1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
  4. Volume 14, Issue 4
  5. Article
Volume 14, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1879-9264
  • E-ISSN: 1879-9272
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Long-distance dependencies such as relative clauses (RCs) are known to be vulnerable in heritage grammars (e.g., Montrul, 2008). Previous studies in RC comprehension have shown that heritage language (HL) children show similar comprehension to monolingual children (Jia & Paradis, 2020), while differential performance has also been found (Kidd et al., 2015). The present study investigates 11–13-year-old monolingual and German-dominant HL children’s real-time parsing strategies in subject relative clause (SRC) and object relative clause (ORC) processing in Greek. We conducted a self-paced listening task in Greek in which we manipulated the type of RC (subject vs. object), and the RC internal word order (canonical vs. scrambled). Our analyses revealed no significant group differences between HL and monolingual children. Both groups of children processed SRCs faster than ORCs on the critical RC verb segment. We also examined if case-marked pre-verbal NPs would facilitate the processing of ORC structures. Although children processed pre-verbal faster than post-verbal NPs, ORC structures with pre-verbal NPs received the lowest scores in the grammaticality judgment task. We discuss these findings on the grounds of Relativized Minimality (Friedmann et al., 2009) and Fodor and Inoue’s (2000) Diagnosis and Repair Model.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
2024-04-18
2024-12-01

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adani, F., van der Lely, H. K. J., Forgiarini, M., & Guasti, M. T.
    (2010) Grammatical feature dissimilarities make relative clauses easier: A comprehension study with Italian children. Lingua, 120(9), 2148–2166. 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.018
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.018 [Google Scholar]
  2. Angelopoulos, N., Geronikou, E., & Terzi, A.
    (2022) Locality and intervention in the acquisition of Greek relative clauses. Languages, 7(4), 275. 10.3390/languages7040275
     https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040275 [Google Scholar]
  3. Arosio, F., Yatsushiro, K., Forgiarini, M., & Guasti, M. T.
    (2012) Morphological information and memory resources in children’s processing of relative clauses in German. Language Learning and Development, 8(4), 340–364. 10.1080/15475441.2011.634691
     https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2011.634691 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M.
    (2008) Mixed – effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 591, 390–412. 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J.
    (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S.
    (2015) Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bates, E., Devescovi, A., & D’Amico, S.
    (1999) Processing complex sentences: A cross-linguistic study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14(1), 69–123. 10.1080/016909699386383
     https://doi.org/10.1080/016909699386383 [Google Scholar]
  8. Benţea, A.
    (2012) Does ‘case’ matter in the acquisition of relative clauses in Romanian?InA. Biller, E. Chung, & A. Kimball (Eds.), BUCLD 36 Online Proceedings Supplement. www.bu.edu/bucld/files/2012/07/Bentea-36.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bishop, D. V. M.
    (1989) Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG), Version 2. Medical Research Council. https://books.google.de/books?id=c0ZEnQAACAAJ
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Booth, J. R., Mac Whinney, B., & Harasaki, Y.
    (2000) Developmental differences in visual and auditory processing of complex sentences. Child Development, 71(4), 981–1003. 10.1111/1467‑8624.00203
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00203 [Google Scholar]
  11. Catsimali, G.
    (1990) Case in Modern Greek: Implications for clause structure [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of Reading.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Chomsky, N.
    (1995) The Minimalist Program. MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Chondrogianni, V.
    (2008) The Acquisition of Determiners and Clitic Pronouns by Child and Adult L2 learners of Greek. Unpublished PhD dissertation [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Cambridge.
  14. Chondrogianni, V., & Marinis, T.
    (2012) Production and processing asymmetries in the acquisition of tense morphology by sequential bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(1), 5–21. 10.1017/S1366728911000368
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000368 [Google Scholar]
  15. Chondrogianni, V., & Schwartz, R. G.
    (2020) Case marking and word order in Greek heritage children. Journal of Child Language, 47(4), 766–795. 10.1017/S0305000919000849
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000919000849 [Google Scholar]
  16. Corrêa, L. M. S.
    (1995) An alternative assessment of children’s comprehension of relative clauses. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 24(3), 183–203. 10.1007/BF02145355
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02145355 [Google Scholar]
  17. Coşkun Kunduz, A., & Montrul, S.
    (2024) Relative clauses in child heritage speakers of Turkish in the United States. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 14(2), 218–254. 10.1075/lab.21027.cos
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.21027.cos [Google Scholar]
  18. Cuza, A., & Miller, L.
    (2015) The protracted acquisition of past tense aspectual values in child heritage Spanish. InR. Klassen, J. M. Liceras, & E. Valenzuela (Eds.), Hispanic Linguistics at the Crossroad: Theoretical Linguistics, Language Acquisition and Language Contact (pp.2111–229). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. 10.1075/ihll.4.11cuz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.4.11cuz [Google Scholar]
  19. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M.
