1887
Volume 13, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1879-9264
  • E-ISSN: 1879-9272
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Although a bilingual’s knowledge of one language can affect the other, crosslinguistic influence (CLI) is constrained: certain domains, such as the syntax-discourse interface, are more likely to be affected. Linguists have debated CLI’s nature and cause: the Structural Overlap Hypothesis identifies surface overlap between the languages as the key factor determining CLI, while the Interface Hypothesis highlights the role of processing overloads. Our study presents evidence from processing and judgments of a syntax-discourse interface property – information focus – in the Spanish of Yucatecan Spanish monolinguals, Yucatec Maya-Spanish bilinguals, and Catalan-Spanish bilinguals. The comparison across language dyads that realize information focus in different ways allows us to test predictions for language-specific effects of CLI. Using a forced-choice task to measure offline sentence preferences and a self-paced reading task to measure real-time processing, we find (i) language-specific CLI for Yucatec Maya bilinguals but (ii) no CLI for Catalan bilinguals and (iii) no significant differences in real-time processing. We conclude that these results provide partial support for the Structural Overlap Hypothesis but do not align with the Interface Hypothesis. We also examine the role of language dominance on CLI but find no such effects.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lab.21020.hoo
2022-01-20
2025-02-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adli, A.
    (2011) A heuristic mathematical approach for modeling constraint cumulativity: Contrastive focus in Spanish and Catalan. The Linguistic Review, 28(2).   10.1515/tlir.2011.004
    https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.2011.004 [Google Scholar]
  2. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J.
    (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278.   10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  3. Belletti, A., Bennati, E., & Sorace, A.
    (2007) Theoretical and developmental issues in the syntax of subjects: Evidence from near-native Italian. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 25(4), 657–689.   10.1007/s11049‑007‑9026‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-007-9026-9 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bini, M.
    (1993) La adquisición del italiano: Más allá de las propiedades sintácticas del parámetro pro-drop en el español no nativo. InJ. M. Liceras (Ed.), La lingüística y el análisis de los sistemas no nativos (pp. 126–139). Dovehouse Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Birdsong, D., Gertken, L. M., & Amengual, M.
    (2012) Bilingual Language Profile: An easy-to-use instrument to assess bilingualism. COERLL, University of Texas at Austin. https://sites.la.utexas.edu/bilingual/
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bolinger, D.
    (1954) Meaningful word order in Spanish. Boletín de Filología, 81, 45–56.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Büring, D.
    (2009) Towards a typology of focus realization. InM. Zimmermann & C. Féry (Eds.), Information structure: Theoretical, typological, and experimental perspectives (pp. 177–205). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570959.003.0008
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570959.003.0008 [Google Scholar]
  8. Büring, D., & Gutiérrez-Bravo, R.
    (2001) Focus-related constituent order variation without the NSR: A prosody-based crosslinguistic analysis. Syntax at Santa Cruz, 31, 41–58.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Contreras, H.
    (1978) El orden de palabras en español. Cátedra.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Coon, J.
    (2016) Mayan morphosyntax. Language and Linguistics Compass, 10(10), 515–550.   10.1111/lnc3.12149
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12149 [Google Scholar]
  11. Cuza, A.
    (2012) Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax proper: Interrogative subject–verb inversion in heritage Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(1), 71–96.   10.1177/1367006911432619
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006911432619 [Google Scholar]
  12. Davies, M.
    (2006) A frequency dictionary of Spanish: Core vocabulary for learners. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203415009
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203415009 [Google Scholar]
  13. de Houwer, A.
    (1990) The acquisition of two languages from birth: A case study. Cambridge University Press.   10.1017/CBO9780511519789
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519789 [Google Scholar]
  14. Domínguez, L.
    (2002) Analyzing unambiguous narrow focus in Catalan. InT. Ionin, H. Ko, & A. Nevins (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd HUMIT Student Conference in Language Research (pp. 17–34). MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 43.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. (2004) The effects of phonological cues on the syntax of focus constructions in Spanish. InR. Bok-Bennema, B. Hollebrandse, B. Kampers-Manhe, & P. Sleeman (Eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 2002: Selected papers from “Going Romance,” Groningen, 28–30 November 2002 (pp. 69–81). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.256.05dom
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.256.05dom [Google Scholar]
  16. (2013) Understanding interfaces: Second language acquisition and first language attrition of Spanish subject realization and word order variation. John Benjamins. 10.1075/lald.55
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.55 [Google Scholar]
  17. Dubiel, B.
    (2019) The assessment of language maintenance in bilingual children. TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, 101, 94–112.   10.35903/teanga.v10i0.72
    https://doi.org/10.35903/teanga.v10i0.72 [Google Scholar]
  18. Dunn, A. L., & Fox Tree, J. E.
    (2009) A quick, gradient Bilingual Dominance Scale. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(3), 273–289.   10.1017/S1366728909990113
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990113 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dussias, P. E.
