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Volume 16, Issue 1
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Abstract

Abstract

This epistemological article explores the phenomena of language attrition and stabilization in returnees — bilinguals who spent formative years abroad and later returned to their parents’ homeland. Drawing on empirical and longitudinal research, the paper distinguishes between two returnee profiles: heritage speakers returning to their parents’ country of origin and children who temporarily lived abroad due to parental relocation. Both groups experience a drastic shift in linguistic input, offering a unique window into mechanisms of language development, decline, and re-stabilization. The focus lies on the attrition of early-acquired L2s following return, under conditions of input loss. Studies reviewed here demonstrate how age of return, L2 proficiency, literacy, and continued exposure modulate the rate and depth of attrition. Evidence from case studies — such as German-speaking children returning to Turkey or Portugal — shows that children who return before puberty are especially vulnerable to rapid attrition. In contrast, Japanese–English returnees often retain aspects of their L2, attributed to more consistent post-return input. We support a multidimensional approach to language attrition that integrates linguistic, cognitive, and environmental variables. Returnees serve as a crucial population for refining theories of bilingual development, revealing how input shifts, maturation, and individual differences interact to shape language trajectories.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company. This work was made publicly available by the publisher.
This work was made publicly available by the publisher.

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The other side of the coin matters too

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A dynamic model of fluctuation and re‑stabilization

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International migration and linguistic vicissitudes

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Continuities and discontinuities in L2 exposure among returnees

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A commentary article has been published for this article:
Who qualifies as ‘returnee’, and can one be truly cut off from a former societal language upon return?

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A commentary article has been published for this article:
Emergentism meets attrition

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Age effects in “returnee” bilingualism
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  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): attrition; early L2; heritage language; returnees; stabilization

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