The double phonemic boundary effect in L3 acquisition

References

1. Antoniou, M., Tyler, M. D., & Best, C. T.
   (2012) Two ways to listen: Do L2-dominant bilinguals perceive stop voicing according to language mode?Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2012.05.005
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2012.05.005 [Google Scholar]
2. Aoyama, K., & Flege, J. E.
   (2011) Effects of L2 experience on perception of English /r/ and /l/ by native Japanese speakers. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, (), –.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bardel, C., & Falk, Y.
   (2012) The L2 status factor and the declarative/procedural distinction. InJ. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, & J. Rothman (Eds.), Studies in bilingualism (Vol., pp.–). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/sibil.46.06bar
   https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.46.06bar [Google Scholar]
4. Birdsong, D.
   (2004) Second language acquisition and ultimate attainment. The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, –. 10.1002/9780470757000.ch3
   https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757000.ch3 [Google Scholar]
5. Birdsong, D.
   (2021) Analyzing variability in L2 ultimate attainment. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, (), –. 10.1075/lia.21001.bir
   https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.21001.bir [Google Scholar]
6. Bley-Vroman, R.
   (1990) The logical problem of foreign language learning. Linguistic Analysis, (), –.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Bohn, O.-S., & Flege, J. E.
   (1993) Perceptual switching in Spanish/English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)31339‑7
   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31339-7 [Google Scholar]
8. Canagarajah, S.
   (2007) Lingua franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, , –. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2007.00678.x
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x [Google Scholar]
9. Caramazza, A., & Yeni-Komshian, G. H.
   (1974) Voice onset time in two French dialects. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)31274‑4
   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31274-4 [Google Scholar]
10. Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G., & Zurif, E. B.
    (1974) Bilingual switching: The phonological level. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, (), –. 10.1037/h0081997
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081997 [Google Scholar]
11. Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Zurif, E. B., & Carbone, E.
    (1973) The acquisition of a new phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.1913594
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1913594 [Google Scholar]
12. Casillas, J. V.
    (2020) The Longitudinal Development of Fine-Phonetic Detail: Stop Production in a Domestic Immersion Program. Language Learning, : –. 10.1111/lang.12392
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12392 [Google Scholar]
13. Casillas, J. V., & Simonet, M.
    (2018) Perceptual categorization and bilingual language modes: Assessing the double phonemic boundary in early and late bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, , –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.002 [Google Scholar]
14. Christoffels, I. K., Kroll, J. F., & Bajo, M. T.
    (2013) Introduction to bilingualism and cognitive control. In Frontiers in psychology (Vol., p.). Frontiers Media SA. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00199
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00199 [Google Scholar]
15. Elman, J. L., Diehl, R. L., & Buchwald, S. E.
    (1977) Perceptual switching in bilinguals. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.381591
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381591 [Google Scholar]
16. Flege, J. E.
    (1987) The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30537‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30537-6 [Google Scholar]
17. Flege, J. E., & Eefting, W.
    (1987) Cross-language switching in stop consonant perception and production by Dutch speakers of English. Speech Communication, (), –. 10.1016/0167‑6393(87)90025‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(87)90025-2 [Google Scholar]
18. Flege, J. E., & Eefting, W.
    (1988) Imitation of a VOT continuum by native speakers of English and Spanish: Evidence for phonetic category formation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.396115
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.396115 [Google Scholar]
19. Foote, R.Third language acquisition and universal grammar
    (2009) Transfer in L3 acquisition: The role of typology. InY. I. Leung (Ed.), Third language acquisition and universal grammar. Multilingual Matters. 10.2307/jj.27710841.10
    https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.27710841.10 [Google Scholar]
20. García-Sierra, A., Diehl, R. L., & Champlin, C.
    (2009) Testing the double phonemic boundary in bilinguals. Speech Communication, (), –. 10.1016/j.specom.2008.11.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2008.11.005 [Google Scholar]
21. Garcı́a-Sierra, A., & Ramı́rez-Esparza, N.
    (2025) Neural mechanisms of bilingual speech perception: The role of the executive control network in managing competing phonological representations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, –.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Garcı́a-Sierra, A., Ramı́rez-Esparza, N., Silva-Pereyra, J., Siard, J., & Champlin, C. A.
