1887
Volume 4, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2542-3835
  • E-ISSN: 2542-3843
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This study explores whether novice bilinguals store newly-learned pseudo-L2 words together with or separately from the L1, by testing whether pseudo-L2 words compete with their formally-similar L1 words. Although we attempted to obtain a prime lexicality effect (PLE), with newly-trained pseudo-L2 words as primes and their formally-similar words in L1 as targets () showing an inhibitory effect, and untrained nonword primes with these targets () showing a facilitatory effect, no such PLE was obtained. This was the case despite the fact that these newly-learned pseudo-L2 words yielded repetition priming (), suggesting that some form of representations were developed for these words. These results are discussed in terms of how to test newly-learned pseudo-L2 words, and whether competition can be exploited to test lexical integration.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.21001.tan
2021-07-23
2025-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Andrews, S.
    (1997) The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 439–461. 10.3758/BF03214334
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214334 [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrews, S., & Hersch, J.
    (2010) Lexical precision in skilled readers: Individual differences in masked neighbor priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 299–318. 10.1037/a0018366
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018366 [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrews, S., & Lo, S.
    (2012) Not all skilled readers have cracked the code: Individual differences in masked form priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 152–163.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bijeljac-Babic, R., Biardeau, A., & Grainger, J.
    (1997) Masked orthographic priming in bilingual word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 25, 447–457. 10.3758/BF03201121
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201121 [Google Scholar]
  5. Boddaert, G., Cornut, C., & Casalis, S.
    (2021) Integration of newly learned L2 words into the mental lexicon is modulated by vocabulary learning method. Acta Psychologica. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103220
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103220 [Google Scholar]
  6. Brysbaert, M., Lange, M., & Wijnendaele, I. V.
    (2000) The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 12, 65–85. 10.1080/095414400382208
    https://doi.org/10.1080/095414400382208 [Google Scholar]
  7. Carreiras, M., Perea, M., & Grainger, J.
    (1997) Effects of the orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 857–871.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Casaponsa, A., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A.
    (2014) Discriminating languages in bilingual contexts: the impact of orthographic markedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 424. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00424
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00424 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2015) How do bilinguals identify the language of the words they read?Brain Research, 1624, 153–166. 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.035
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.035 [Google Scholar]
  10. Chen, Q., & Mirman, D.
    (2012) Competition and cooperation among similar representations: Toward a unified account of facilitative and inhibitory effects of lexical neighbors. Psychological Review, 119, 417–430. 10.1037/a0027175
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027175 [Google Scholar]
  11. Coltheart, M., Davelaar, E., Jonasson, J. T., Besner, D.
    (1977) Access to the internal lexicon. In: Dornic, S. (Ed.), Attention and Performance VI (pp.535–556). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Davis, C. J.
    (2003) Factors underlying masked priming effects in competitive network models of visual word recognition. InS. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp.121–170). Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. (2005) N-Watch: A program for deriving neighborhood size and other psycholinguistic statistics. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 65–70. 10.3758/BF03206399
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206399 [Google Scholar]
  14. (2012) The orthographic similarity of printed words. Visual Word Recognition: Models and Methods, Orthography and Phonology, 1, 120–206.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Davis, C. J., & Lupker, S. J.
    (2006) Masked inhibitory priming in English: Evidence for lexical inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 668–687.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dijkstra, T., Hilberink-Schulpen, B., & van Heuven, W. J. B.
    (2010) Repetition and masked form priming within and between languages using word and nonword neighbors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 341–357. 10.1017/S1366728909990575
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990575 [Google Scholar]
  17. Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J.
    (1998) The BIA model and bilingual word recognition. InJ. Grainger, A. M. Jacobs, & A. Jacobs (Eds.), Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition (pp.189–225). Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. (2002) The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175–197. 10.1017/S1366728902003012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dijkstra, T., Wahl, A., Buytenhuijs, F., van Halem, N., Al-Jibouri, Z., De Korte, M., & Rekké, S.
    (2018) Multilink: A computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22, 657–679. 10.1017/S1366728918000287
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000287 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dirix, N., Cop, U., Drieghe, D., & Duyck, W.
    (2017) Cross-lingual neighborhood effects in generalized lexical decision and natural reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 887–915.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Drews, E., & Zwitserlood, P.
