1887
image of Disentangling aspect and tense in L2 acquisition

Abstract

Abstract

This article reports on an empirical study investigating the second language (L2) acquisition of the Chinese perfective markers and and their aspectual/temporal features by English-speaking learners, under the framework of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere, 2008, 2009). English lacks dedicated perfective markers, whereas Chinese is rich in aspect marking but has no morphologically realised tense. This study provides a feature-based account of the Chinese perfective markers and and their English corresponding forms (the simple past tense and the present perfect). An acceptability judgment task, a multiple-choice task, and an online sentence completeness judgment task were conducted on 65 L2 learners of three proficiency levels and 25 Chinese natives. Our findings are largely compatible with the predictions of the FRH. It is found that a complex mapping between the L1 tense and L2 aspect markers can lead to persistent learning challenges. is more difficult to acquire than as the acquisition of involves a more intricate feature reassembly process. L2 learners must disentangle and reconfigure aspectual and temporal features in the L2 feature sets, while also distinguishing between different aspect markers in L2 Chinese.

Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lab.25004.guo
2025-12-16
2026-01-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/10.1075/lab.25004.guo/lab.25004.guo.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/lab.25004.guo&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Amenós-Pons, J., Ahern, A., & Guijarro-Fuentes, P.
    (2018) Feature reassembly across closely related languages: L1 French vs. L1 Portuguese learning of L2 Spanish past tenses. Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1080/10489223.2018.1508466
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2018.1508466 [Google Scholar]
  2. Andersen, R., & Shirai, Y.
    (1996) Primacy of aspect in first and second language acquisition: The pidgin/creole connection. InT. K. Bhatia & W. Ritchie (Eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (pp.–). Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S.
    (2014) lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4 (R package version 1.1-7).
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bybee, J. L., Perkins, R. D., & Pagliuca, W.
    (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Chomsky, N.
    (2015) The Minimalist Program. MIT press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Christensen, R. H. B.
    (2015) Ordinal: Regression models for ordinal data (R package version 28).
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Comrie, B.
    (1976) Aspect. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. (1985) Tense. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165815
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165815 [Google Scholar]
  9. Dai, Y.
    (1997) Research on the Modern Chinese Aspectual System. Zhejiang Educational Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Declerck, R.
    (1995) Is there a relative past tense in English?Lingua, (), –. 10.1016/0024‑3841(95)00019‑V
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(95)00019-V [Google Scholar]
  11. Diaubalick, T., & Guijarro-Fuentes, P.
    (2019) The strength of L1 effects on tense and aspect: How German learners of L2 Spanish deal with acquisitional problems. Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1080/10489223.2018.1554663
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2018.1554663 [Google Scholar]
  12. Domínguez, L., Arche, M. J., & Myles, F.
    (2017) Spanish Imperfect revisited: Exploring L1 influence in the reassembly of imperfective features onto new L2 forms. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658317701991
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317701991 [Google Scholar]
  13. Domínguez, L., & Hicks, G.
    (2024) Feature Reassembly is concerned with syntax, but its main goal is to account for the (second) language acquisition process. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1075/lab.23059.dom
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23059.dom [Google Scholar]
  14. Gil, K. H., & Marsden, H.
    (2013) Existential quantifiers in second language acquisition: A feature reassembly account. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1075/lab.3.2.01gil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.3.2.01gil [Google Scholar]
  15. Giorgi, A., & Pianesi, F.
    (1997) Tense and Aspect: From Semantics to Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780195091922.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091922.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  16. Guo, Y.
    (2022) From a simple to a complex aspectual system: Feature reassembly in L2 acquisition of Chinese imperfective markers by English speakers. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658320911433
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320911433 [Google Scholar]
  17. Iljic, R.
    (1990) The verbal suffix -guo in Mandarin Chinese and the notion of recurrence. Lingua, (), –. 10.1016/0024‑3841(90)90027‑I
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(90)90027-I [Google Scholar]
  18. Jin, L.
    (2003) The aspectual meanings and syntactic condition of le. Language Teaching and Research, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (2009) The Development of Aspect Marking in L2 Chinese Interlanguages. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Klein, W.
    (1994) Time in Language. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kong, L.
