1887
Volume 23, Issue 3
  • ISSN 1606-822X
  • E-ISSN: 2309-5067

Abstract

抽象的

本文詳細分析香港粵語的體助詞「咗」的語法特點。較之北京話的「了」,「咗」在現實句裡使用範圍更大,在非現實句裡使用範圍更小,在複雜短語裡須緊附於首個謂詞上,更容易用來表達持續性事件。我們推測,「咗」異於「了」的這些特點主要有三個動因。第一,粵語是語序最偏VO型的漢語方言,「動後限制」較弱,它不懼動詞後帶複雜成分,相對地抗拒句末時體詞。第二,「咗」很可能源自附著義動詞「著」,這導致它排斥作表示客體損失義的動相補語,更容易用於表述持續性事件的謂語中。第三,「咗」的時體義略異於「了」,這也會造成二者的使用差異。這項比較研究在漢語方言的整體格局方面亦有兩項發現。一方面,漢語的完整體標記分為「著」系和「了」系兩大組,它們有成系統的語法差異;另一方面,南北漢語在語序類型和時體範疇上的差異導致不同方言的完句條件有區別,漢語的完句研究不該集中於普通話,應該回歸到方言口語中。

Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00110.fan
2022-06-13
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lali.00110.fan.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00110.fan&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Cao, Zhiyun (曹志耘)
    2008 Hanyu fangyan dituji • Yufa juan漢語方言地圖集•語法卷 [Linguistic atlas of Chinese dialects: Grammar]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Chan, Kin Wing Kevin
    2010Coordinative conjunctions in Chinese dialects: A typological study. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (Master’s thesis.)
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Chan, Pak Fai (陳伯輝)
    1998 Lun Yue fangyan benzi kaoyi論粵方言詞本字考釋 [On the etymology of Cantonese lexicons]. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Chao, Yuen Ren
    1968A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Chappell, Hillary
    1998 The perfective aspect marker jó in Cantonese Yue spoken narratives. In T’sou, Benjamin K. (ed.), Studia linguistica serica, 145–173. Hong Kong: Language Information Sciences Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen, Limin (陳立民)
    2005 Ye shuo “jiu” he “cai”也說「就」和「才」 [On “jiu” and “cai”]. Dangdai Yuyanxue當代語言學 [Contemporary Linguistics] (7) 11. 16–34.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chen, Yujie
    2015 The complexity of liao ‘finish’ and its weakened form le in the Shangshui dialect of Central Plains Mandarin, Henan Province. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics2(1). 57–84. 10.1075/ijchl.2.1.03che
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.2.1.03che [Google Scholar]
  8. Cheung, Hung-nin Samuel
    1992 The pretransitive in Cantonese. InEditorial Committee of Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica (ed.), Zhongguo Jingnei Yuyan Ji Yuyanxue diyiji: Hanyu fangyan中國境內語言暨語言學第一輯:漢語方言 [Chinese languages and linguistics. I: Chinese dialects], 241–303. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 1997 Completing the completive: (Re)constructing early Cantonese grammar. In Sun, Chaofen (ed.), Studies on the history of Chinese syntax (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 10), 133–165. Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis, University of California.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cheung, Hung-nin Samuel (張洪年)
    2007[1972] Xianggang Yueyu yufa de yanjiu香港粵語語法的硏究 [A grammar of Cantonese as spoken in Hong Kong]. Revised edn. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. (Originally published in 1972 byThe Chinese University of Hong Kong.)
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ding, Jian (丁健)
    2020 Wuyu Luqiao fangyan de wanjieti biaoji “yao” “wan” “qi”吳語路橋方言的完結體標記「爻」「完」「起」 [The completive markers [ɦɔ31], [ɦue31], and [ʨʻiəʔ5] in Luqiao Wu dialect]. Yuyan Yanjiu語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 40(2). 106–113.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Fan, Xiao (范曉)
    1988 Wuyu “V+tuo” zhong de “tuo”吳語「V脫」中的「脫」 [The tuo in the Wu dialect V + tuo ]. InWu Language Laboratory, Institute of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University (復旦大學中國語言文學研究所吳語研究室) (ed.), Wuyu luncong吳語論叢 [Essays on Wu], 214–222. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Publishing House.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fan, Xiaolei
    2014Tense, aspect and modality in Chinese: A typology study. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Fan, Xiaolei (范曉蕾)
    2017 Jiyu Hanyu fangyan de guanchang fanchou yanjiu基於漢語方言的慣常範疇研究 [A study of the habitual-generic category with the evidence from Chinese dialects]. Dangdai Yuyanxue當代語言學 [Contemporary Linguistics] 19(4). 561–590.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 2018 Xingtai hua “LE1” de liangge bianti邢台話「了」的兩個變體 [The verbal-LE variants in Xingtai dialect]. Language and Linguistics19(3). 410–438.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 2019 “Chayidian” de yuyi tezheng ji qi jufa houguo: Jiantan fouding, fan yuqi, shiti de guanlian「差一點」的語義特徵及其句法後果——兼談否定、反預期、時體的關聯 [The semantic features of “chayidian” and their syntactic effects: On the relationships of negation, counter-expectation, and tense-aspect]. Dangdai Yuyanxue當代語言學 [Contemporary Linguistics] 21(2). 207–237.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 2020 Binyu he dongci dui “le1” de zhiyue xiaoguo賓語和動詞對「了」的制約效果 [How the obejct and the verb condition the use of verbal -le ]. InEditorial Committee of Yuyanxue luncong, Center for Chinese Linguistics, Peking University (北京大學中國語言學硏究中心《語言學論叢》編委會) (ed.), Yuyanxue luncong語言學論叢 [Essays on linguistics], vol.611, 222–279. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 2021 Putonghua le1 le2 de yufa yizhixing普通話「了」「了」的語法異質性 [The grammatical heterogeneity of le1 and le2 in Mandarin]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Feng, Shengli (馮勝利)
