1887
image of Linguistic dimensions of comprehensibility and perceived fluency in L2 speech across tasks of varying
complexity
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of task complexity on the linguistic dimensions of comprehensibility and perceived fluency in L2 Japanese. 36 Chinese-speaking learners of Japanese performed two argumentative speech tasks with differing levels of complexity. These audio samples were judged by eight experienced native raters of Japanese for comprehensibility and perceived fluency and then analyzed in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The results showed that linguistic correlates of comprehensibility exhibit a task-specific effect, with additional linguistic dimensions (e.g., syntactic density, explicit grammatical marking) becoming increasingly relevant as task complexity rises. In contrast, perceived fluency also undergoes a task-specific shift but differently: rather than expanding the set of predictors, it changes the nature of primary cues, placing greater emphasis on syntactic sophistication alongside (but not replacing) temporal aspects. Findings underscore the unique role of Japanese linguistic system in shaping listeners’ judgments of L2 Japanese.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24057.lu
2025-05-13
2025-06-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Baese-Berk, M. M., McLaughlin, D. J., & McGowan, K. B.
    (2020) Perception of non-native speech. Language and Linguistics Compass, (), . 10.1111/lnc3.12375
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12375 [Google Scholar]
  2. Bartoń, K.
    (2024) MuMIn: Multi-model inference (Version 1.48.4) [Computer software]. CRAN. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S.
    (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, (), –. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
    https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bergeron, A., & Trofimovich, P.
    (2017) Linguistic dimensions of accentedness and comprehensibility: Exploring task and listener effects in second language French. Foreign Language Annals, (), –. 10.1111/flan.12285
    https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12285 [Google Scholar]
  5. Boersma, P.
    (2001) Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bosker, H. R., Pinget, A.-F., Quené, H., Sanders, T., & de Jong, N. H.
    (2013) What makes speech sound fluent? The contributions of pauses, speed and repairs. Language Testing, (), –. 10.1177/0265532212455394
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532212455394 [Google Scholar]
  7. Brünken, R., Steinbacher, S., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D.
    (2002) Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning using dual-task methodology. Experimental Psychology, , –. 10.1027//1618‑3169.49.2.109
    https://doi.org/10.1027//1618-3169.49.2.109 [Google Scholar]
  8. Crowther, D., Trofimovich, P., Isaacs, T., & Saito, K.
    (2015) Does a speaking task affect second language comprehensibility?The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12185
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12185 [Google Scholar]
  9. Crowther, D., Trofimovich, P., Saito, K., & Isaacs, T.
    (2018) Linguistic dimensions of L2 accentedness and comprehensibility vary across speaking tasks. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1017/S027226311700016X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226311700016X [Google Scholar]
  10. Cucchiarini, C., Strik, H., & Boves, L.
    (2002) Quantitative assessment of second language learners’ fluency: Comparisons between read and spontaneous speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, , –. 10.1121/1.1471894
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1471894 [Google Scholar]
  11. Cutler, A., & Otake, T.
    (1999) Pitch accent in spoken-word recognition in Japanese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.426724
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426724 [Google Scholar]
  12. de Jong, N. H., & Wempe, T.
    (2009) Praat script to detect syllable nuclei and measure speech rate automatically. Behavior Research Methods, , –. 10.3758/BRM.41.2.385
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.385 [Google Scholar]
  13. Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J.
    (2009) Putting accent in its place: Rethinking obstacles to communication. Language Teaching, (), –. 10.1017/S026144480800551X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480800551X [Google Scholar]
  14. (2015) Pronunciation fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research. John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.42
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.42 [Google Scholar]
  15. Fayer, J. M., & Krasinski, E.
    (1987) Native and nonnative judgments of intelligibility and irritation. Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1987.tb00573.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1987.tb00573.x [Google Scholar]
  16. Foster, P., Tonkyn, A., & Wigglesworth, G.
    (2000) Measuring spoken language: A unit for all reasons. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/21.3.354
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.3.354 [Google Scholar]
  17. Fukuta, J., & Yamashita, J.
    (2015) Effects of cognitive demands on attention orientation in L2 oral production. System, , –. 10.1016/j.system.2015.06.010
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2015.06.010 [Google Scholar]
  18. Fullana, N., Mora-Plaza, I., Mora, J. C., Adrian, M., & Sosa-López, G.
    (2024) Task complexity effects on L2 speech rhythm in spontaneous speech production. Second Language Research. 10.1177/02676583241281676
    https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583241281676 [Google Scholar]
  19. Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J.
