1887
Volume 21, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1606-822X
  • E-ISSN: 2309-5067

Abstract

Abstract

On the basis of the argument realization of Mandarin resultative verb compounds, this paper argues that the Proto-Agent properties as well as the Proto-Patient properties proposed by Dowty (1991) are not equal in status. Specifically, the Proto-Agent property corresponding to the Causer and the Proto-Patient property corresponding to the Causee are two higher-ranked properties. In a non-prototype approach to thematic roles, this means that the Causer and the Causee are two higher-ranked thematic roles that are immediately relevant to the argument realization of monotransitive causative predicates. The paper shows that, compared with Dowty’s equal-weight approach, the alternative approach recognizing the Causer and the Causee as two higher-ranked properties or roles can give a simpler, more effective, and more straightforward account of the argument realization associated with monotransitive causative predicates, including lexical causatives, morphological causatives, and resultatives. This study has implications for research in the argument realization of causatives involving three (or more) arguments as well. Meanwhile, it has implications for any theory utilizing thematic hierarchy because (i) none of the thematic hierarchies proposed in the literature includes both the Causer and the Causee and (ii) a complete theory of thematic roles needs to take these two higher-ranked roles into consideration.

Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00072.li
2020-09-18
2025-02-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lali.00072.li.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00072.li&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abbott, Miriam
    1991 Macushi. In Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, vol.31, 23–160. Berlin & New York: De Mouton Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aissen, Judith
    1974 Verb raising. Linguistic Inquiry51. 325–366.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 2003 Differential object marking: Iconicity vs. economy. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory21(3). 435–483. 10.1023/A:1024109008573
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024109008573 [Google Scholar]
  4. Alsina, Alex & Joshi, Smita
    1991 Parameters in causative constructions. In Dobrin, Lise M. & Nichols, Lynn & Rodriguez, Rosa M. (eds.), Papers from the 27th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 1–15. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker, Mark C.
    1989 Object sharing and projection in serial verb constructions. Linguistic Inquiry20(4). 513–553.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Beavers, John
    2012 Resultative constructions. In Binnick, Robert I. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of tense and aspect, 908–933. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Belletti, Adriana & Rizzi, Luigi
    1988 Psych-verbs and θ-theory. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory6(3). 291–352. 10.1007/BF00133902
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133902 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bickel, Balthasar
    2011 Grammatical relations typology. In Song, Jae Jung (ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic typology, 399–444. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bickel, Balthasar & Rai, Manoj & Paudyal, Netra P. & Banjade, Goma & Bhatta, Toya N. & Gaenszle, Martin & Lieven, Elena & Rai, Ichchha Purna & Rai, Novel Kishore & Stoll, Sabine
    2010 The syntax of three-argument verbs in Chintang and Belhare (Southeastern Kiranti). In Malchukov, Andrej L. & Haspelmath, Martin & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Studies in ditransitive constructions: A comparative handbook, 382–408. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110220377.382
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110220377.382 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bresnan, Joan & Asudeh, Ash & Toivonen, Ida & Wechsler, Stephen
    2016Lexical-functional syntax. 2nd edn.Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bresnan, Joan & Kanerva, Jonni M.
    1989 Locative inversion in Chicheŵa: A case study of factorization in grammar. Linguistic Inquiry20(1). 1–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen & Huang, C.-T. James
    1994 On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In Chen, Matthew Y. & Tzeng, Ovid J. L. (eds.), In honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change, 187–221. Taipei: Pyramid.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Comrie, Bernard
    1975 Causatives and universal grammar. Transactions of the Philological Society73(1). 1–32. 10.1111/j.1467‑968X.1974.tb01155.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1974.tb01155.x [Google Scholar]
  14. 1976 The syntax of causative constructions: Cross-language similarities and divergences. In Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 6: The grammar of causative constructions, 261–312. New York: Academic Press. 10.1163/9789004368842_011
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368842_011 [Google Scholar]
  15. 1989Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. 2nd edn.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Croft, William
    1991Syntactic categories and grammatical relations: The cognitive organization of information. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 1993 Case marking and the semantics of mental verbs. In Pustejovsky, James (ed.), Semantics and the lexicon, 55–72. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑1972‑6_5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1972-6_5 [Google Scholar]
  18. 1998 Event structure in argument linking. In Butt, Miriam & Geuder, Wilhelm (eds.), The projection of arguments: Lexical and compositional factors, 21–63. Stanford: CSLI.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 2012Verbs: Aspect and causal structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248582.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248582.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  20. Davis, Anthony R. & Koenig, Jean-Pierre
    2000 Linking as constraints on word classes in a hierarchical lexicon. Language76(1). 56–91. 10.1353/lan.2000.0068
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2000.0068 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dik, Simon C.