    (1994) Yingxiang Hanyu juzi zizu de yuyan xingshi [Linguistic forms that affect sentence completeness in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lardiere, D.
    (2007) Acquiring (or assembling) functional categories in second language acquisition. InA. Belikova, L. Meroni & M. Umeda (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA) (pp.–). Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. (2008) Feature assembly in second language acquisition. InJ. Liceras, H. Zobl, & H. Goodluck (Eds.), The Role of Features in Second Language Acquisition (pp.–). Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. (2009) Some thoughts on the contrastive analysis of features in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658308100283
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658308100283 [Google Scholar]
  25. (2017) Detectability in feature reassembly. InM. S. Schmid & W. Lowie (Eds.), Salience in Second Language Acquisition (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315399027‑3
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315399027-3 [Google Scholar]
  26. Lenth, R.
    (2024) emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (R package version 1.10.6-090002).
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Li, C., & Thompson, S.
    (1989) Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Li, P., & Shirai, Y.
    (2000) The acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspect (Vol.). Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110800715
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110800715 [Google Scholar]
  29. Lin, J.
    (2007) Predicate restriction, discontinuity property and the meaning of the perfective marker guo in Mandarin Chinese. East Asian Linguistics, , –. 10.1007/s10831‑007‑9013‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10831-007-9013-5 [Google Scholar]
  30. (2017) The temporal meaning of the verbal -le revisited. Studies of the Chinese Language, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Liu, X.
    (2010) New Practical Chinese Reader (2nd ed., Vol.). Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lohndal, T., & Putnam, M. T.
    (2024) The importance of features and exponents: Dissolving Feature Reassembly. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1075/lab.23023.loh
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.23023.loh [Google Scholar]
  33. Mai, Z., & Yuan, B.
    (2016) Uneven reassembly of tense, telicity and discourse features in L2 acquisition of the Chinese shì...de cleft construction by adult English speakers. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/0267658315623323
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658315623323 [Google Scholar]
  34. McCoard, R.
    (1978) The English Perfect: Tense-choice and Pragmatic Inferences. North-Holland Publishing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Meyer, D., Zeileis, A., & Hornik, K.
    (2006) The strucplot framework: Visualizing multi-way contingency tables with vcd. Journal of Statistical Software, (), –. 10.18637/jss.v017.i03
    https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i03 [Google Scholar]
  36. Mittwoch, A.
    (2008) The English resultative perfect and its relationship to the experiential perfect and the simple past tense. Linguistics and Philosophy, , –. 10.1007/s10988‑008‑9037‑y
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-008-9037-y [Google Scholar]
  37. Pan, H.
    (1996) Imperfective aspect zhe, agent deletion, and locative inversion in Mandarin Chinese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, (), –. 10.1007/BF00133688
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133688 [Google Scholar]
  38. Pan, H., & Lee, P.
    (2004) The role of pragmatics in interpreting the Chinese perfective markers guo and le. Journal of Pragmatics, , –. 10.1016/j.pragma.2003.07.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.07.003 [Google Scholar]
  39. Parsons, T.
    (1990) Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics. MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Pinheiro, J., Bates, D.
    , & R Core Team (2022) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Rastelli, S.
    (2020) The Acquisition of Aspect in a Second Language. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108903455
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108903455 [Google Scholar]
  43. Schwartz, B., & Sprouse, R.
    (1996) L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1177/026765839601200103
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200103 [Google Scholar]
  44. Shen, J.
    (1995) Youjie yu wujie [Boundedness and unboundedness]. Zhongguo Yuwen, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Shirai, Y.
    (1998) Where the progressive and the resultative meet: Imperfective aspect in Japanese, Chinese, Korean and English. Studies in Language, (), –. 10.1075/sl.22.3.06shi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.22.3.06shi [Google Scholar]
  46. (2004) A multiple-factor account for the form-meaning connections in the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. InR. Salaberry & Y. Shirai (Eds.), Form-meaning connections in second language acquisition (pp.–). John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Slabakova, R.
