1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
  4. Volume 11, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 11, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1879-9264
  • E-ISSN: 1879-9272
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This paper offers an overview of current models of third language (L3) acquisition, classifying each as a Wholesale Transfer model or as a Piecemeal Transfer model. We discuss what we consider to be some conceptual and empirical problems for the Piecemeal Transfer approaches and then discuss some advantages we see in Wholesale Transfer. Next, we home in on Wholesale Transfer models, arguing that one of them in particular seems to us to be the most promising, viz., the Typological Primacy Model (TPM – e.g., Rothman, 20112015). Finally, we take up some open questions associated with the TPM and suggest some possible directions for future L3 research.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Does Full Transfer Endure in L3A?

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Some challenges of relating wholesale transfer approaches to L3 linguistic behavior

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
On transfer and third language acquisition

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Expanding the scope of L3 transfer study designs

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Retrodiction in science

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Transfer vs. dynamic cross-linguistic interactions

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
When there’s no mirror image, and other L3 research design challenges

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Transfer patterns in L3 learning discussed

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
What about partial access to UG?

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
The plausibility of wholesale vs. property-by-property transfer in L3 acquisition

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Vindicating the need for a principled theory of language acquisition

Comment

A commentary article has been published for this article:
Cognitive states in third language acquisition and beyond
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
2021-03-01
2023-12-10