    (1995) Morphological and orthographic similarity in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 1098–1116.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Duyck, W., Desmet, T., Verbeke, L. P., & Brysbaert, M.
    (2004) WordGen: A tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French. Behavior Research Methods, 36, 488–499.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Elgort, I.
    (2011) Deliberate learning and vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Language Learning, 61, 367–413. 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2010.00613.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00613.x [Google Scholar]
  24. (2019) Word knowledge, learning and acquisition in a second language: Proposed replications of Elgort (2011) and Qiao and Forster (2017). Language Teaching, 1–11. 10.1017/S0261444819000338
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444819000338 [Google Scholar]
  25. Fernández-López, M., Marcet, A., & Perea, M.
    (2019) Can response congruency effects be obtained in masked priming lexical decision?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45, 1683–1702.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J.
    (1992) Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Evidence from masked non-word priming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 45, 353–372. 10.1080/02724989208250619
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02724989208250619 [Google Scholar]
  27. Forster, K. I.
    (1999) The microgenesis of priming effects in lexical access. Brain and language, 68(1–2), 5–15. 10.1006/brln.1999.2078
    https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2078 [Google Scholar]
  28. Forster, K. I., Davis, C., Schoknecht, C., & Carter, R.
    (1987) Masked priming with graphemically related forms: Repetition or partial activation?The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 211–251. 10.1080/14640748708401785
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401785 [Google Scholar]
  29. Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C.
    (2003) DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, 35, 116–124.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Forster, K. I., Mohan, K., & Hector, J.
    (2003) The mechanics of masked priming. InS. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp.3–37). Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Forster, K. I., & Shen, D.
    (1996) No enemies in the neighborhood: Absence of inhibitory neighborhood effects in lexical decision and semantic categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 696–713.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Forster, K. I., & Veres, C.
    (1998) The prime lexicality effect: Form-priming as a function of prime awareness, lexical status, and discrimination difficulty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 498–514.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Grainger, J.
    (1990) Word frequency and neighborhood frequency effects in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 228–244. 10.1016/0749‑596X(90)90074‑A
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(90)90074-A [Google Scholar]
  34. Grainger, J., & Beauvillain, C.
    (1987) Language blocking and lexical access in bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 295–319. 10.1080/14640748708401788
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401788 [Google Scholar]
  35. Grainger, J., & Dijkstra, T.
    (1992) On the representation and use of language information in bilinguals. Advances in Psychology, 83, 207–220. 10.1016/S0166‑4115(08)61496‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61496-X [Google Scholar]
  36. Grainger, J., & Jacobs, A. M.
    (1996) Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: a multiple read-out model. Psychological Review, 103, 518–565. 10.1037/0033‑295X.103.3.518
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.518 [Google Scholar]
  37. Grainger, J., O’Regan, J. K., Jacobs, A. M., & Segui, J.
    (1989) On the role of competing word units in visual word recognition: The neighborhood frequency effect. Perception and Psychophysics, 45, 189–195. 10.3758/BF03210696
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210696 [Google Scholar]
  38. Janack, T., Pastizzo, M. J., & Feldman, L. B.
    (2004) When orthographic neighbors fail to facilitate. Brain and Language, 90, 441–452. 10.1016/S0093‑934X(03)00455‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00455-3 [Google Scholar]
  39. Jiang, N., & Forster, K. I.
    (2001) Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 32–51. 10.1006/jmla.2000.2737
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2737 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E.
    (1994) Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149–174. 10.1006/jmla.1994.1008
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 [Google Scholar]
  41. Lally, C., Taylor, J. S. H., Lee, C. H., & Rastle, K.
    (2020) Shaping the precision of letter position coding by varying properties of a writing system. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35, 374–382. 10.1080/23273798.2019.1663222
    https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1663222 [Google Scholar]
  42. Leach, L., & Samuel, A. G.
    (2007) Lexical configuration and lexical engagement: When adults learn new words. Cognitive Psychology, 55, 306–353. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.01.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  43. Marian, V., Bartolotti, J., Chabal, S., & Shook, A.
    (2012) CLEARPOND: Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood Densities. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43230. doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0043230
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043230 [Google Scholar]
  44. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E.