    1978Functional grammar. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 1997The theory of functional grammar, part 1: The structure of the clause. 2nd revised edn.Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Dixon, R. M. W.
    2000 A typology of causatives: Form, syntax and meaning. In Dixon, R. M. W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.), Changing valency: Case studies in transitivity, 30–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511627750.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627750.003 [Google Scholar]
  24. Dowty, David R.
    1991 Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language67(3). 547–619. 10.1353/lan.1991.0021
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1991.0021 [Google Scholar]
  25. Dryer, Matthew S.
    2005 Order of subject, object and verb. In Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), The world atlas of language structures, 330–333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Fodor, Jerry A.
    1970 Three reasons for not deriving “kill” from “cause to die.” Linguistic Inquiry1(4). 429–438.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Folli, Raffaella & Harley, Heidi
    2006 On the licensing of causatives of directed motion: Waltzing Matilda all over. Studia Linguistica60(2). 121–155. 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2006.00135.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2006.00135.x [Google Scholar]
  28. Goldberg, Adele E. & Jackendoff, Ray
    2004 The English resultative as a family of constructions. Language80(3). 532–568. 10.1353/lan.2004.0129
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0129 [Google Scholar]
  29. Green, Georgia M.
    1975 Tracing the source of a lexical gap. In Saltarelli, Mario & Wanner, Dieter (eds.), Diachronic studies in Romance linguistics, 55–62. The Hague: Mouton. 10.1515/9783110811827.55
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110811827.55 [Google Scholar]
  30. Grimshaw, Jane B.
    1990Argument structure. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Gruber, Jeffrey S.
    1965Studies in lexical relations. Cambridge: MIT. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 1976Lexical structures in syntax and semantics. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gu, Yang
    1992 The syntax of resultative and causative compounds in Chinese. Ithaca: Cornell University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M.
    2014Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar. 4th edn.London & New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203431269
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269 [Google Scholar]
  35. Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley
    (eds.) 2013Valency patterns Leipzig. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (valpal.info/) (Accessed2018-02-08.)
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Haspelmath, Martin
    2011 On S, A, P, T, and R as comparative concepts for alignment typology. Linguistic Typology15(3). 535–567. 10.1515/LITY.2011.035
    https://doi.org/10.1515/LITY.2011.035 [Google Scholar]
  37. Her, One-Soon
    2007 Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua117(1). 221–246. 10.1016/j.lingua.2006.01.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2006.01.002 [Google Scholar]
  38. Huang, Chu-Ren & Lin, Fu-Wen
    1992 Composite event structures and complex predicates: A template-based approach to argument selection. In Stvan, Laurel Smith & Ryberg, Stephen & Olsen, Mari Broman & Macfarland, Talke & DiDesidero, Linda & Bertram, Anne & Adams, Larin (eds.), FLSM III: Papers from the Third Annual Meeting of the Formal Linguistics Society of Mid-America, 90–108. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Huang, C.-T. James
    2006 Resultatives and unaccusatives: A parametric view. Chuugoku Gogaku [Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan] 2531. 1–43. 10.7131/chuugokugogaku.2006.1
    https://doi.org/10.7131/chuugokugogaku.2006.1 [Google Scholar]
  40. Jackendoff, Ray S.
    1987 The status of thematic relations in linguistic theory. Linguistic Inquiry18(3). 369–411.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 1990Semantic structures. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Jake, Janice Lynn
    1983Grammatical relations in Imbabura Quechua. Urbana & Champaign: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kaili, Hasan & Spyropoulos, Vassilios & Georgalidou, Marianthi & Çeltek, Aytaç
    2009 Causative constructions in the Turkish variety of the bilingual Muslim community of Rhodes: A preliminary research. In Ay, Sıla & Aydın, Özgür & Ergenç, İclâl & Gökmen, Seda & İşsever, Selçuk & Peçenek, Dilek (eds.), Essays on Turkish linguistics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, 403–412. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Keenan, Edward L.