    (2004) Parsing a first language like a second: The erosion of L1 parsing strategies in Spanish-English Bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(3), 355–371.   10.1177/13670069040080031001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069040080031001 [Google Scholar]
  20. Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D.
    (Eds.) (2020) Ethnologue: Languages of the world (23rd ed.). SIL International. www.ethnologue.com
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Escandell Vidal, V., & Leonetti, M.
    (2019) Una nota sobre el foco informativo en español. InR. Gonzáles Ruiz, I. Olza Moreno, & Ó. Loureda Lamas (Eds.), Lengua, cultura, discurso: Estudios ofrecidos al profesor Manuel Casado Velarde (pp. 207–224). EUNSA.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Feldhausen, I., & Vanrell, M. del M.
    (2014) Prosody, focus and word order in Catalan and Spanish: An Optimality Theoretic approach. InS. Fuchs, M. Grice, A. Hermes, L. Lancia, & D. Mücke (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP) (pp. 122–125). Universität zu Köln.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Fine, A. B., Jaeger, T. F., Farmer, T. A., & Qian, T.
    (2013) Rapid expectation adaptation during syntactic comprehension. PLOS ONE, 8(10), e77661.   10.1371/journal.pone.0077661
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077661 [Google Scholar]
  24. Fodor, J. A.
    (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  25. Gabriel, C.
    (2010) On focus, prosody, and word order in Argentinean Spanish: A Minimalist OT account. Revista Virtual de Estudos Da Linguagem, 41, 183–222.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Gallego, Á. J.
    (2013) Object shift in Romance. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 31(2), 409–451.   10.1007/s11049‑013‑9188‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-013-9188-6 [Google Scholar]
  27. Garvía, R., & Santana, A.
    (2020) The linguistic regime in Catalan schools: Some survey results. European Journal of Language Policy, 12(1), 85–108.   10.3828/ejlp.2020.5
    https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2020.5 [Google Scholar]
  28. Gertken, L. M., Amengual, M., & Birdsong, D.
    (2014) Assessing language dominance with the Bilingual Language Profile. InP. Leclercq, A. Edmonds, & H. Hilton (Eds.), Measuring L2 proficiency: Perspectives from SLA (pp. 208–225). Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783092291‑014
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092291-014 [Google Scholar]
  29. Gupton, T., & Sánchez Calderón, S.
    (2021) Focus at the syntax–discourse interface in L2 Spanish: Optionality and unaccusativity reconsidered. Second Language Research, OnlineFirst.   10.1177/02676583211017604
    https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583211017604 [Google Scholar]
  30. Gutiérrez-Bravo, R.
    (2015) Las cláusulas relativas en maya yucateco. El Colegio de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. (2017) Clefts and focus in Yucatec Maya. Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México, 4(1), 5–47.   10.24201/clecm.v4i1.52
    https://doi.org/10.24201/clecm.v4i1.52 [Google Scholar]
  32. (2020) La sintaxis del español de México: Un esbozo. Cuadernos de la ALFAL, 12(2), 44–70.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gutiérrez-Bravo, R., & Monforte, J.
    (2011) Focus, agent focus, and relative clauses in Yucatec Maya. InH. Avelino (Ed.), New perspectives in Mayan linguistics (pp. 275–300). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Gutiérrez-Bravo, R., Sobrino, C. M., & Uth, M.
    (2019) Contrastive focus in Yucatecan Spanish. InÁ. J. Gallego (Ed.), The syntactic variation of Spanish dialects. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780190634797.003.0010
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634797.003.0010 [Google Scholar]
  35. Heidinger, S.
    (2015) Optionality and preferences in Spanish postverbal constituent order: An OT account without basic constituent order. Lingua, 1621, 102–127.   10.1016/j.lingua.2015.05.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.05.003 [Google Scholar]
  36. Hernández Méndez, E., & Sima Lozano, E. G.
    (2015) El español en contacto con el maya y el inglés en la península de Yucatán. InR. Terborg, A. Alarcón, & L. Neri (Eds.), Lengua española, contacto lingüistico y globalización (pp. 417–446). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Hertel, T. J.