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Bardel, C., & Falk, Y.
    (2007) The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research, 23, 459–484. 10.1177/0267658307080557
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658307080557 [Google Scholar]
  2. (2012) The L2 status factor and the declarative/procedural distinction. InJ. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, & J. Rothman (Eds.) Third language acquisition in adulthood (pp.61–78). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/sibil.46.06bar
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.46.06bar [Google Scholar]
  3. Bhatt, R. M., & Hancin-Bhatt, B.
    (2002) Structural minimality, CP and the initial state in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 18, 348–392. 10.1191/0267658302sr210oa
     https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr210oa [Google Scholar]
  4. Bley-Vroman, R.
    (1990) The logical problem of foreign language acquisition. Linguistic Analysis, 20, 3–49.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bohnacker, U.
    (2006) When Swedes begin to learn German: From V2 to V2. Second Language Research, 22, 443–486. 10.1191/0267658306sr275oa
     https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr275oa [Google Scholar]
  6. Epstein, S. D., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G.
    (1996) Second language acquisition: Theoretical and empirical issues in contemporary research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 677–714. 10.1017/S0140525X00043521
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00043521 [Google Scholar]
  7. Eubank, L.
    (1996) Negation in early German-English Interlanguage: More Valueless Features in the L2 initial state. Second Language Research, 12, 73–106. 10.1177/026765839601200104
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200104 [Google Scholar]
  8. Fallah, N., Jabbari, A., & Fazilatfar, A. M.
    (2016) Source(s) of syntactic CLI: The case of L3 acquisition of English possessives by Mazandarani-Persian bilinguals. Second Language Research, 32, 225–245. 10.1177/0267658315618009
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658315618009 [Google Scholar]
  9. Fallah, N., & Jabbari, A.
    (2018) L3 acquisition of English attributive adjectives: Dominant language of communication matters for syntactic cross-linguistic influence. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8, 193–216. 10.1075/lab.16003.fal
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16003.fal [Google Scholar]
  10. Flynn, S.
    (1987) A parameter-setting model of L2 acquisition: Experimental studies in anaphora. Dordrecht: Reidel. 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑3747‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3747-5 [Google Scholar]
  11. Flynn, S., Foley, C., & Vinnitskaya, I.
    (2004) The Cumulative Enhancement Model for language acquisition: Comparing adults’ and children’s patterns of development in first, second and third language acquisition. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1, 3–17. 10.1080/14790710408668175
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710408668175 [Google Scholar]
  12. Fodor, J. D.
    (1998) Unambiguous triggers. Linguistic Inquiry, 29, 1–36. 10.1162/002438998553644
     https://doi.org/10.1162/002438998553644 [Google Scholar]
  13. García Mayo, M., & Rothman, J.
    (2012) L3 morphosyntax in the generative tradition. InJ. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, & J. Rothman (Eds.) Third language acquisition in adulthood (pp.9–32). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/sibil.46.04pil
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.46.04pil [Google Scholar]
  14. Giancaspro, D., Halloran, B., & Iverson, M.
    (2015) Transfer at the initial stages of L3 Brazilian Portuguese: A look at three groups of English-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 191–207. 10.1017/S1366728914000339
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000339 [Google Scholar]
  15. Hermas, A.
    (2010) Language acquisition as computational resetting: Verb movement in L3 initial state. International Journal of Multilingualism, 7, 343–362. 10.1080/14790718.2010.487941
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2010.487941 [Google Scholar]
  16. Laka, I.
    (1990) Negation in syntax: On the nature of functional categories and projections [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Lefebvre, C.
    (1998) Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Leung, Y-k. I.
    (1998) Transfer between Interlanguages. InA. Greenhill, M. Hughes, H. Littlefield & H. Walsh (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp.477–487). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. (2002) Functional categories in second and third language acquisition: A cross-linguistic study of the acquisition of English and French by Chinese and Vietnamese speakers [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. McGill University.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. (2003) Failed Features versus Full Transfer Full Access in the acquisition of a third language: Evidence from tense and agreement. InJ. M. Liceras (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition conference (pp.199–207). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Lozano, C.
    (2002) The interpretation of overt and null pronouns in non-native Spanish. InH. Mardsen, S. Pourcel & M. Whong-Barr (Eds.) Durham working papers in linguistics 8 (pp.53–66). Durham, UK: Department of Linguistics and English Language, Durham University.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. McGill, J.
    (in preparation). Do words matter? How lexical input influences German/English bilinguals’ syntax in beginning Swedish [Doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Montrul, S., Dias, R., & Santos, H.
    (2011) Clitics and object expression in the L3 acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Structural similarity matters for transfer. Second Language Research, 27, 21–58. 10.1177/0267658310386649
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386649 [Google Scholar]
  24. Na Ranong, S., & Leung, Y-k. I.
    (2009) Null objects in L1 Thai-L2 English-L3 Chinese: An empiricist take on a theoretical problem. InY-k. I. Leung (Ed.), Third language acquisition and Universal Grammar (pp.162–191). Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781847691323‑011
     https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691323-011 [Google Scholar]
  25. Paradis, M.
    (1994) Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: Implications for bilingualism. InN. Ellis (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of second languages (pp. 393–419). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. (2009) Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/sibil.40
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.40 [Google Scholar]
  27. Puig-Mayenco, E., & Marsden, H.
    (2018) Polarity-item anything in L3 English: Where does transfer come from when the L1 is Catalan and the L2 is Spanish?Second Language Research, 34, 487–515. 10.1177/0267658317747926
