1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Journal of Second Language Studies
  4. Volume 1, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 1, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2542-3835
  • E-ISSN: 2542-3843
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

We use visual-world eye-tracking and gating methods to investigate whether Spanish monolinguals and English late learners of Spanish use prosodic cues (lexical stress) to anticipate morphological information (suffixes) during spoken word recognition, and if they do, whether L2 proficiency and working memory (WM) mediate their anticipatory abilities. Our findings show that the monolinguals used prosodic information to predict word endings in both tasks, regardless of first-syllable stress (stressed, unstressed) and structure (CV, CVC). In contrast, the beginning learners did not use prosodic information to anticipate word suffixes in any task or condition. Importantly, the advanced learners mirrored the monolinguals, except in words with first-syllable CV structure, but were slower than the monolinguals. Finally, WM was not associated with anticipatory eye movements, though results were inconclusive for offline processing. Taken together, the present study shows that suprasegmental information facilitates morphological anticipation during spoken word recognition, and that adult learners can gain anticipatory processing patterns qualitatively, but not quantitatively, similar to monolinguals.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
2018-05-07
2024-12-10

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Allopenna, P. D. , Magnuson, J. S. , & Tanenhaus, M. K.
    (1998) Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence for continuous mapping models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38, 419–439 doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2558
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2558 [Google Scholar]
  2. Altmann, G. T. , & Mirkovic, J.
    (2009) Incrementality and prediction in human sentence processing. Cognitive Sciences, 33, 583–609. doi: 10.1111/j.1551‑6709.2009.01022.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01022.x [Google Scholar]
  3. Barr, D. J.
    (2008) Analyzing “visual world” eyetracking data using multilevel logistic regression. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 457–474. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.09.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bartoń, K.
    (2016) MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.15.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn
  5. Barrouillet, P. & Camos, V.
    (2007) The time-based resource-sharing model of working memory. In N. Osaka , R. H. Logie , & M. D’ Esposito (Eds.), The cognitive neuroscience of working memory (pp.59–80). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570394.003.0004
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570394.003.0004 [Google Scholar]
  6. Boersma, P. & Weenink, D.
    (2017) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.33. Retrieved from: www.praat.org/ (26 September, 2017).
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bullock, B. , & Lord, G.
    (2003) Analogy as a learning tool in second language acquisition: The case of Spanish stress. In A. T. Pérez-Leroux & Y. Roberge (Eds.), Romance linguistics. Theory and acquisition (pp.281–297). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.244.21bul
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.244.21bul [Google Scholar]
  8. Chrabaszcz, A. , Winn, M. , Lin, C. Y. , & Idsardi, W. J.
    (2014) Acoustic cues to perception of word stress by English, Mandarin, and Russian speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(4), 1468–1479. doi: 10.1044/2014_JSLHR‑L‑13‑0279
     https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0279 [Google Scholar]
  9. Clahsen, H. & Felser, C.
    (2006) Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 3–42. doi: 10.1017/S0142716406060024
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716406060024 [Google Scholar]
  10. Cooper, N. , Cutler, A. , & Wales, R.
    (2002) Constraints of lexical stress on lexical access in English: Evidence from native and non-native listeners. Language and speech, 45(3), 207–228. doi: 10.1177/00238309020450030101
     https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309020450030101 [Google Scholar]
  11. Cutler, A.
    (2012) Native listening: Language experience and the recognition of spoken words. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Cutler, A. , Dahan, D. , & van Donselaar, W.
    (1997) Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language: A literature review. Language and Speech, 40(2), 141–201. doi: 10.1177/002383099704000203
     https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099704000203 [Google Scholar]
  13. Dijkgraaf, A. , Hartsuiker, R. J. , & Duyck, W.
    (2016) Predicting upcoming information in native-language and non-native-language auditory word recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(5), 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Douglas, B. , Maechler, M. , Bolker, B. , & Walker, S.
    (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Dussias, E. P. , Valdés Kroff, J. R. , Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E. , & Gerfen, C.
