1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation
  4. Online First Articles
  5. Online First Article
image of Production of American English consonants /v/ and /w/ by Hindi speakers of English
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Previous research revealed that Hindi speakers identify American English (AE) phonemes /v/ and /w/ with only chance accuracy. Building on these findings, this study explored the production of AE /v/ and /w/ by Hindi speakers, utilizing both acoustic analysis of second formant (F2) onset and AE listeners’ ratings. Participants included two groups of Hindi-English bilinguals, one residing in the US for more than 5 years, one residing in India, and a group of monolingual AE speakers. Results indicated significant differences in F2 onset between AE speakers and Hindi groups, with AE speakers differentiating the consonants more than the Hindi speakers did. The F2 onset of the Hindi speakers who had resided in the US differed from the F2 onsets produced by those with no AE immersion experience in certain conditions only. AE listeners rated only a few productions from Hindi speakers as accurate representations of AE /v/ and /w/. AE /v/-/w/ is difficult for Hindi speakers to produce contrastively, even for those who have resided in the US for several years.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
2025-06-10
2025-06-14

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M.
    (2008) Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005 [Google Scholar]
  2. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J.
    (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bassetti, B., Mairano, P., Masterson, J., & Cerni, T.
    (2020, online first). Effects of Orthographic Forms on Second Language Speech Production and Phonological Awareness, With Consideration of Speaker-Level Predictors. Language Learning. 10.1111/lang.12423
     https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12423 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S.
    (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, (), –. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
  5. Boersma, P.
    (2001) Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International(), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Buschfeld, S., Hoffman, T., Huber, M., & Kautzsch, A.
    (Eds.) (2014) The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/veaw.g49
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g49 [Google Scholar]
  7. Flege, J. E.
    (1991) Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.400473
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400473 [Google Scholar]
  8. (1995) Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. InW. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and language experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. –). Baltimore, MD: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O. S.
    (2021) The Revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r). InR. Wayland (Ed.), Second language speech learning: theoretical and empirical progress (pp. –). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108886901.002
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.002 [Google Scholar]
  10. Franklin, A. D., Oksanen, K. A., & Gilfert, K. E.
    (2016) Goodness and Accentedness Ratings of /hVt/ Tokens by Aware and Naive Listeners. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, (), –. 10.1044/2016_AJSLP‑15‑0106
     https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-15-0106 [Google Scholar]
  11. Fuchs, R.
    (2019) Almost [w]anishing: The elusive /v/-/w/ contrast in Educated Indian English. InSasha Calhoun, Paola Escudero, Marija Tabain & Paul Warren (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019 (pp. –). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Grieser, D., & Kuhl, P. K.
    (1989) Categorization of speech by infants: Support for speech-sound prototypes. Developmental Psychology, (), . 10.1037/0012‑1649.25.4.577
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.577 [Google Scholar]
  13. Grover, V., Shafer, V. L., Campanelli, L., Whalen, D. H., & Levy, E. S.
    (2021) Perception of American English Consonants /v/ and /w/ by Hindi Speakers of English. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation. 10.1075/jslp.20033.gro
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.20033.gro [Google Scholar]
  14. Hao, Y. C., & de Jong, K. J.
    (2016) Imitation of second language sounds in relation to L2 perception and production. Journal of Phonetics, , –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2015.10.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.10.003 [Google Scholar]
  15. Hisagi, M., Garrido-Nag, K., Datta, H., & Shafer, V. L.
    (2015) ERP indices of vowel processing in Spanish–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language & Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S1366728914000170
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000170 [Google Scholar]
  16. Iverson, P., Ekanayake, D., Hamann, S., Sennema, A., & Evans, B. G.
    (2008) Category and perceptual interference in second-language phoneme learning: An examination of English /w/-/v/ learning by Sinhala, German, and Dutch speakers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, (), –. 10.1037/0096‑1523.34.5.1305
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.5.1305 [Google Scholar]
  17. Iverson, P., Wagner, A., Pinet, M., & Rosen, S.
    (2011) Cross-language specialization in phonetic processing: English and Hindi perception of /w/-/v/ speech and nonspeech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.3632048
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3632048 [Google Scholar]
  18. Jia, G., Strange, W., Wu, Y., Collado, J., & Guan, Q.
    (2006) Perception and production of English vowels by Mandarin speakers: Age-related differences vary with amount of L2 exposure. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, , –. 10.1121/1.2151806
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2151806 [Google Scholar]
