1887
Volume 7, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1879-9264
  • E-ISSN: 1879-9272
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This study re-examines the L2 acquisition of referential and pragmatic properties of null and overt subject pronouns by advanced English learners of Spanish under the assumption that both forms display levels of complexity at the syntax–pragmatics interface. Our main hypothesis is that null subjects should be as difficult to acquire as overt subjects, challenging current generative accounts (e.g., the Interface Hypothesis) in which the acquisition of null subjects is problem-free. Data obtained by a group of 20 advanced English speakers of Spanish in a and a corroborate this hypothesis. Results show that L2 speakers over-accept null subjects and find it difficult to reject them when an overt pronoun is preferred by the controls. We propose that they may be using null subjects as a default form as they have an incomplete knowledge of the pragmatic constraints governing the use of in context.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lab.14012.cle
2016-01-29
2024-12-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Al-Kasey, T. & Pérez-Leroux, A. T.
    (1998) Second language acquisition of Spanish null subjects. In S. Flynn , G. Martohardjono , & W. O’Neil (Eds.), The generative study of second language acquisition (pp.161–183). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen, S. E.
    (2000) A discourse-pragmatic explanation for argument representation in child Inuktitut. Linguistics, 38 (3), 483–521. doi: 10.1515/ling.38.3.483
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.38.3.483 [Google Scholar]
  3. (2007) Interacting pragmatic influences on children’s argument realization. Cross-linguistic perspectives on argument structure: Implications for learnability, (pp.191–210).
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Alonso-Ovalle, L. & D’Introno, F.
    (2001) Full and null pronouns in Spanish: the zero pronoun hypothesis. In H. Campos , E. Herburger , A. Morales-Front & T. Walsh (Eds.), Hispanic Linguistics at the Turn of the Millennium, pp.189–210. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Alonso-Ovalle, L. , Fernández-Solera, S. , Frazier, L. , & Clifton, C.
    (2002) Null vs. overt pronouns and the topic-focus articulation in Spanish. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 14, 151–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Blackwell, S. E.
    (2003) Implicatures in discourse: The case of Spanish NP anaphora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.105
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.105 [Google Scholar]
  7. Camacho, J.
    (1999) From SOV to SVO: the grammar of interlanguage word order. Second Language Research, 15, 115–132. doi: 10.1191/026765899673532714
    https://doi.org/10.1191/026765899673532714 [Google Scholar]
  8. (2013) Null subjects (Vol.137).Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524407
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524407 [Google Scholar]
  9. Carminati, M. N.
    (2002) The Processing of Italian Subject Pronouns, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst (Ma), GLSA publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chomsky, N.
    (1981) Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. (1995) The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. (1998) Minimalist inquiries: The framework (No.15). MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, MIT, Department of Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. (2001a) Derivation by Phase. In Ken Hale : A Life in Language, ed.byM. Kenstowicz, (pp.1–52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. (2001b) New horizons in the study of language and mind.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. (2004) Beyond Explanatory Adequacy. In A. Belletti (Ed.), Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, (pp.104–131). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chomsky, N
    (2007) Approaching UG From Below. In U. Sauerland , & H. M. Gärtner (Eds.), Interfaces + Recursion = Language? (pp.1–30). New York/Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Clancy, P. M.
    (1997) Discourse motivations for referential choice in Korean acquisition. In H. Sohn & J. Haig (Eds.), Japanese/Korean Linguistics6, 639–659. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Diaz, L. & Liceras, J. M.
    (1990) Formulación de parametros y adquisición de lenguas extranjeras. In C. Martin Vide (Ed.), Proceedings of the V Congress on Natural and Formal Languages, (pp.465–480). Universidad de Barcelona. Facultad de Filología. Sección de Lingüística General. Barcelona.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Domínguez, L.
    (2013) Understanding Interfaces: Second language acquisition and first language attrition of Spanish subject realization and word order variation (Vol.55). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lald.55
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.55 [Google Scholar]
  20. Fernández Soriano, O.
    (1989) Strong pronouns in null subject languages and the Avoid Pronoun Principle. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 11, 228–240.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Filiaci, F.
    (2010) Null and overt subject biases in Spanish and Italian: A cross-linguistic comparison. In C. Borgonovo , M. Espanol-Echevarria , & P. Prevost (Eds.), Selected Procedings of the 12th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp.171–182). Cascadilla Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Frana, I.
    (2007) The role of discourse prominence in the resolution of referential ambiguities evidence from co-reference in Italian. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, 37.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Grinstead, J.
    (2004) Subjects and interface delay in child Spanish and Catalan. Language, 80, 40–72. doi: 10.1353/lan.2004.0024
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0024 [Google Scholar]
  24. Gundel, J. K.
    (1999) On different kinds of focus. Focus: Linguistic, cognitive, and computational perspectives, (pp.293–305).
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hilles, S.