    (2002) Recent research on the acquisition of aspect: An embarrassment of riches?Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1191/0267658302sr202ra
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr202ra [Google Scholar]
  48. (2015) Acquiring temporal meanings without tense morphology: The case of L2 Mandarin Chinese. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12216
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12216 [Google Scholar]
  49. Slabakova, R., Leal, T., Dudley, A., & Stack, M.
    (2020) Generative Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108762380
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108762380 [Google Scholar]
  50. Smith, C. S.
    (1997) The Parameter of Aspect. Kluwer Academic. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5606‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5606-6 [Google Scholar]
  51. (2008) Time with and without tense. InJ. Guéron & J. Lecarme (Eds.), Time and Modality (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4020‑8354‑9_10
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8354-9_10 [Google Scholar]
  52. Sybesma, R.
    (1999) The Mandarin VP. Kluwer Academic. 10.1007/978‑94‑015‑9163‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9163-8 [Google Scholar]
  53. Tang, S. W., & Lee, T. H. T.
    (2000, June21–23). Focus as an anchoring condition. InInternational Symposium on Topic and Focus in Chinese, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Tong, X., & Shirai, Y.
    (2016) L2 acquisition of Mandarin zai and -le. Chinese as a Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1515/caslar‑2016‑0001
    https://doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2016-0001 [Google Scholar]
  55. Tsai, W.
    (2008) Tense anchoring in Chinese. Lingua, (), –. 10.1016/j.lingua.2007.09.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  56. Tsang, W. L.
    (2012) Aspectual marking among English and Korean learners of Mandarin Chinese. Chinese as a Second Language Research, (), –. 10.1515/caslar‑2012‑0002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2012-0002 [Google Scholar]
  57. Ussery, C., Ding, L., & Liu, Y. R.
    (2016) The typology of Mandarin infinitives. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, (), Article. 10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3727
    https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3727 [Google Scholar]
  58. Veríssimo, J.
    (2021) Analysis of rating scales: A pervasive problem in bilingualism research and a solution with Bayesian ordinal models. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, (), –. 10.1017/S1366728921000316
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921000316 [Google Scholar]
  59. Wang, L.
    (2012) Second language acquisition of Mandarin aspect markers by native Swedish adults [Doctoral dissertation, Uppsala University]. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
  60. Weist, R.
    (2002) The first language acquisition of tense and aspect: A review. InR. Salaberry & Y. Shirai (Eds.), The L2 Acquisition of Tense-Aspect Morphology (pp.–). John Benjamins. 10.1075/lald.27.05wei
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.27.05wei [Google Scholar]
  61. Wen, X.
    (1995) Second language acquisition of the Chinese particle le. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1111/j.1473‑4192.1995.tb00072.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00072.x [Google Scholar]
  62. (1997) Acquisition of Chinese aspect: An analysis of the interlanguage of learners of Chinese as a foreign language. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, (), –. 10.1075/itl.117‑118.01wen
    https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.117-118.01wen [Google Scholar]
  63. Wickham, H.
    (2016) ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑24277‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 [Google Scholar]
  64. Xiao, R., & McEnery, T.
    (2004) Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-based Study. John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.73
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.73 [Google Scholar]
  65. Yang, K.
    (2022) L2 learnability of viewpoint aspect at the initial stages of feature reassembly: A bidirectional study with learners of Chinese and Spanish [Doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton]. 10.5258/SOTON/D2041
    https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D2041
  66. Yang, S. Y., Huang, Y. Y., & Sun, D. J.
    (1999) The acquisition of aspectual markers in Chinese as a second language. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Yuan, B., & Dugarova, E.
    (2012) Wh-topicalization at the syntax-discourse interface in English speakers’ L2 Chinese grammars. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1017/S0272263112000332
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000332 [Google Scholar]
  68. Zagona, K.
    (2013) Tense, aspect, and modality. InM. den Dikken (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax (pp.–). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511804571.026
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804571.026 [Google Scholar]
  69. Zeileis, A., Meyer, D., & Hornik, K.
    (2007) Residual-based shadings for visualising (conditional) independence. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, (), –. 10.1198/106186007X237856
    https://doi.org/10.1198/106186007X237856 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.25004.guo
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/lab.25004.guo
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: perfective markers ; aspect ; L2 Chinese ; tense ; feature reassembly
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error