    (2012) Assessing the double phonemic representation in bilingual speakers of Spanish and English: An electrophysiological study. Brain and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.008 [Google Scholar]
23. Garcı́a-Sierra, A., Schifano, E., Duncan, G. M., & Fish, M. S.
    (2021) An analysis of the perception of stop consonants in bilinguals and monolinguals in different phonetic contexts: A range-based language cueing approach. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, (), –. 10.3758/s13414‑020‑02183‑z
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02183-z [Google Scholar]
24. Gonzales, K., Byers-Heinlein, K., & Lotto, A. J.
    (2019) How bilinguals perceive speech depends on which language they think they’re hearing. Cognition, , –. 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.021
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.021 [Google Scholar]
25. Gonzales, K., & Lotto, A. J.
    (2013) A bafri , un pafri: Bilinguals’ pseudoword identifications support language-specific phonetic systems. Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1177/0956797613486485
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613486485 [Google Scholar]
26. Goto, H.
    (1971) Auditory perception by normal Japanese adults of the sounds “l” and “r.”. Neuropsychologia. 10.1016/0028‑3932(71)90027‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90027-3 [Google Scholar]
27. Grosjean, F.
    (1989) Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Brain and Language, (), –. 10.1016/0093‑934X(89)90048‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(89)90048-5 [Google Scholar]
28. Hazan, V. L., & Boulakia, G.
    (1993) Perception and production of a voicing contrast by French- English bilinguals. Language and Speech, (), –. 10.1177/002383099303600102
    https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099303600102 [Google Scholar]
29. Izura, C., Cuetos, F., & Brysbaert, M.
    (2016) Lexical test for advanced learners of Spanish. American Psychological Association. 10.1037/t47086‑000
    https://doi.org/10.1037/t47086-000 [Google Scholar]
30. Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M.
    (2012) Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid lexical test for advanced learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, (), –. 10.3758/s13428‑011‑0146‑0
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0 [Google Scholar]
31. Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M.
    (2016) Lexical test for advanced learners of English. American Psychological Association. 10.1037/t47085‑000
    https://doi.org/10.1037/t47085-000 [Google Scholar]
32. Li, P., Zhang, F., Yu, A., & Zhao, X.
    (2020) Language history questionnaire (LHQ3): An enhanced tool for assessing multilingual experience. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S1366728918001153
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001153 [Google Scholar]
33. Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S.
    (1964) A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. WORD, (), –. 10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830 [Google Scholar]
34. Lively, S. E., Logan, J. S., & Pisoni, D. B.
    (1993) Training japanese listeners to identify English/r/and/l/. II: The role of phonetic environment and talker variability in learning new perceptual categories. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.408177
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.408177 [Google Scholar]
35. Logan, J. S., Lively, S. E., & Pisoni, D. B.
    (1991) Training Japanese listeners to identify English /r/ and /l/: A first report. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.1894649
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1894649 [Google Scholar]
36. Lozano-Argüelles, C., Fernández Arroyo, L., Rodríguez, N., Durand López, E. M., Garrido Pozú, J. J., Markovits, J., Varela, J. P., Rocafiguera, N. de, & Casillas, J. V.
    (2020) CONCEPTUALLY CUED PERCEPTUAL CATEGORIZATION IN ADULT L2 LEARNERS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, –. 10.1017/S0272263120000273
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263120000273 [Google Scholar]
37. MacKain, K. S., Best, C. T., & Strange, W.
    (1981) Categorical perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, (), –. 10.1017/S0142716400009796
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400009796 [Google Scholar]
38. Marian, V., & Spivey, M.
    (2003) Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within-and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S1366728903001068
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001068 [Google Scholar]
39. Meisel, J. M.
    (1983) Transfer as a second-language strategy. Language & Communication, (), –. 10.1016/0271‑5309(83)90018‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(83)90018-6 [Google Scholar]
40. Moyer, A.
    (1999) Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: The critical factors of age, motivation, and instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1017/S0272263199001035
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263199001035 [Google Scholar]
41. Nagle, C. L.
    (2019) A longitudinal study of voice onset time development in L2 Spanish stops. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/amx011
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx011 [Google Scholar]
42. Norman, T., Prior, A., & Degani, T.
    (2025) Contribution of prior linguistic knowledge to L3 phonological perception and production. Journal of Memory and Language, , . 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104600
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104600 [Google Scholar]
43. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A.