    (2003) Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order. Second Language Research, 19(4), 273–304.   10.1191/0267658303sr224oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658303sr224oa [Google Scholar]
  38. Hoot, B.
    (2016) Narrow presentational focus in Mexican Spanish: Experimental evidence. Probus, 28(2), 335–365.   10.1515/probus‑2014‑0004
    https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2014-0004 [Google Scholar]
  39. Hoot, B., & Leal, T.
    (2020) Processing subject focus across two Spanish varieties. Probus, 32(1), 93–127.   10.1515/probus‑2019‑0004
    https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2019-0004 [Google Scholar]
  40. Hoot, B., Leal, T., & Destruel, E.
    (2020) Object focus marking in Spanish: An investigation using three tasks. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 5(1), 70.   10.5334/gjgl.1160
    https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1160 [Google Scholar]
  41. Hopp, H.
    (2009) The syntax–discourse interface in near-native L2 acquisition: Off-line and on-line performance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(04), 463–483.   10.1017/S1366728909990253
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990253 [Google Scholar]
  42. INALI (Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas)
    INALI (Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas) (2018) Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Cuaderno informativo. INALI. www.inali.gob.mx
    [Google Scholar]
  43. INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática)
    INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática) (2015) Encuesta Intercensal 2015. INEGI. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/intercensal/2015/
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Ivanov, I. P.
    (2009) Second language acquisition of Bulgarian object clitics: A test case for the interface hypothesis [Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1485&context=etd. 10.17077/etd.077u4o4q
    https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.077u4o4q
  45. Jackendoff, R.
    (2002) Foundations of language: Brain, meaning, grammar, evolution. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198270126.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198270126.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  46. Jiménez Juliá, T.
    (2000) Tema en español y en inglés: Dos conceptos enfrentados. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 77(2), 153–176.   10.3828/bhs.77.2.153
    https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.77.2.153 [Google Scholar]
  47. Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., & Woolley, J. D.
    (1982) Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111(2), 228–238.   10.1037/0096‑3445.111.2.228
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228 [Google Scholar]
  48. Klee, C. A., & Lynch, A.
    (2009) El español en contacto con otras lenguas. Georgetown University Press. 10.1353/book13061
    https://doi.org/10.1353/book13061 [Google Scholar]
  49. Krifka, M.
    (2007) Basic notions of information structure. Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure, 61, 16–55.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kubota, M., Heycock, C., Sorace, A., & Rothman, J.
    (2020) Crosslinguistic influence on L2 before and after extreme reduction in input: The case of Japanese returnee children. Frontiers in Psychology, 111, 2365.   10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560874
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560874 [Google Scholar]
  51. Kügler, F., Skopeteas, S., & Verhoeven, E.
    (2007) Encoding information structure in Yucatec Maya: On the interplay of prosody and syntax. Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure, 81, 187–208.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Kupisch, T.
    (2007) Determiners in bilingual German–Italian children: What they tell us about the relation between language influence and language dominance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 57–78.   10.1017/S1366728906002823
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002823 [Google Scholar]
  53. (2012) Specific and generic subjects in the Italian of German–Italian simultaneous bilinguals and L2 learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 736–756.   10.1017/S1366728911000691
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000691 [Google Scholar]
  54. (2014) Adjective placement in simultaneous bilinguals (German–Italian) and the concept of crosslinguistic overcorrection. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(01), 222–233.   10.1017/S1366728913000382
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000382 [Google Scholar]
  55. Leal, T.
    (2016) Look before you move: Clitic Left Dislocation in combination with other elements in the Spanish left periphery. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics, 29(2), 396–428.   10.1075/resla.29.2.02lea
    https://doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.2.02lea [Google Scholar]
  56. (2018) Mapping at external interfaces: Embedded clitic left dislocations in L2 Spanish. InJ. Cho, M. Iverson, T. Judy, T. Leal, & E. Shimanskaya (Eds.), Meaning and structure in second language acquisition: In honor of Roumyana Slabakova (pp. 35–65). John Benjamins.   10.1075/sibil.55.02lea
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.55.02lea [Google Scholar]
  57. Leal, T. & Hoot, B.
    (Forthcoming.) L2 representation and processing of Spanish focus. Language Acquisition.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Leal, T., Destruel, E., & Hoot, B.