    (2013) When gender and looking go hand in hand. Grammatical gender processing in L2 Spanish. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35, 353–387. doi: 10.1017/S0272263112000915
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000915 [Google Scholar]
  16. Face, T. L.
    (2000) The role of syllable weight in the perception of Spanish stress. In H. Campos , E. Herburger , A. Morales-Front , & T. J. Walsh (Eds.), Hispanic linguistics at the turn of the millennium (pp.1–13). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. (2005) Syllable weight and the perception of Spanish stress placement by second language learners. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 90–103.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. (2006) Cognitive factors in the perception of Spanish stress placement: Implications for a model of speech perception. Linguistics, 44(6), 1237–1267. doi: 10.1515/LING.2006.040
     https://doi.org/10.1515/LING.2006.040 [Google Scholar]
  19. Fischer, B.
    (1992) Saccadic reaction time: Implications for reading, dyslexia and visual cognition. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (pp.31–45). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑1‑4612‑2852‑3_3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_3 [Google Scholar]
  20. Foucart, A. , Martin, C. , Moreno, E. M. , & Costa, A.
    (2014) Can bilinguals see it coming? Word anticipation in L2 sentence reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(5), 1461–9.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Foucart, A. , Ruiz-Tada, E. , & Costa, A.
    (2016) Anticipation processes in L2 speech comprehension: Evidence from ERPs and lexical recognition tasks. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(1), 213–219. doi: 10.1017/S1366728915000486
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000486 [Google Scholar]
  22. Gordon, M. , & Roettger, T.
    (2017) Acoustic correlates of word stress: A cross-linguistic survey. Linguistics Vanguard, 3(1). doi: 10.1515/lingvan‑2017‑0007
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2017-0007 [Google Scholar]
  23. Gosselke Berthelsen, S. , Horne, M. , Brännström, K. J. , Shtyrov, Y. , & Roll, M.
    (2018) Neural processing of morphosyntactic tonal cues in second-language learners. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 45, 60–78.10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.09.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.09.001 [Google Scholar]
  24. Grosjean, F.
    (1980) Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 28(4), 267–283. doi: 10.3758/BF03204386
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204386 [Google Scholar]
  25. Grüter, R. , Lew-Williams, C. , & Fernald, A.
    (2012) Grammatical gender in L2: A production or a real-time processing problem?Second Language Research, 28(2), 191–215. doi: 10.1177/0267658312437990
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658312437990 [Google Scholar]
  26. Hawthorne, K. , & Gerken, L. A.
    (2014) From pauses to clauses: Prosody facilitates learning of syntactic constituency. Cognition, 133(2), 420–428. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.07.013
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.07.013 [Google Scholar]
  27. Holt, L. L. , & Lotto, A. J.
    (2006) Cue weighting in auditory categorization: Implications for first and second language acquisition. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 3059–3071. doi: 10.1121/1.2188377
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2188377 [Google Scholar]
  28. Hopp, H.
    (2015) Semantics and morphosyntax in predictive L2 sentence processing. IRAL, 53(3), 277–306. doi: 10.1515/iral‑2015‑0014
     https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2015-0014 [Google Scholar]
  29. Hualde, J. I.
    (2005) The sounds of Spanish. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Huettig, F.
    (2015) Four central questions about prediction in language processing. Brain Research, 1626, 118–135. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.014
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.014 [Google Scholar]
  31. Huettig, F. , & Janse, E.
    (2016) Individual differences in working memory and processing speed predict anticipatory spoken language processing in the visual world. Lang. Cogn. Neurosci., 31, 80–93. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2015.1047459
     https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1047459 [Google Scholar]
  32. Huettig, F. , & McQueen, J. M.
    (2007) The tug of war between phonological, semantic and shape information in language-mediated visual search. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(4), 460–482. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.02.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  33. Huettig, F. , Rommers, J. , & Meyer, A. S.
    (2011) Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing: A review and critical evaluation. Acta Psychologica, 137(2), 151–171. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.11.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.11.003 [Google Scholar]
  34. Ingvalson, E. M. , Holt, L. L. , & McClelland, J. L.
    (2011) Can native Japanese listeners learn to differentiate /r-l/ on the basis of F3 onset frequency?Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 255–274. doi: 10.1017/S1366728911000447
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000447 [Google Scholar]
  35. Iverson, P. , Kuhl, P. K. , Akahane-Yamada, R. , Diesch, E. , Tohkura, Y. i. , Kettermann, A. , & Siebert, C.
    (2003) A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes. Cognition, 87, B47–B57. doi: 10.1016/S0010‑0277(02)00198‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00198-1 [Google Scholar]
  36. Ito, A.
    (2016) Prediction during native and non-native language comprehension: The role of mediating factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Edinburgh, UK.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Ito, A. , Dunn, M. S. , & Pickering, M.
    (2017) Effects of language production on prediction: Word vs. picture visual world study. Poster presented at Architectures and mechanisms of language processing .
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Jaeger, T. F. & Snider, N. E.