    1976 Towards a universal definition of “subject.” In Li, Charles N. (ed.), Subject and topic, 303–333. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Keenan, Edward L. & Comrie, Bernard
    1977 Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry8(1). 63–99.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Koenig, Jean-Pierre & Davis, Anthony R.
    2001 Sublexical modality and the structure of lexical semantic representations. Linguistics and Philosophy24(1). 71–124. 10.1023/A:1005616002948
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005616002948 [Google Scholar]
  47. Kozinsky, Isaac & Polinsky, Maria
    1993 Causee and patient in the causative of transitive: Coding conflict or doubling of grammatical relations?In Comrie, Bernard & Polinsky, Maria (eds.), Causatives and transitivity (Studies in Language Companion Series 23), 177–240. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.23.09koz
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.23.09koz [Google Scholar]
  48. Legate, Julie Anne
    2014Voice and v: Lessons from Acehnese. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028141.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262028141.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  49. Levin, Beth & Grafmiller, Jason
    2013 Do you always fear what frightens you?In King, Tracy Holloway & de Paiva, Valeria (eds.), From quirky case to representing space: Papers in honor of Annie Zaenen, 21–32. Stanford: CSLI.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Levin, Beth & Rappaport Hovav, Malka
    1991 Wiping the slate clean: A lexical semantic exploration. Cognition41(1–3). 123–151. 10.1016/0010‑0277(91)90034‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90034-2 [Google Scholar]
  51. 1995Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical semantics interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 2004 The semantic determinants of argument expression: A view from the English resultative construction. In Guéron, Jacqueline & Lecarme, Jacqueline (eds.), The syntax of time, 477–494. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 2005Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511610479
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610479 [Google Scholar]
  54. Li, Chao
    2008Mandarin resultative verb compounds: Where syntax, semantics, and pragmatics meet. München: Lincom Europa.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 2009 On the argument realization of causatives. In Sutcliffe, Patricia & Stanford, Lois M. & Lommel, Arle R. (eds.), LACUS forum XXXIV: Speech and beyond, 137–146. Houston: The Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 2013 Mandarin resultative verb compounds: Simple syntax and complex thematic relations. Language Sciences371. 99–121. 10.1016/j.langsci.2012.11.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2012.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  57. 2018 Argument realization of psychological verbs. Studies in Language42(4). 755–797. 10.1075/sl.17016.li
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.17016.li [Google Scholar]
  58. Li, Linding
    1980 Dongbuge jushi [Sentence types containing the verb-complement construction]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1980(2). 93–103.
  59. 1984 Jiujing nage “bu” nage? [Which on earth complements which?]. Hanyu Xuexi [Chinese Language Learning] 1984(2). 1–10.
  60. Li, Yafei
    1990 On V-V compounds in Chinese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory8(2). 177–207. 10.1007/BF00208523
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208523 [Google Scholar]
  61. 1995 The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory13(2). 255–282. 10.1007/BF00992783
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992783 [Google Scholar]
  62. 1999 Cross-componential causativity. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory17(3). 445–497. 10.1023/A:1006236828263
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006236828263 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lin, Huei-Ling
    1998The syntax-morphology interface of verb-complement compounds in Mandarin Chinese. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Lin, Jimmy
    2004Event structure and the encoding of arguments: The syntax of the Mandarin and English verb phrase. Cambridge: MIT. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah
    2001Light verb syntax and the theory of phrase structure. Irvine: University of California at Irvine. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Liu, Mingming
    2014 Mandarin resultative verb compound involves VP complementation. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics20(1). ( Proceedings of the 37th Annual Penn Linguistics Conference ). 1–9. (Article 24.) (repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1725&context=pwpl) (Accessed2017-​08-16.)
    [Google Scholar]
  67. López, Luis
    2012Indefinite objects: Scrambling, choice functions, and differential marking. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/9165.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9165.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  68. Lu, Jianming
    1990 “VA le” shubu jiegou yuyi fenxi [A semantic analysis of VA-le verb-complement constructions]. Hanyu Xuexi [Chinese Language Learning] 1990(1). 1–6.
  69. Ma, Xiwen
    1987 Yu dongjieshi dongci youguan de mouxie jushi [Certain syntactic structures related to resultative verb compounds]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1987(6). 424–441.