    (1997) Peabody picture vocabulary test-III. American Guidance Service.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Finney, M. C., Montgomery, J. W., Gillam, R. B., & Evans, J. L.
    (2014) Role of working memory storage and attention focus switching in children’s comprehension of spoken object relative sentences. Child Development Research, 2014, 1–11. 10.1155/2014/450734
     https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/450734 [Google Scholar]
  21. Fodor, J. D., & Inoue, A.
    (2000) Syntactic features in reanalysis: Positive and negative symptoms. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29(1), 25–36. 10.1023/A:1005168206061
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005168206061 [Google Scholar]
  22. Fox, A. V.
    (2006) TROG-D (Test zur Überprüfung des Grammatikverständnisses) [Test for Reception of Grammar-German]. Schulz-Kirchner.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Friedmann, N., Belletti, A., & Rizzi, L.
    (2009) Relativized relatives: Types of intervention in the acquisition of A-bar dependencies. Lingua, 119(1), 67–88. 10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  24. Gennari, S. P., & MacDonald, M. C.
    (2008) Semantic indeterminacy in object relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 161–187. 10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.004 [Google Scholar]
  25. Gibson, E.
    (1998) Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68(1), 1–76. 10.1016/S0010‑0277(98)00034‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00034-1 [Google Scholar]
  26. Gordon, P. C., Hendrick, R., & Johnson, M.
    (2001) Memory interference during language processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 271, 1411–1423. 10.1037/0278‑7393.27.6.1411
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.6.1411 [Google Scholar]
  27. Grodner, D., & Gibson, E.
    (2005) Consequences of the serial nature of linguistic input for sentenial complexity. Cognitive Science, 29(2), 261–291. 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_7
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_7 [Google Scholar]
  28. Guasti, M. T., Stavrakaki, S., & Arosio, F.
    (2012) Cross-linguistic differences and similarities in the acquisition of relative clauses: Evidence from Greek and Italian. Lingua, 122(6), 700–713. 10.1016/j.lingua.2012.02.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  29. Guasti, M., Vernice, M., & Franck, J.
    (2018) Continuity in the adult and children’s comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in French and Italian. Languages, 3(3), 24. 10.3390/languages3030024
     https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3030024 [Google Scholar]
  30. Haegeman, L.
    (1994) Verb raising as verb projection raising- some empirical problems. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(3), 509–522.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Haznedar, B.
    (1997) L2 acquisition by a Turkish-speaking child: Evidence for L1 influence. InM. Hughes, E. Hughes, & A. Greenhill (Eds.), Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language Development211 (pp.245–256). Cascadilla Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Horrocks, G.
    (1994) Subjects and configurationality: Modern Greek clause structure. Journal of Linguistics, 30(1), 81–109. 10.1017/S0022226700016194
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700016194 [Google Scholar]
  33. Jia, R., & Paradis, J.
    (2015) The use of referring expressions in narratives by Mandarin heritage language children and the role of language environment factors in predicting individual differences. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(4), 737–752. Cambridge Core. 10.1017/S1366728914000728
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000728 [Google Scholar]
  34. (2020) The acquisition of relative clauses by Mandarin heritage language children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 10(2), 153–183. 10.1075/lab.16015.jia
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16015.jia [Google Scholar]
  35. Kas, B., & Lukács, Á.
    (2012) Processing relative clauses by Hungarian typically developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 27(4), 500–538. 10.1080/01690965.2011.552917
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2011.552917 [Google Scholar]
  36. Katsika, K., Lialiou, M., & Allen, S. E. M.
    (2022) The influence of case and word order in child and adult processing of relative clauses in Greek. Languages, 7(3), 206. 10.3390/languages7030206
     https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7030206 [Google Scholar]
  37. Kidd, E., & Bavin, E. L.
    (2002) English-speaking children’s comprehension of relative clauses: Evidence for general-cognitive and language-specific constraints on development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 311, 599–617. 10.1023/A:1021265021141
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021265021141 [Google Scholar]
  38. Kidd, E., Chan, A., & Chiu, J.
    (2015) Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous Cantonese–English bilingual children’s comprehension of relative clauses. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(3), 438–452. 10.1017/S1366728914000649
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000649 [Google Scholar]
  39. Kim, K., O’Grady, W., & Schwartz, B. D.
    (2018) Case in heritage Korean. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(2), 252–282. 10.1075/lab.16001.kim
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16001.kim [Google Scholar]
  40. Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B.