    (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375–407. 10.1037/0033‑295X.88.5.375
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375 [Google Scholar]
  45. Meade, G., & Dijkstra, T.
    (2017) Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition. InM. Goral & G. Libben (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp.49–71). John Benjamins Publishers. 10.1075/bpa.6.03mea
    https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.6.03mea [Google Scholar]
  46. Meade, G., Midgley Dijkstra, T., & Holcomb, P. J.
    (2017) Cross-language neighborhood effects in learners indicative of an integrated lexicon. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30, 70–85. 10.1162/jocn_a_01184
    https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01184 [Google Scholar]
  47. Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Grainger, J.
    (2008) An electrophysiological investigation of cross-language effects of orthographic neighborhood. Brain Research, 1246, 123–135. 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.078
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.078 [Google Scholar]
  48. Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J.
    (2014) Do masked orthographic neighbor primes facilitate or inhibit the processing of kanji compound words?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 813–840.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J.
    (2008) Masked priming with orthographic neighbors: A test of the lexical competition assumption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1236–1260.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (2011) Lexical competition in a non-Roman, syllabic script: An inhibitory neighbour priming effect in Japanese Katakana. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 1136–1160. 10.1080/01690965.2010.491251
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.491251 [Google Scholar]
  51. Nakayama, M., & Lupker, S. J.
    (2018) Is there lexical competition in the recognition of L2 words for different-script bilinguals? An examination using masked priming with Japanese-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44, 1168.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Oganian, Y., Conrad, M., Aryani, A., Heekeren, H. R., & Spalek, K.
    (2016) Interplay of bigram frequency and orthographic neighborhood statistics in language membership decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 578–596. 10.1017/S1366728915000292
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000292 [Google Scholar]
  53. Palmer, S. D., & Havelka, J.
    (2010) Age of acquisition effects in vocabulary learning. Acta Psychologica, 135, 310–315. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.08.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.08.002 [Google Scholar]
  54. Perea, M., & Rosa, M.
    (2000) Repetition and form priming interact with neighborhood density at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 668–677. 10.3758/BF03213005
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213005 [Google Scholar]
  55. Qiao, X., Forster, K., & Witzel, N.
    (2009) Is banara really a word?Cognition, 113, 254–257. 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.006 [Google Scholar]
  56. Qiao, X., & Forster, K. I.
    (2013) Novel word lexicalization and the prime lexicality effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 1064.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. (2017) Is the L2 lexicon different from the L1 lexicon? Evidence from novel word lexicalization. Cognition, 158, 147–152. 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.026
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.026 [Google Scholar]
  58. Rastle, K., Harrington, J., & Coltheart, M.
    (2002) 358,534 nonwords: The ARC Nonword Database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A, 1339–1362. 10.1080/02724980244000099
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000099 [Google Scholar]
  59. Sears, C. R., Campbell, C. R., & Lupker, S. J.
    (2006) Is there a neighborhood frequency effect in English? Evidence from reading and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1040–1062.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Segui, J., & Grainger, J.
    (1990) Priming word recognition with orthographic neighbors: Effects of relative prime-target frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 65.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Szekely, A., Jacobsen, T., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Andonova, E., Herron, D., … & Federmeier, K.
    (2004) A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 247–250. 10.1016/j.jml.2004.03.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.03.002 [Google Scholar]
  62. Vaid, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C.
    (2002) Do orthographic cues aid language recognition? A laterality study with French–English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 82, 47–53. 10.1016/S0093‑934X(02)00008‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00008-1 [Google Scholar]
  63. Van Kesteren, R., Dijkstra, T., & De Smedt, K.
    (2012) Markedness effects in Norwegian–English bilinguals: Task-dependent use of language-specific letters and bigrams. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 2129–2154. 10.1080/17470218.2012.679946
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.679946 [Google Scholar]
  64. Van Heuven, W. J., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J.
    (1998) Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of memory and language, 39, 458–483. 10.1006/jmla.1998.2584
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2584 [Google Scholar]
  65. Witzel, N. O., & Forster, K. I.
    (2012) How L2 words are stored: The episodic L2 hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 1608.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zimmerman, R., & Gomez, P.
    (2012) Drawing attention to primes increases inhibitory word priming effects. The Mental Lexicon, 7, 119–146. 10.1075/ml.7.2.01zim
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.2.01zim [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.21001.tan
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/jsls.21001.tan
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): masked form priming; newly-learned pseudo-L2 words; prime lexicality effect
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error