar]
28. Iverson, G. K., & Salmons, J. C.
    (2003) Laryngeal enhancement in early Germanic. Phonology, 20(1), 43–74. doi:  10.1017/S0952675703004469
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675703004469 [Google Scholar]
29. Krashen, S. D.
    (1985) The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Lin, Y.-H.
    (2007) The Sounds of Chinese with Audio CD (Vol.1). Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S.
    (1964) A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20(3), 384–422. doi:  10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830 [Google Scholar]
32. Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S.
    (1967) Some effects of context on voice onset time in English stops. Language and Speech, 10(1), 1–28. doi:  10.1177/002383096701000101
    https://doi.org/10.1177/002383096701000101 [Google Scholar]
33. Lord, G.
    (2008) Second language acquisition and first language phonological modification. InJ. B. de Garavito & E. Valenzuela (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 10th hispanic linguistics symposium (pp.184–193). Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Louër, D.
    (forthcoming). VOT of French in contact with English: A comparative study of bilingual speakers in southwestern Ontario. Proceedings of LACUS Forum46, 10.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Maddieson, I., & Ladefoged, P.
    (1996) The sounds of the world’s languages. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Nagle, C. L.
    (2017) A longitudinal study of voice onset time development in L2 Spanish stops. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 86–107. doi:  10.1093/applin/amx011
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx011 [Google Scholar]
37. Netelenbos, N., Li, F., & Rosen, N.
    (2016) Stop consonant production of French immersion students in Western Canada: A study of voice onset time. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20(3), 346–357. doi:  10.1177/1367006914564566
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006914564566 [Google Scholar]
38. New, B., Pallier, C., Ferrand, L., & Matos, R.
    (2001) A lexical database for contemporary French: LEXIQUE. L’année Psychologique, 101(3), 447–462. 10.3406/psy.2001.1341
    https://doi.org/10.3406/psy.2001.1341 [Google Scholar]
39. Offerman, H. M., & Olson, D. J.
    (2016) Visual feedback and second language segmental production: The generalizability of pronunciation gains. System, 59, 45–60. doi:  10.1016/j.system.2016.03.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.03.003 [Google Scholar]
40. Olson, D. J.
    (2014) Phonetics and technology in the classroom: A practical approach to using speech analysis software in second-language pronunciation instruction. Hispania, 97(1), 47–68. JSTOR. doi:  10.1353/hpn.2014.0030
    https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2014.0030 [Google Scholar]
41. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
    [Google Scholar]
42. Reeder, J. T.
    (1998) English speakers’ acquisition of voiceless stops and trills in L2 Spanish. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 3(3), 101–118.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A.
    (2002) E-Prime: User’s guide. Psychology Software Incorporated.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Schoonmaker-Gates, E.
    (2015) On voice-onset time as a cue to foreign accent in spanish: Native and nonnative perceptions. Hispania, 98(4), 779–791. JSTOR. doi:  10.1353/hpn.2015.0110
    https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2015.0110 [Google Scholar]
45. Schuhmann, K., & Huffman, M. K.
    (2015) L1 drift and L2 category formation in second language learning. Inthe Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Schuhmann, K. S., & Huffman, M. K.
    (2019) Development of L2 Spanish VOT before and after a brief pronunciation training session. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 5(3), 402–434. doi:  10.1075/jslp.18018.sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.18018.sch [Google Scholar]
47. Shultz, A. A., Francis, A. L., & Llanos, F.
    (2012) Differential cue weighting in perception and production of consonant voicing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(2), EL95–EL101. doi:  10.1121/1.4736711
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4736711 [Google Scholar]
48. Washington University Speech and Hearing Lab Neighborhood Database
    Washington University Speech and Hearing Lab Neighborhood Database (2002) 128.252.27.56/Neighborhood/SearchHome.asp
49. Yang, Y., Chen, X., & Xiao, Q.
    (2020) Cross-linguistic similarity in L2 speech learning: Evidence from the acquisition of Russian stop contrasts by Mandarin speakers. Second Language Research, 026765831990091. doi:  10.1177/0267658319900919
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319900919 [Google Scholar]
50. Zampini, M. L.
    (1998) The relationship between the production and perception of Spanish stops. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 85–100.
    [Google Scholar]