    (2017) lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. 10.18637/jss.v082.i13
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13 [Google Scholar]
  41. Lau, E., & Tanaka, N.
    (2021) The subject advantage in relative clauses: A review. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 6(1), 34. 10.5334/gjgl.1343
     https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1343 [Google Scholar]
  42. Lenhard, A., Lenhard, W., Segerer, R., & Suggate, S.
    (2015) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revision IV (Deutsche Adaption). Pearson Assessment GmbH, Frankfurt a. Main.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Lenth, R. V., Buerkner, P., Herve, M., Love, J., Miguez, F., Riebl, H., & Singmann, H.
    (2022) Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Levy, R., Fedorenko, E., & Gibson, E.
    (2013) The syntactic complexity of Russian relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language, 69(4), 461–495. 10.1016/j.jml.2012.10.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.10.005 [Google Scholar]
  45. Mak, W. M., Vonk, W., & Schriefers, H.
    (2002) The influence of animacy on relative clause processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 471, 50–68. 10.1006/jmla.2001.2837
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2837 [Google Scholar]
  46. (2006) Animacy in processing relative clauses: The hikers that rocks crush. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(4), 466–490. 10.1016/j.jml.2006.01.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  47. Meng, M., & Bader, M.
    (2000) Ungrammaticality detection and garden path strength: Evidence for serial parsing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 151, 615–666. 10.1080/016909600750040580
     https://doi.org/10.1080/016909600750040580 [Google Scholar]
  48. Montrul, S.
    (2004) Subject and object expression in Spanish heritage speakers: A case of morphosyntactic convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 125–142. 10.1017/S1366728904001464
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728904001464 [Google Scholar]
  49. (2016) The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139030502
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139030502 [Google Scholar]
  50. Montrul, S. A.
    (2008) Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. John Benjamins. 10.1075/sibil.39
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.39 [Google Scholar]
  51. O’Grady, W., Lee, M., & Choo, M.
    (2003) A subject-object asymmetry in the acquisition of relative clauses in Korean as a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25(3), 433–448. 10.1017/S0272263103000172
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263103000172 [Google Scholar]
  52. Özge, D., Kornfilt, J., Maquate, K., Küntay, A. C., & Snedeker, J.
    (2022) German-speaking children use sentence-initial case marking for predictive language processing at age four. Cognition, 2211, 104988. 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104988
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104988 [Google Scholar]
  53. Özsoy, O., Iefremenko, K., & Schroeder, C.
    (2022) Shifting and expanding clause combining strategies in heritage Turkish varieties. Languages, 71, 242. 10.3390/languages7030242
     https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7030242 [Google Scholar]
  54. Polinsky, M.
    (1997) American Russian: language loss meets language acquisition. InW. Browne, E. Dornisch, N. Kondrashova, & D. Zec (Eds.), Annual workshop on formal approaches to Slavic linguistics: The Cornell meeting (1995) (pp.370–406), Ann Arbor, MI: Slavic Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. (2011) Reanalysis in adult heritage language: A case for attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 331, 305–328. 10.1017/S027226311000077X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226311000077X [Google Scholar]
  56. (2018) Heritage Languages and Their Speakers (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781107252349
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107252349 [Google Scholar]
  57. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Reali, F., & Christiansen, M. H.
    (2007) Processing of relative clauses is made easier by frequency of occurrence. Journal of Memory and Language, 571, 1–23. 10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.014
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.014 [Google Scholar]
  59. Rizzi, L.
    (1990) Relativized Minimality. The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Rothman, J.
    (2009) Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 131, 155–163. 10.1177/1367006909339814
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006909339814 [Google Scholar]
  61. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A.
    (2012) E-Prime 2.0. [Computer software and manual]. Psychology Software Tools Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Silva-Corvalan, C.