    (2016) simr: An R package for power analysis of generalised linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, (), –. 10.1111/2041‑210X.12504
    https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12504 [Google Scholar]
  20. Hahn, L. D.
    (2004) Primary stress and intelligibility: Research to motivate the teaching of suprasegmentals. TESOL Quarterly, (), –. 10.2307/3588378
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3588378 [Google Scholar]
  21. Huensch, A., & Nagle, C.
    (2021) The effect of speaker proficiency on intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish: A conceptual replication and extension of Munro and Derwing (1995a). Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/lang.12451
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12451 [Google Scholar]
  22. Hunt, K. W.
    (1965) Grammatical structures written at three grade levels (Research Report No. 3). National Council of Teachers of English.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ishida, M., & Kudo, T.
    (2022) RMeCab: Interface to MeCab (Version 1.10) [Computer software]. CRAN. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RMeCab/
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Isaacs, T., & Trofimovich, P.
    (2012) Deconstructing comprehensibility: Identifying the linguistic influences on listeners’ L2 comprehensibility ratings. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, , –. 10.1017/S0272263112000150
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000150 [Google Scholar]
  25. Kang, O., Rubin, D., & Pickering, L.
    (2010) Suprasegmental measures of accentedness and judgments of language learner proficiency in oral English. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2010.01091.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01091.x [Google Scholar]
  26. Kobayashi, N.
    (2015) SPOT (simple performance-oriented test). InJ. H. Lee (Ed.), Nihongo kyoiku no tame no gengo tesuto gaidobukku [A Language Test Guidebook for Japanese Language Education] (pp.–). Kurosio Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kubozono, H.
    (2012) Varieties of pitch accent systems in Japanese. Lingua, (), –. 10.1016/j.lingua.2012.08.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  28. Kudo, T., Yamamoto, K., & Matsumoto, Y.
    (2004) Applying conditional random fields to Japanese morphological analysis. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Lee, J.
    (2019) Task complexity, cognitive load, and L1 speech. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/amx054
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx054 [Google Scholar]
  30. Lennon, P.
    (1990) Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning, , –. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1990.tb00669.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00669.x [Google Scholar]
  31. (2000) The lexical element in spoken second language fluency. InH. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp.–). University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Makino, S., & Tsutsui, M.
    (1986) A dictionary of basic Japanese grammar. The Japan Times.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Michel, M. C.
    (2011) Effects of task complexity and interaction on L2 performance. InP. Robinson (Ed.), Second language task complexity: Researching the cognition hypothesis of language learning and performance (pp.–). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/tblt.2.12ch6
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.2.12ch6 [Google Scholar]
  34. Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M.
    (1995) Processing time, accent, and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign-accented speech. Language and Speech, (), –. 10.1177/002383099503800305
    https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099503800305 [Google Scholar]
  35. (1999) Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/0023‑8333.49.s1.8
    https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.49.s1.8 [Google Scholar]
  36. (2006) The functional load principle in ESL pronunciation instruction: An exploratory study. System, (), –. 10.1016/j.system.2006.09.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.09.004 [Google Scholar]
  37. Nakagawa, N.
    (2020) Information structure in spoken Japanese. Language Science Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Nishizawa, H., Isbell, D. R., & Suzuki, Y.
    (2022) Review of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test. Language Testing, (), –. 10.1177/02655322221080898
    https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322221080898 [Google Scholar]
  39. Paas, F., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Adam, J. J.
    (1994) Measurement of cognitive load in instructional research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, (), –. 10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.419
    https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.419 [Google Scholar]
  40. Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., & Lindeløv, J. K.