  70. Paulsen, Geda
    2011Causation and dominance: A study of Finnish causative verbs expressing social dominance. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Pesetsky, David
    1995Zero syntax: Experiencers and cascades. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Pylkkänen, Liina
    2008Introducing arguments. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/9780262162548.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262162548.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  73. Rappaport Hovav, Malka & Levin, Beth
    1998 Building verb meanings. In Butt, Miriam & Geuder, Wilhelm (eds.), The projection of arguments: Lexical and compositional factors, 97–134. Stanford: CSLI.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 2001 An event structure account of English resultatives. Language77(4). 766–797. 10.1353/lan.2001.0221
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0221 [Google Scholar]
  75. Reinhart, Tanya
    2002 The theta system–an overview. Theoretical Linguistics28(3). 229–290.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Salih, Mahmud Husein
    1985Aspects of clause structure in Standard Arabic: A study in relational grammar. Buffalo: State University of New York at Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Shi, Chunhong
    2008 Hanyu dongjieshi de jufa yuyi yanjiu [Syntactic and semantic studies of Chinese resultative verb compounds]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
  78. Shibatani, Masayoshi
    1976 The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. In Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 6: The grammar of causative constructions, 1–40. New York: Academic Press. 10.1163/9789004368842_002
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368842_002 [Google Scholar]
  79. Song, Jae Jung
    1991 Causatives and universal grammar: An alternative interpretation. Transactions of the Philological Society89(1). 65–94. 10.1111/j.1467‑968X.1991.tb01057.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1991.tb01057.x [Google Scholar]
  80. 1996Causatives and causation: A universal-typological perspective. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Suhandano
    Suhandano 1994Grammatical relations in Javanese: A short description. Canberra: Australian National University. (Master’s thesis.)
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Sybesma, Rint
    1999The Mandarin VP (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 44). Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑015‑9163‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9163-8 [Google Scholar]
  83. Talmy, Leonard
    1976 Semantic causative types. In Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 6: The grammar of causative constructions, 41–116. New York: Academic Press. 10.1163/9789004368842_003
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368842_003 [Google Scholar]
  84. 1988 Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science12(1). 49–100. 10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2 [Google Scholar]
  85. 2000Toward a cognitive semantics, vol. I: Concept structuring systems. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Tham, Shiao Wei
    2015 Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin. In Wang, William S-Y. & Sun, Chaofen (eds.), The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics, 306–321. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Thompson, Sandra A.
    1973 Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A case for lexical rules. Language49(2). 361–379. 10.2307/412459
    https://doi.org/10.2307/412459 [Google Scholar]
  88. Tokunaga, Misato
    1997 External control in causatives of English and Japanese. In Melby, Alan K. (ed.), The Twenty-third LACUS Forum, 289–299. Chapel Hill: The Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Van Valin, Robert D.
    1990 Semantic parameters of split intransitivity. Language66(2). 221–260. 10.2307/414886
    https://doi.org/10.2307/414886 [Google Scholar]
  90. 2015 Role and Reference Grammar as a framework for linguistic analysis. In Heine, Bernd & Narrog, Heiko (eds.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis, 707–741. 2nd edn.New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Van Valin, Robert D. & LaPolla, Randy J.
    1997Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139166799
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166799 [Google Scholar]
  92. Vitale, Anthony J.
    1981Swahili syntax. Dordrecht: Foris. 10.1515/9783110847444
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110847444 [Google Scholar]
  93. Wang, Hongqi
    1996 Dongjieshi shubu jiegou de yuyi shi shenme [What is the semantics of the verb-complement construction]. Hanyu Xuexi [Chinese Language Learning] 1996(1). 24–27.
  94. Wang, Lingling
    2001A study of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Williams, Alexander
    2005 Complex causatives and verbal valence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 2014 Causal VVs in Mandarin. In Huang, C.-T. James & Li, Y.-H. Audrey & Simpson, Andrew (eds.), The handbook of Chinese linguistics, 311–341. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781118584552.ch12
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584552.ch12 [Google Scholar]
  97. Yuan, Yulin
    2001 Shujieshi peijia de kongzhi–huanyuan fenxi [A control-reduction analysis of the valency of the verb-result construction]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2001(5). 399–410.
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00072.li
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00072.li
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): argument realization; causative; Causee; Causer; resultative; thematic hierarchy
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error