    (1994) Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198242871.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198242871.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  63. Simos, P. G., Sideridis, G. D., Protopapas, A., & Mouzaki, A.
    (2011) Psychometric evaluation of a receptive vocabulary test for Greek elementary students. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 37(1), 34–49. 10.1177/1534508411413254
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508411413254 [Google Scholar]
  64. Slobin, D. I.
    (1973) Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar (C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin, Eds.). Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Starke, M.
    (2001) Move Dissolves into Merge: A Theory of Locality [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Geneva.
  66. Stathopoulou, N.
    (2007) Producing relative clauses in Greek: Evidence from Down Syndrome. InEssex Graduate Student Paper on Language and Linguistics (pp.104–125).
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Stavrakaki, S.
    (2001) Comprehension of reversible relative clauses in specifically language impaired and normally developing Greek children. Brain and Language, 77(3), 419–431. 10.1006/brln.2000.2412
     https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2412 [Google Scholar]
  68. Stavrakaki, S., Tasioudi, M., & Guasti, T.
    (2015) Morphological cues in the comprehension of relative clauses by Greek children with specific language impairment and typical development: A comparative study. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(6), 617–626. 10.3109/17549507.2015.1048826
     https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2015.1048826 [Google Scholar]
  69. Stavrakaki, S., & Tsimpli, I. M.
    (2000) Diagnostic verbal IQ test for Greek preschool and school age children: Standardization, statistical analysis, psychometric properties. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Speech Therapy, 95–106.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Theodorou, E., & Grohmann, K. K.
    (2013) The acquisition of relative clauses in Cypriot Greek: Production and comprehension. Diacritica, 261, 271–300.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Traxler, M. J., Morris, R. K., & Seely, R. E.
    (2002) Processing subject and object relative clauses: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language, 47(1), 69–90. 10.1006/jmla.2001.2836
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2836 [Google Scholar]
  72. Traxler, M. J., Williams, R. S., Blozis, S. A., & Morris, R. K.
    (2005) Working memory, animacy, and verb class in the processing of relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(2), 204–224. 10.1016/j.jml.2005.02.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.02.010 [Google Scholar]
  73. Tsehaye, W., Pashkova, T., Tracy, R., & Allen, S. E. M.
    (2021) Deconstructing the native speaker: Further evidence from heritage speakers for why this horse should be dead!Frontiers in Psychology, 121, 717352. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717352
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717352 [Google Scholar]
  74. Tsimpli, I. M.
    (1990) Clause structure and word order in Modern Greek. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 21, 220–258.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Tsoi, E. Y. L., Yang, W., Chan, A., & Kidd, E.
    (2019) Mandarin–English speaking bilingual and Mandarin speaking monolingual children’s comprehension of relative clauses. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40(4). 10.1017/S0142716419000079
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716419000079 [Google Scholar]
  76. Tzanidaki, D. I.
    (1995) Greek word order: Towards a new approach. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 71, 247–277.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. (1998) Clause structure and word order in Modern Greek. InB. D. Joseph, G. C. Horrocks, & I. Philippaki-Warburton (Eds.), Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (pp.159–229). John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Unsworth, S.
    (2005) Comparing Child L1, Child L2 and Adult L2. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht University.
  79. van Dijk, C., van Wonderen, E., Koutamanis, E., Kootstra, G. J., Dijkstra, T., & Unsworth, S.
    (2022) Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Language, 49(5), 897–929. 10.1017/S0305000921000337
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000921000337 [Google Scholar]
  80. Varlokosta, S.
    (1997) The acquisition of relative clauses in Modern Greek: A movement account. InA. Sorace, C. Heycock, & R. Shillcock (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition, (pp.184–187).
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Whong-Barr, M., & Schwartz, B. D.
    (2002) Morphological and syntactic transfer in child L2 acquisition of the English dative alternation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 241, 579–616. 10.1017/S0272263102004035
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263102004035 [Google Scholar]
  82. Wickham, H.
    (2016) ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑24277‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 [Google Scholar]
  83. Yip, V., & Matthews, S.
    (2007) Relative clauses in Cantonese-English bilingual children: Typological challenges and processing motivations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29(2), 277–300. Cambridge Core. 10.1017/S0272263107070143
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263107070143 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
Loading
Bilingual children’s online processing of relative clauses
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 14, 446 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.22103.kat
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): child processing; Greek; heritage language; relative clauses; word order

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error