    (2019) PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, (), –. 10.3758/s13428‑018‑01193‑y
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y [Google Scholar]
  41. Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L.
    (2014) How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/lang.12079
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12079 [Google Scholar]
  42. Plonsky, L., & Ghanbar, H.
    (2018) Multiple regression in L2 research: A methodological synthesis and guide to interpreting R2 values. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12509
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12509 [Google Scholar]
  43. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2023) R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Révész, A.
    (2014) Towards a fuller assessment of cognitive models of task-based learning: Investigating task-generated cognitive demands and processes. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/amt039
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt039 [Google Scholar]
  45. Robinson, P.
    (2001) Task complexity, task difficulty, and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/22.1.27
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.27 [Google Scholar]
  46. (2005) Cognitive complexity and task sequencing: Studies in a componential framework for second language task design. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, (), –. 10.1515/iral.2005.43.1.1
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.1.1 [Google Scholar]
  47. Saito, K., & Shintani, N.
    (2016) Do native speakers of North American and Singapore English differentially perceive comprehensibility in second language speech?TESOL Quarterly, , –. 10.1002/tesq.234
    https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.234 [Google Scholar]
  48. Saito, K., Trofimovich, P., & Isaacs, T.
    (2016) Second language speech production: Investigating linguistic correlates of comprehensibility and accentedness for learners at different ability levels. Applied Psycholinguistics, (), –. 10.1017/S0142716414000502
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716414000502 [Google Scholar]
  49. Saito, K., & Akiyama, Y.
    (2017) Linguistic correlates of comprehensibility in second language Japanese speech. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, (), –. 10.1075/jslp.3.2.02sai
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.3.2.02sai [Google Scholar]
  50. Saito, K., & Liu, Y.
    (2022) Roles of collocation in L2 oral proficiency revisited: Different tasks, L1 vs. L2 raters, and cross-sectional vs. longitudinal analyses. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658320988055
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320988055 [Google Scholar]
  51. Sakuragi, T.
    (2011) “Fukuzatsusa・seikakusa・ryuchosa” shihyo no kosei gainen datosei no kensho: Nihongo gakushusha no hatsuwa bunseki no baai [The Construct validity of the measures of complexity, accuracy, and fluency: Analyzing the Speaking Performance of Learners of Japanese]. JALT Journal, (), –. 10.37546/JALTJJ33.2‑3
    https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTJJ33.2-3 [Google Scholar]
  52. Sasayama, S.
    (2016) Is a ‘complex’ task really complex? Validating the assumption of cognitive task complexity. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12313
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12313 [Google Scholar]
  53. Sato, T.
    (2015) Neologism dictionary based on the language resources on the Web for Mecab [Computer software]. GitHub. https://github.com/neologd/mecab-ipadic-neologd
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Segalowitz, N.
    (2010) Cognitive bases of second language fluency. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203851357
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851357 [Google Scholar]
  55. Skehan, P.
    (2009) Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/amp047
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp047 [Google Scholar]
  56. Suzuki, S., & Kormos, J.
    (2020) Linguistic dimensions of comprehensibility and perceived fluency: An investigation of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language argumentative speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1017/S0272263119000421
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000421 [Google Scholar]
  57. Suzuki, S., Kormos, J., & Uchihara, T.
    (2021) The relationship between utterance and perceived fluency: A meta-analysis of correlational studies. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12706
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12706 [Google Scholar]
  58. Tavakoli, P., & Hunter, A.-M.
    (2018) Is fluency being “neglected” in the classroom? Teacher understanding of fluency and related classroom practices. Language Teaching Research, , –. 10.1177/1362168817708462
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817708462 [Google Scholar]
  59. Vandierendonck, A.
    (2017) A comparison of methods to combine speed and accuracy measures of performance: A rejoinder on the binning procedure. Behavior Research Methods, (), –. 10.3758/s13428‑016‑0721‑5
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0721-5 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24057.lu
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jslp.24057.lu
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error