    (2003) Perceptual learning in speech. Cognitive Psychology, (), –. 10.1016/S0010‑0285(03)00006‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0285(03)00006-9 [Google Scholar]
44. Onishi, H.
    (2018) The effects of L2 experience on L3 perception. In Advances in the investigation of L3 phonological acquisition (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315148465‑5
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315148465-5 [Google Scholar]
45. Osborne, D. M.
    (2026) From language-specific perceptual strategies to phonetic drift: Perception of stops in L2 English and L1 Brazilian Portuguese. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada, (), . 10.1590/1678‑460x202642162587
    https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460x202642162587 [Google Scholar]
46. Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., & Lindeløv, J. K.
    (2019) PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, (), –. 10.3758/s13428‑018‑01193‑y
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y [Google Scholar]
47. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
    [Google Scholar]
48. Rothman, J.
    (2015) Linguistic and cognitive motivations for the typological primacy model (TPM) of third language (L3) transfer: Timing of acquisition and proficiency considered. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S136672891300059X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891300059X [Google Scholar]
49. Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A.
    (1996) L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/026765839601200103
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200103 [Google Scholar]
50. Shafer, V. L.
    (2024) The automatic selective perception model. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology, –. 10.1017/9781009105767.010
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009105767.010 [Google Scholar]
51. Sheldon, A., & Strange, W.
    (1982) The acquisition of/r/and/l/by japanese learners of English: Evidence that speech production can precede speech perception. Applied Psycholinguistics, (), –. 10.1017/S0142716400001417
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400001417 [Google Scholar]
52. Spivey, M. J., & Marian, V.
    (1999) Cross talk between native and second languages: Partial activation of an irrelevant lexicon. Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1111/1467‑9280.00151
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00151 [Google Scholar]
53. Stan, I.
    (2024) A cross-linguistic study of L3 speech perception of voiced and voiceless stops. Journal of Experimental Phonetics, , –. 10.1344/efe‑2024‑33‑137‑152
    https://doi.org/10.1344/efe-2024-33-137-152 [Google Scholar]
54. Strange, W.
    (2011) Automatic selective perception (ASP) of first and second language speech: A working model. Journal of Phonetics, (), –. 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.001 [Google Scholar]
55. Tyler, M. D.
    (2020) Perceived phonological overlap in second-language categories: The acquisition of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese native listeners. Languages, (), . 10.3390/languages6010004
    https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6010004 [Google Scholar]
56. Westergaard, M.
    (2021) Microvariation in multilingual situations: The importance of property-by-property acquisition. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658319884116
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319884116 [Google Scholar]
57. Westergaard, M., Mitrofanova, N., Mykhaylyk, R., & Rodina, Y.
    (2017) Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The linguistic proximity model. International Journal of Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1177/1367006916648859
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916648859 [Google Scholar]
58. Wig, N., & Garcı́a-Sierra, A.
    (2021) Matching the mismatch: The interaction between perceptual and conceptual cues in bilinguals’ speech perception. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S1366728920000553
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000553 [Google Scholar]
59. Williams, L.
    (1977) The perception of stop consonant voicing by Spanish-English bilinguals. Perception & Psychophysics, (), –. 10.3758/BF03199477
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199477 [Google Scholar]
60. Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B.
    (1998) Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1093/applin/19.3.295
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.3.295 [Google Scholar]
61. Wrembel, M., Gut, U., Kopečková, R., & Balas, A.
    (2024) The relationship between the perception and production of L2 and L3 rhotics in young multilinguals; an exploratory cross-linguistic study. International Journal of Multilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/14790718.2022.2036158
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2036158 [Google Scholar]
62. Zampini, M. L.
    (1998) The relationship between the production and perception of L2 spanish stops. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]