    (1986) Interlanguage and the pro-drop parameter. Second Language Research, 2, 3–52. doi: 10.1177/026765838600200103
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026765838600200103 [Google Scholar]
  26. Huang, Y.
    (2000) Anaphora: A cross-linguistic study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hudson-D'Zmura, S. & M. Tanenhaus
    (1998) Assigning antecedents to ambiguous pronouns: The role of the center of attention as the default assignment. In A.J.M.A. Walker and E. Prince (Eds.), Centering Theory in Discourse, (pp.199–226). Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kaiser, E. , & Trueswell, J. C.
    (2008) Interpreting pronouns and demonstratives in Finnish: Evidence for a form-specific approach to reference resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 709–748. doi: 10.1080/01690960701771220
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960701771220 [Google Scholar]
  29. LaFond, L. , R. Hayes and R. Bhatt.
    (2001) Constraint demotion and null subjects in Spanish L2 acquisition. In J. Camps & C. Wiltshire (Eds.), Romance Syntax, Semantics and L2 Aquisition, (pp.121–135). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.216.11laf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.216.11laf [Google Scholar]
  30. Liceras, J.
    (1988) Syntax and stylistics: more on the pro-drop parameter. In: J. Pankhurst , M. Sharwood Smith , & P. Van Buren (Eds.), Learnability and second languages: a book of readings, (pp.71–93). Dordrecht: Foris.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. (1989) On some properties of the “pro-drop” parameter: looking for missing subjects in non-native Spanish. Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition, (pp.109–133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524544.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524544.009 [Google Scholar]
  32. Liceras, J. M. , & Díaz, L.
    (1999) Topic-drop versus pro-drop: Null subjects and pronominal subjects in the Spanish L2 of Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Korean speakers. Second Language Research, 15, 1–40. doi: 10.1191/026765899678128123
    https://doi.org/10.1191/026765899678128123 [Google Scholar]
  33. Liceras, J. M. , Valenzuela, E. & Diaz, L.
    (1999) L1 and L2 developing Spanish grammars and the ‘pragmatic deficit hypothesis’. Second Language Research, 15, 161–190. doi: 10.1191/026765899675128586
    https://doi.org/10.1191/026765899675128586 [Google Scholar]
  34. Liceras, J. , Alba de la Fuente, A. , & Martínez Sanz, C.
    (2010) The distribution of null subjects in non-native grammars: Syntactic markedness and interface vulnerability. Proceedings of the Mind/Context Divide Workshop, (pp.84–95). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lubbers Quesada, M. & Blackwell, S.
    (2009) The L2 Acquisition of null and overt Spanish subject pronouns: A pragmatic approach. Selected Proceedings of the 11th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, (pp.117–130). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Luján, M.
    (1985) Binding properties of overt pronouns in null pronominal languages. CLS, 21, 123–143.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. (1986) Stress and Binding of Pronouns. CLS, 22, 69–84.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. (1999) Expresión y omisión del pronombre personal. In I. Bosque and V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramática Descriptiva de la Lengua Española, (pp.1275–1316). Espasa-Calpe, Madrid.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mayol, L.
    (2010) Refining salience and the position of antecedent hypothesis: a study of Catalan pronouns. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 16 (1), 15.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Montalbetti, M.
    (1984) After binding. PhD dissertation, MIT.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Montrul, S. & Rodríguez-Louro, C.
    (2006) Beyond the syntax of the null subject parameter. In T. Torrens , L. Escobar (Eds.), The acquisition of syntax in Romance languages, (pp.401–418). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lald.41.19mon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.41.19mon [Google Scholar]
  42. Paradis, J. , & Navarro, S.
    (2003) Subject realization and cross-linguistic interference in the bilingual acquisition of Spanish and English: what is the role of the input? Journal of child language, 30(2), 371–393. doi: 10.1017/S0305000903005609
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000903005609 [Google Scholar]
  43. Pérez-Leroux, A. T , & Glass, W. R.
    (1999) Null anaphora in Spanish second language acquisition: Probabilistic versus generative approaches. Second Language Research, 15, 220–249. doi: 10.1191/026765899676722648
    https://doi.org/10.1191/026765899676722648 [Google Scholar]
  44. Phinney, M.
    (1987) The pro-drop parameter in second language acquisition. In T. Roeper & E. Williams (Eds.), Parameter setting. Dordrecht: Reidel, (pp.221–38). doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑3727‑7_10
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3727-7_10 [Google Scholar]
  45. Pladevall Ballester, E.
    (2013) Adult L2 Spanish development of syntactic and discourse subject properties in an instructional setting. RAEL: revista electrónica de lingüística aplicada, 12, 111–129.
  46. Rizzi, L.
    (2006) On the form of chains: Criterial positions and ECP effects. Current Studies in Linguistics Series, 42, 97.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. (1986) Null objects in Italian and the theory of pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 501–557.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Roberts, I.
    (2004) The C-system in Brythonic Celtic languages, V2 and the EPP. In L. Rizzi (Ed.) . The structure of CP and IP. The cartography of syntactic structures, 2, 297–328. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Rothman, J.