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317747926 [Google Scholar]
  28. Puig-Mayenco, E., & Rothman, J.
    (2018) The role of exposure in exploring L3 morphosyntactic transfer. EuroSLA PowerPoint slides, University of Reading, UK.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. (2020) Low proficiency does not mean ab initio: A methodological footnote for linguistic transfer studies. Language Acquisition, 27, 217–226. 10.1080/10489223.2019.1677668
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2019.1677668 [Google Scholar]
  30. Rothman, J.
    (2011) L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The Typological Primacy Model. Second Language Research, 27, 107–128. 10.1177/0267658310386439
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386439 [Google Scholar]
  31. (2015) Linguistic and cognitive motivation for the Typological Primacy Model of third language (L3) transfer: Considering the role of timing of acquisition and proficiency in the previous languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 179–190. 10.1017/S136672891300059X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891300059X [Google Scholar]
  32. Rothman, J., & Cabrelli Amaro, J.
    (2010) What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research, 26, 189–218. 10.1177/0267658309349410
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658309349410 [Google Scholar]
  33. Rothman, J., González Alonso, J., & Puig-Mayenco, E.
    (2019) Third language acquisition and linguistic transfer. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781316014660
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316014660 [Google Scholar]
  34. Schwartz, B. D., & Eubank, L.
    (1996) What is the L2 initial state? Introduction. Second Language Research, 12, 1–5. 10.1177/026765839601200101
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200101 [Google Scholar]
  35. Schwartz, B. D., & Gubala-Ryzak, M.
    (1992) Learnability and grammar re-organization in L2A: Against negative evidence causing the unlearning of verb movement. Second Language Research, 8, 1–38.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A.
    (1996) L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model. Second Language Research, 12, 40–72. 10.1177/026765839601200103
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200103 [Google Scholar]
  37. (2000) When syntactic theories evolve: Consequences for L2 acquisition research. InJ. Archibald (Ed.), Second language acquisition and linguistic theory (pp.156–186). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. (2013) Generative approaches and the poverty of the stimulus. InJ. Herschensohn, & M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of second language acquisition (pp.137–158). New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139051729.010
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139051729.010 [Google Scholar]
  39. (2017) The role of Universal Grammar in nonnative language acquisition. InI. G. Roberts (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Universal Grammar (pp. 289–304). New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Slabakova, R.
    (2000) L1 transfer revisited: The L2 acquisition of telicity marking in English by Spanish and Bulgarian native speakers. Linguistics, 38, 739–770. 10.1075/lald.26
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.26 [Google Scholar]
  41. (2017) The Scalpel Model of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 651–665. 10.1177/1367006916655413
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916655413 [Google Scholar]
  42. Slabakova, R., & García Mayo, M.
    (2015) The L3 syntax-discourse interface. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 208–226. 10.1017/S1366728913000369
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000369 [Google Scholar]
  43. Sprouse, R. A.
    (2006) Full Transfer and relexification: Second language acquisition and creole genesis. InC. Lefebvre, C. Jourdan, & L. White (Eds.) L2 acquisition and creole genesis: Dialogues (pp.169–181). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/lald.42.11spr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.42.11spr [Google Scholar]
  44. Ullman, M. T.
    (2001) The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition4, 105–22. 10.1017/S1366728901000220
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000220 [Google Scholar]
  45. (2004) Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92, 231–270. 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008 [Google Scholar]
  46. Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M.
    (1996) Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research, 12, 7–39. 10.1177/026765839601200102
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200102 [Google Scholar]
  47. Westergaard, M.
    (2014) Linguistic variation and micro-cues in first language acquisition. Linguistic Variation, 14, 26–45. 10.1075/lv.14.1.02wes
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.02wes [Google Scholar]
  48. (2019) Microvariation in multilingual situations: The importance of property-by-property acquisition. Second Language Research. doi:  10.1177/0267658319884116
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319884116 [Google Scholar]
  49. Westergaard, M., Mitrofanova, N., Mykhaylyk, R., & Rodina, Y.
    (2017) Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The Linguistic Proximity Model. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 666–682. 10.1177/1367006916648859
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916648859 [Google Scholar]
  50. White, L.
    (1991) Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom. Second Language Research, 7, 133–161.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. (2003) Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511815065
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815065 [Google Scholar]
  52. Wode, H.
    (1977) On the systematicity of L1 transfer in L2 acquisition. InC. Henning (Ed.), Proceedings of the Los Angeles Second Language Research Forum (pp.160–169). Los Angeles: Department of English, UCLA.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Zhong, J. C.
    (2020) What gets transferred in L3 acquisition? Ditransitives and passivization of the double object construction in L3 Mandarin [Unpublished doctoral dissertation prospectus]. University of Hawai‘i.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Zobl, H.
    (1980) The formal and developmental selectivity of L1 influence on L2 acquisition. Language Learning, 30, 43–57. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1980.tb00150.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00150.x [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
Loading
The Full Transfer/Full Access model and L3 cognitive states
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11, 1 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.20055.sch
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Full Transfer/Full Access (FT/FA); Interlanguage development; L3 acquisition; Piecemeal Transfer; Wholesale Transfer

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error