  19. Lenth, R., Love, J., & Herve, M.
    (2018) emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (Version 1.1). Retrieved fromhttps://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
  20. Levy, E. S.
    (2009) Language experience and consonantal context effects on perceptual assimilation of French vowels by American-English learners of French. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.3050256
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3050256 [Google Scholar]
  21. Levy, E. S., & Law, F. F.
    (2010) Production of French vowels by American-English learners of French: language experience, consonantal context, and the perception-production relationship. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, , –. 10.1121/1.3466879
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3466879 [Google Scholar]
  22. Levy, E. S., & Strange, W.
    (2008) Perception of French vowels by American English adults with and without French language experience. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2007.03.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2007.03.001 [Google Scholar]
  23. MacKay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E.
    (2004) Effects of the age of second language learning on the duration of first and second language sentences: The role of suppression. Applied Psycholinguistics, (), –. 10.1017/S0142716404001171
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716404001171 [Google Scholar]
  24. Mairano, P., Bassetti, B., Sokolovic-Perovic, M. & Cerni, T.
    (2018) Effects of L1 orthography and L1 phonology on L2 English pronunciation. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée, (), –. ISSN1386-1204. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77792/. 10.3917/rfla.231.0045
     https://doi.org/10.3917/rfla.231.0045 [Google Scholar]
  25. Melchers, G., Shaw, P., & Sundkvist, P.
    (2019) World Englishes (3rd ed.) Routledge. 10.4324/9781351042581
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351042581 [Google Scholar]
  26. Mora, J. C.
    (2005) Lexical knowledge effects on the discrimination of non-native phonemic contrasts in words and nonwords by Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English. InHazan, V. and Iverson, P. (eds) Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Plasticity in Speech Perception (pp. –). London: Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Mora, J. C., Ortega, M., Mora-Plaza, I. & Aliaga-García, C.
    (2022) Training the pronunciation of L2 vowels under different conditions: the use of non-lexical materials and masking noise. Phonetica, (), –. 10.1515/phon‑2022‑2018
     https://doi.org/10.1515/phon-2022-2018 [Google Scholar]
  28. Ohala, M.
    (1999) Hindi. InHandbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (pp. 100–103). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Piske, T., MacKay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E.
    (2001) Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1006/jpho.2001.0134
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0134 [Google Scholar]
  30. Psychology Software Tools, Inc. [E-Prime 2.0.10.248]
    Psychology Software Tools, Inc. [E-Prime 2.0.10.248] (2015) Retrieved fromwww.pstnet.com
  31. Rato, A., & Carlet, A.
    (2020) Second language perception of English vowels by Portuguese learners: The effect of stimulus type. Ilha Desterro, (), –. 10.5007/2175‑8026.2020v73n3p205
     https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2020v73n3p205 [Google Scholar]
  32. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.2.2). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved fromwww.R-project.org/
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Sahgal, A., & Agnihotri, R.
    (1988) Indian English phonology: A sociolinguistic perspective. English World-Wide, (), –. 10.1075/eww.9.1.04sah
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.1.04sah [Google Scholar]
  34. Schouten, M. E. H.
    (1977) Imitation of synthetic vowels by bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, , –. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)31141‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31141-6 [Google Scholar]
  35. Shafer, V. L.
    (2024) The Automatic Selective Perception Model. In: Amengual, M.ed.The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology.: Vol. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. 10.1017/9781009105767.010
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009105767.010 [Google Scholar]
  36. Shinohara, Y.
    (2021) Audiovisual English /r/-/l/ Identification Training for Japanese-Speaking Adults and Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, (), –. 10.1044/2021_JSLHR‑20‑00506
     https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-20-00506 [Google Scholar]
  37. Sirsa, H., & Redford, M. A.
    (2013) The effects of native language on Indian English sounds and timing patterns. Journal of phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2013.07.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.07.004 [Google Scholar]
  38. Strange, W.
    (2011) Automatic selective perception (ASP) of first and second language speech: A working model. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.001 [Google Scholar]
  39. Strange, W., & Dittmann, S.
    (1984) Effects of discrimination training on the perception of /r-l/ by Japanese adults learning English. Perception & Psychophysics, , –. 10.3758/BF03202673
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202673 [Google Scholar]
  40. United States Census Bureau
    United States Census Bureau (2021) Detailed languages spoken at home and ability to speak English for the population 5 years. [Data File]. Retrieved fromhttps://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2021.B16001
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
Loading
Production of American English consonants /v/ and /w/ by Hindi speakers of English
John Benjamins ; https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24031.gro
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: speech production ; second language ; length of residence ; goodness rating ; Hindi

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error