    (2007) Pragmatic solutions for syntactic problems: understanding some L2 syntactic errors in terms of discourse-pragmatic deficits. In S. Baauw , F. Dirjkoningen , M. Pinto (Eds.) . Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, (pp.299–320).
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (2009) Pragmatic deficits with syntactic consequences? L2 pronominal subjects and the syntax–pragmatics interface. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 951–973. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.07.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.07.007 [Google Scholar]
  51. Rothman, J. & Iverson, M.
    (2007) On L2 clustering and resetting the Null Subject Parameter in L2 Spanish: implications and observations. Hispania, 90(2), 329–342.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Rothman, J. & Cabrelli-Amaro, J.
    (2010) What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research, 26, 189.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Sheehan, M.
    (2006) The EPP and Null Subjects in Romance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Serratrice, L.
    (2005) The role of discourse pragmatics in the acquisition of subjects in Italian. Applied Psycholinguistics, 26(3), 437–462. doi: 10.1017/S0142716405050241
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716405050241 [Google Scholar]
  55. (2007) Cross-linguistic influence in the interpretation of anaphoric and cataphoric pronouns in English-Italian bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(3), 225–238. doi: 10.1017/S1366728907003045
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728907003045 [Google Scholar]
  56. Skarabela, B.
    (2007) Signs of early social cognition in children's syntax: The case of joint attention in argument realization in child Inuktitut. Lingua, 117(11), 1837–1857. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2006.11.010
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2006.11.010 [Google Scholar]
  57. Sorace, A.
    (2000) Gradients in auxiliary selection with intransitive verbs. Language, (pp.859–890). doi: 10.2307/417202
    https://doi.org/10.2307/417202 [Google Scholar]
  58. (2004) Native language attrition and developmental instability at the syntax-discourse interface: data, interpretations and methods. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 143–145. doi: 10.1017/S1366728904001543
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728904001543 [Google Scholar]
  59. (2005) Selective optionality in language development. In L. Cornips & K. P. Corrigan (Eds.), Syntax and Variation. Reconciling the Biological and the Social, (pp.55–80). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.265.04sor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.265.04sor [Google Scholar]
  60. (2006) Gradience and optionality in mature and developing grammars. In G. Fanselow , C. Fery , M. Schlesewsky & R. Vogel (Eds.), Gradience in Grammars: Generative Perspectives, (pp.106–123). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0006
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0006 [Google Scholar]
  61. (2011) Pinning down the concept of “interface” in bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(1), 1–33. doi: 10.1075/lab.1.1.01sor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.1.01sor [Google Scholar]
  62. Sorace, A. & Filiaci, F.
    (2006) Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research, 22, 339–368. doi: 10.1191/0267658306sr271oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr271oa [Google Scholar]
  63. Sorace, A. & Serratrice, L.
    (2009) Internal and External Interfaces in Bilingual Language Development: Beyond Structural Overlap. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 195–210. doi: 10.1177/1367006909339810
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006909339810 [Google Scholar]
  64. Sorace, A. , Serratrice, L. , Filiaci, F. & Baldo, M.
    (2009) Discourse conditions on subject pronoun realisation: testing the linguistic intuitions of older bilingual children. Lingua, 119, 460–477. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.008 [Google Scholar]
  65. Tsimpli, I , Sorace, A , Heycock, C. & Filiaci, F.
    (2004) First language attrition and syntactic subjects: a study of Greek and Italian near-native speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8, 257–277. doi: 10.1177/13670069040080030601
    https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069040080030601 [Google Scholar]
  66. Tsimpli, I. M. & Sorace, A.
    (2006) Differentiating interfaces: L2 performance in syntax-semantics and syntax-discourse phenomena. In D. Bamman , T. Magnitskaia , & C. Zaller (Eds.) Proceedings of the 30th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (BU), (pp.653–664). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Villa-García, J.
    (2013) On the role of children’s deterministic learning in the ‘no-overt-subject’ stage in the L1 acquisition of Spanish. InProceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (Vol.37, No.1).
    [Google Scholar]
  68. White, L.
    (1985) The pro-drop parameter in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 35, 47–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1985.tb01014.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1985.tb01014.x [Google Scholar]
  69. (1987) Markedness and second language acquisition: the question of transfer. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 9, 261–286. doi: 10.1017/S0272263100006689
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100006689 [Google Scholar]
  70. (1989) Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lald.1
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.1 [Google Scholar]
  71. White, L
    (2003) Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511815065
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815065 [Google Scholar]
  72. White, L.
    (2009) Grammatical Theory: Interfaces and L2 Knowledge. In W. Ritchie , & T. Bhatia (Eds.) The new handbook of Second Language Acquisition, (pp.49–68). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. (2011) Second language acquisition at the interfaces. Lingua, 121, 577–590. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.05.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.05.005 [Google Scholar]
  74. Zubizarreta, M. L.
    (1998) Prosody, Focus, and Word Order. MIT Press.
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.14012.cle
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.14012.cle
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error