    (2018) The realization of information focus in monolingual and bilingual native Spanish. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(2), 217–251.   10.1075/lab.16009.lea
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16009.lea [Google Scholar]
  59. (2019) The acquisition of focus in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research, 35(4), 449–477.   10.1177/0267658318784343
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658318784343 [Google Scholar]
  60. Leal, T., Slabakova, R., & Farmer, T. A.
    (2017) The fine-tuning of linguistic expectations over the course of L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(3), 493–525.   10.1017/S0272263116000164
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000164 [Google Scholar]
  61. López, L.
    (2009) A derivational syntax for information structure. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557400.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557400.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  62. Lope Blanch, J.
    (1987) Estudios sobre el español de Yucatán. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Lozano, C.
    (2006) The development of the syntax-information structure interface: Greek learners of Spanish. InV. Torrens & L. Escobar (Eds.), The acquisition of syntax in Romance languages (pp. 371–399). John Benjamins. 10.1075/lald.41.18loz
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.41.18loz [Google Scholar]
  64. Marian, V., & Spivey, M.
    (2003) Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(2), 97–115.   10.1017/S1366728903001068
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001068 [Google Scholar]
  65. Meisel, J. M.
    (1989) Early differentiation of languages in bilingual children. InK. Hyltenstam & L. K. Obler (Eds.), Bilingualism across the lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss (pp. 13–40). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511611780.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611780.003 [Google Scholar]
  66. Meteyard, L., & Davies, R. A. I.
    (2020) Best practice guidance for linear mixed-effects models in psychological science. Journal of Memory and Language, 1121, 104092.   10.1016/j.jml.2020.104092
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104092 [Google Scholar]
  67. Montrul, S.
    (2013) El bilingüismo en el mundo hispanohablante. Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Müller, N., & Hulk, A.
    (2001) Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(01), 1–21.   10.1017/S1366728901000116
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000116 [Google Scholar]
  69. Muntendam, A.
    (2013) On the nature of crosslinguistic transfer: A case study of Andean Spanish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(01), 111–131.   10.1017/S1366728912000247
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000247 [Google Scholar]
  70. Prévost, P.
    (2011) The Interface Hypothesis: What about optionality in native speakers?Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(1), 79–83.   10.1075/lab.1.1.12pre
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.1.12pre [Google Scholar]
  71. Prince, E. F.
    (1988) On pragmatic change: The borrowing of discourse functions. Journal of Pragmatics, 12(5–6), 505–518.   10.1016/0378‑2166(88)90045‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(88)90045-8 [Google Scholar]
  72. (1998) The borrowing of meaning as a cause of internal syntactic change. InM. S. Schmid, J. R. Austin, & D. Stein (Eds.), Historical linguistics, 1997: Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (pp. 339–362). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.164.22pri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.164.22pri [Google Scholar]
  73. Rohde, D.
    (2003) Linger (2.94) [Computer software]. tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Linger/
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rothman, J., & Treffers-Daller, J.
    (2014) A prolegomenon to the construct of the native speaker: Heritage speaker nilinguals are natives too!Applied Linguistics, 35(1), 93–98.   10.1093/applin/amt049
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt049 [Google Scholar]
  75. Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A.
    (1996) L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model. Second Language Research, 12(1), 40–72.   10.1177/026765839601200103
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200103 [Google Scholar]
  76. Sequeros-Valle, J., Hoot, B., & Cabrelli, J.
    (2020) Clitic-doubled left dislocation in L2 Spanish: The effect of processing load at the syntax-discourse interface. Language Acquisition, 27(3), 306–330.   10.1080/10489223.2020.1769628
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2020.1769628 [Google Scholar]