    (2013) Alignment as a consequence of expectation adaptation: Syntactic priming is affected by the prime’s prediction error given both prior and recent experience. Cognition, 127(1), 57–83. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.10.013
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.10.013 [Google Scholar]
  39. Jensen, J. T.
    (1993) English phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.99
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.99 [Google Scholar]
  40. Jiang, N.
    (2004) Morphological insensitivity in second language processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 603–634. doi: 10.1017/S0142716404001298
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716404001298 [Google Scholar]
  41. (2007) Selective integration of linguistic knowledge in adult second language learning. Language Learning, 57(1), 1–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2007.00397.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00397.x [Google Scholar]
  42. Kamide, Y.
    (2008) Anticipatory processes in sentence processing. Language and Linguistics Compass, 2(4), 647–670. doi: 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2008.00072.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00072.x [Google Scholar]
  43. Kjelgaard, M. , & Speer, S.
    (1999) Prosodic facilitation and interference in the resolution of temporary syntactic closure ambiguity. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 153–194. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2620
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2620 [Google Scholar]
  44. Lenth, R. V.
    (2016) Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans. Journal of Statistical Software, 69(1), 1–33. doi: 10.18637/jss.v069.i01
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v069.i01 [Google Scholar]
  45. Lew-Williams, C. & Fernald, A.
    (2007) Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 63(4), 447–464. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.07.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.07.003 [Google Scholar]
  46. (2010) Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 63(4), 447–464.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Liburd, T.
    (2014) Investigating prediction in L2 morpho-syntax: A visual world study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Lord, G.
    (2007) The role of lexicon in learning second language stress patterns. Applied Language Learning, 17(1–2), 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Marull, C.
    (2017) Second language processing efficiency: Experience and cognitive effects on L2 morphosyntactic integration and anticipation. In M. LaMendola & J. Scott (Eds.), BUCLD 41: Proceedings of the 41st Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp.466–480). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Martin, C. D. , Thierry, G. , Kuipers, J-R. , Boutonnet, B. , Foucart, A. & Costa, A.
    (2013) Bilinguals reading in their second language do not predict upcoming words as natives do. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 574–588. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2013.08.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  51. Matin, E. , Shao, K. C. & Boff, K. R.
    (1993) Saccadic overhead: Information-processing time with and without saccades. Perception and Psychophysics, 53, 372–380. doi: 10.3758/BF03206780
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206780 [Google Scholar]
  52. McDonald, J.
    (2006) Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 381–401. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.06.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.06.006 [Google Scholar]
  53. McQueen, J. M.
    (2005) Spoken word recognition and production: Regular but not inseparable bedfellows. In A. Cutler (Ed.), Twenty-first century psycholinguistics: Four cornerstones (pp.229–244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Mirman, D.
    (2014) Growth curve analysis and visualization using R. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Mitsugi, S. , & MacWhinney, B.
    (2016) The use of case marking for predictive processing in second language Japanese. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(1), 19–35.10.1017/S1366728914000881
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000881 [Google Scholar]
  56. Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H.
    (2013) A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 133–142. doi: 10.1111/j.2041‑210x.2012.00261.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x [Google Scholar]
  57. Oldfield, R. C.
    (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–113. doi: 10.1016/0028‑3932(71)90067‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 [Google Scholar]
  58. Ortega Llebaria, M. , Gu, H. , & Fan, J.
    (2013) English speakers’ perception of Spanish lexical stress: Context-driven L2 stress perception. Journal of Phonetics, 41, 186–197. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2013.01.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.01.006 [Google Scholar]
  59. Otten, M. & Van Berkum, J. J. A.
    (2009) Does working memory capacity affect the ability to predict words in discourse?Brain Research, 1291, 92–101.10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.042
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.042 [Google Scholar]
  60. Park, D. , Welsh, R. , Marschuetz, C. , Gutchess, A. , Mikels, J. , Polk, T. , Noll, D. , & Taylor, S.
    (2003) Working memory for complex scenes: Age differences in frontal and hippocampal activations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(8), 1122–1134. doi: 10.1162/089892903322598094
     https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903322598094 [Google Scholar]
  61. Peters, R. E. , Grüter, T. , & Borovsky, A.
    (2015) Anticipatory and locally coherent lexical activation varies as a function of language proficiency. InProceedings of CogSci2015: The Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2017) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
  63. Rehrig, G. L.
    (2017) Acoustic correlates of syntax in sentence production and comprehension (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rutgers University.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Roettger, T. , & Gordon, M.
    (2017) Methodological issues in the study of word stress correlates. Linguistics Vanguard, 3(1). doi: 10.1515/lingvan‑2017‑0006
     https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2017-0006 [Google Scholar]
  65. Roll, M.
    (2015) A neurolinguistic study of South Swedish word accents : Electrical brain potentials in nouns and verbs. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 38(2), 149–162. doi: 10.1017/S0332586515000189
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586515000189 [Google Scholar]
  66. Roll, M. , Horne, M. , & Lindgren, M.
    (2010) Word accents and morphology – ERPs of Swedish word processing. Brain Research, 1330, 114–123. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.020
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.020 [Google Scholar]
  67. (2009) Left-edge boundary tone and main clause verb effects on syntactic processing in embedded clauses – an ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22, 55–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.06.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.06.001 [Google Scholar]
  68. Roll, M. , Söderström, P. , & Horne, M.
    (2013) Word-stem tones cue suffixes in the brain. Brain Research, 1520, 116–120. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.013
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.013 [Google Scholar]
  69. Saalfeld, A. K.
    (2012) Teaching L2 spanish stress. Foreign language annals, 45(2), 283–303. doi: 10.1111/j.1944‑9720.2012.01191.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2012.01191.x [Google Scholar]
  70. Sagarra, N.
    (2008) Working memory and L2 processing of redundant grammatical forms. In Z. Han (Ed.), Understanding Second Language Process (pp.133–147). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Sagarra, N. & Herschensohn, J.
    (2010) The role of proficiency and working memory in gender and number agreement processing in L1 and L2 Spanish. Lingua, 20, 2022–2039. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.02.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.02.004 [Google Scholar]
  72. Saslow, M. G.
    (1967) Latency for saccadic eye movement. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57, 1030–1033. doi: 10.1364/JOSA.57.001030
     https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.57.001030 [Google Scholar]
  73. Schremm, A. , Söderström, P. , Horne, M. , & Roll, M.
    (2016) Implicit acquisition of tone-suffix connections in L2 learners of Swedish. Mental Lexicon, 11(1), 55–75. doi: 10.1075/ml.11.1.03sch
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.1.03sch [Google Scholar]
  74. Sebastián-Gallés, N. , Martí, M. A. , Cuetos, F. , & Carreiras, M. F.
    (2000) LEXESP: Léxico informatizado del español [LEXESP: A computerized word-pool in Spanish]. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Söderström, P. , Horne, M. , & Roll, M.
    (2017) Stem tones pre-activate suffixes in the brain. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(2), 271–280. doi: 10.1007/s10936‑016‑9434‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-016-9434-2 [Google Scholar]
  76. Söderström, P. , Roll, M. , & Horne, M.
    (2012) Processing morphologically conditioned word accents. The Mental Lexicon, 7(1), 77–89. doi: 10.1075/ml.7.1.04soe
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.1.04soe [Google Scholar]
  77. Soto-Faraco, S. , Sebastián-Gallés, N. , & Cutler, A.
    (2001) Segmental and suprasegmental mismatch in lexical access. Journal of Memory and Language, 45(3), 412–432. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2000.2783
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2783 [Google Scholar]
  78. Steinhauer, K. , Alter, K. , & Friederici, A. D.
    (1999) Brain potentials indicate immediate use of prosodic cues in natural speech processing. Nature Neuroscience, 2(2), 191–196. doi: 10.1038/5757
     https://doi.org/10.1038/5757 [Google Scholar]
  79. Tremblay, A. , Broersma, M. , & Coughlin, C. E.
    (2017) The functional weight of a prosodic cue in the native language predicts the learning of speech segmentation in a second language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–13. doi: 10.1017/S136672891700030X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891700030X [Google Scholar]
  80. Trenkic, D. , Mirkovic, J. & Altmann, G.
    2014, ‘Real-time grammar processing by native and non-native speakers: constructions unique to the second language.’ Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(2), pp.237–257.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Ullman, M.
    (2005) A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model. In C. Sanz (ed.), Mind and context in adult second language acquisition: Methods, theory, and practice (pp.141–178). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Weber, A. , Grice, M. , & Matthew, C. W.
    (2006) The role of prosody in the interpretation of structural ambiguities: a study of anticipatory eye movements. Cognition, 99(2), B63–B72. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.07.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2005.07.001 [Google Scholar]
  83. Weber-Fox, C. & Neville, H.
    (1996) Maturational constraints on functional specialization for language processing: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 231–256. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.231
     https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.231 [Google Scholar]
  84. Wechsler, D.
    (1997) Wechsler adult intelligence scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
Loading
Suprasegmental information cues morphological anticipation during L1/L2 lexical access
Journal of Second Language Studies 1, 31 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.17026.sag
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): anticipation; critical period; L2 proficiency; lexical stress; morphological processing; prediction; prosody; working memory

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error