  77. Silva-Corvalán, C.
    (1993) On the permeability of grammars: Evidence from Spanish and English contact. InW. J. Ashby, M. Mithun, & G. Perissinotto (Eds.), Linguistic perspectives on Romance languages: Selected papers from the XXI Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (pp. 19–43). John Benjamins.   10.1075/cilt.103.08sil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.103.08sil [Google Scholar]
  78. (1994) Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Clarendon.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. (2008) The limits of convergence in language contact. Journal of Language Contact, 2(1), 213–224.   10.1163/000000008792525246
    https://doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525246 [Google Scholar]
  80. Sima Lozano, E. G., Perales Escudero, M. D., & Be Ramírez, P. A.
    (2014) Actitudes de yucatecos bilingües de maya y español hacia la lengua maya y sus hablantes en Mérida, Yucatán. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 431, 157–179.   10.1016/S0185‑2574(14)70328‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-2574(14)70328-4 [Google Scholar]
  81. Skopeteas, S., & Verhoeven, E.
    (2012) Left peripheral arguments and discourse interface strategies in Yucatec Maya. InI. Kucherová & A. Neeleman (Eds.), Contrasts and positions in information structure (pp. 296–321). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511740084.014
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511740084.014 [Google Scholar]
  82. Slabakova, R.
    (2008) Meaning in the second language. Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110211511
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110211511 [Google Scholar]
  83. Slabakova, R., Rothman, J., & Kempchinsky, P.
    (2011) Gradient competence at the syntax-discourse interface. EuroSLA Yearbook, 111, 218–243.   10.1075/eurosla.11.12rot
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.11.12rot [Google Scholar]
  84. Smeets, L.
    (2019) The acquisition of object movement in Dutch: L1 transfer and near-native grammars at the syntax–discourse interface. Second Language Research, 35(4), 479–504.   10.1177/0267658318782357
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658318782357 [Google Scholar]
  85. (2020) Conditions on L1 transfer in L2 discourse-syntax mappings: The case of clitic left dislocation in Italian and Romanian [Doctoral dissertation, McGill University]. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/8049g926b
  86. Solís-Barroso, C., & Stefanich, S.
    (2019) Measuring language dominance in early Spanish/English bilinguals. Languages, 4(3), 62.   10.3390/languages4030062
    https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4030062 [Google Scholar]
  87. Sorace, A.
    (2011) Pinning down the concept of “interface” in bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(1), 1–33.   10.1075/lab.1.1.01sor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.1.01sor [Google Scholar]
  88. (2012) Pinning down the concept of interface in bilingual development: A reply to peer commentaries. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2(2), 209–217.   10.1075/lab.2.2.04sor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.2.04sor [Google Scholar]
  89. Sorace, A., & Serratrice, L.
    (2009) Internal and external interfaces in bilingual language development: Beyond structural overlap. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 195–210.   10.1177/1367006909339810
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006909339810 [Google Scholar]
  90. Sorace, A., Serratrice, L., Filiaci, F., & Baldo, M.
    (2009) Discourse conditions on subject pronoun realization: Testing the linguistic intuitions of older bilingual children. Lingua, 119(3), 460–477.   10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.008 [Google Scholar]
  91. Terborg, R., García Landa, L., & Moore, P.
    (2006) The language situation in Mexico. Current Issues in Language Planning, 7(4), 415–518.   10.2167/cilp109.0
    https://doi.org/10.2167/cilp109.0 [Google Scholar]
  92. Tonhauser, J.
    (2003) F-constructions in Yucatec Maya. InJ. Anderssen, P. Menéndez-Benito, & A. Werle (Eds.), Semantics of under-represented languages in the Americas (Vol.21, pp. 203–223). GLSA, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Vallduví, E.
    (1992) The informational component. Garland.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Verhoeven, E., & Skopeteas, S.
    (2015) Licensing focus constructions in Yucatec Maya. International Journal of American Linguistics, 81(1), 1–40. 10.1086/679041
    https://doi.org/10.1086/679041 [Google Scholar]
  95. Villalba, X.
    (2011) A quantitative comparative study of right-dislocation in Catalan and Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(7), 1946–1961.   10.1016/j.pragma.2011.01.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.01.002 [Google Scholar]
  96. White, L.
    (2003) Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511815065
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815065 [Google Scholar]
  97. Yucatan Times
    Yucatan Times (2019, December9). 423 Yucatan indigenous schools provide education in Maya language. The Yucatan Times. https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2019/12/423-yucatan-indigenous-schools-provide-education-in-maya-language/
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Zubizarreta, M. L.
    (1998) Prosody, focus, and word order. MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.21020.hoo
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.21020.hoo
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error