    2015 Shengdiao, yudiao yu Hanyu de jumo yuqi聲調、語調與漢語的句末語氣 [Tone, intonation and sentence final particles in Chinese]. InEditorial Committee of Yuyanxue luncong, Center for Chinese Linguistics, Peking University (北京大學中國語言學硏究中心《語言學論叢》編委會) (ed.), Yuyanxue Luncong語言學論叢 [Essays on Linguistics], vol.511, 52–79. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Francis, Elaine J. & Matthews, Stephen
    2006 Categoriality and object extraction in Cantonese serial verb constructions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory24(3). 751–801. 10.1007/s11049‑006‑0005‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-006-0005-3 [Google Scholar]
  21. Gan, Yu’en (甘于恩)
    2011 Guangdong Yue fangyan wanchengti biaoji de zonghe kaocha廣東粵方言完成體標記的綜合考察 [A comprehensive study on the completive aspect markers in Guangdong Yue]. (Paper presented at the16th International Conference on Yue Dialects, Hong Kong, 15–16 December 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hashimoto, Mantaro (橋本萬太郎)
    2008[1978] Yuyan dili leixingxue語言地理類型學 [Linguistic geographical typology]. Beijing: Beijing World Publishing Corporation. (Originally published in 1978 by Koubundou.) (Translated by Zhihong, Yu .)
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hou, Jingyi (侯精一) & Wen, Duanzheng (溫端政)
    1993 Shanxi fangyan diaocha yanjiu baogao山西方言調查研究報告 [Report on Shanxi dialect investigation and study]. Taiyuan: Shanxi United University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hu, Xuhui
    2019 When telicity, perfect aspect, and verbal quantification come together: A study on the verbal le in Yixing Chinese. (Paper presented at theSeventh Symposium for the Syntax and Semantics of Modern Chinese, Guangzhou, 8–10 November 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Huang, Yang
    2014Synchronic variation, grammaticalization and language contact: The development of the FINISH morphemes in the Yue-Chinese and the Zhuang languages in the Guangxi region. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jin, Lixin (金立鑫)
    2005 “mei” he “le” gongxian de jufa tiaojian「沒」和「了」共現的句法條件 [The co-occurrence of mei and le ]. Hanyu Xuexi漢語學習 [Chinese Language Learning] 2005(1). 25–27.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kimura, Hideki (木村英樹)
    1983 Guanyu buyuxing ciwei “zhe” he “le”關於補語性詞尾 「著/zhe/」和「了/le/」 [The zhe and le with the phase-complement nature]. Yuwen Yanjiu語文研究 [Linguistic Research] 1983(2). 22–30.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kwok, Bit-chee (郭必之) & Kataoka, Shin (片岡新)
    2006 Zaoqi Guangzhouhua wanchengti biaoji “HIU” de laiyuan he yanbian早期廣州話完成體標記「嘵」的來源和演變 [The origin and development of the perfective aspect marker hiu in early Cantonese]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo Xuebao中國文化研究所學報 [Journal of Chinese Studies] 461. 91–116.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Lai, Huei-ling
    1995Rejected expectations: The scalar particles CAI and JIU in Mandarin Chinese. Austin: The University of Texas at Austin. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A.
    1981Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. & Thompson, R. McMillan
    1982 The discourse motivation for the perfect aspect: The Mandarin particle le . In Hopper, Paul J. (ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics, 19–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.1.05li
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.1.05li [Google Scholar]
  32. Li, Xingya (李興亞)
    1989 Shi shuo dongtai zhuci “le” de ziyou yinxian試說動態助詞「了」的自由隱現 [On the free appearance and disappearance of the dynamic auxiliary le ]. Zhongguo Yuwen中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1989(5). 334–340.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lin, Huayong (林華勇) & Li, Huachen (李華琛) & Zhong, Ziwei (鍾子維)
    . forthcoming. Lianjiang Yueyu de guanchangti: Miaoxie yu bijiao廉江粵語的慣常體:描寫與比較 [The habitual aspect of Lianjiang Cantonese: A description from the comparative perspective]. (Accpeted byJournal of Chinese Linguisitics.)
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lin, Huayong (林華勇) & Li, Minying (李敏盈)
    2019 Cong Lianjiang fangyan kan Yueyu “KEOI” zi chuzhiju從廉江方言看粵語「佢」字處置句 [The Cantonese disposal construction with keoi: Evidence from the Lianjiang dialect]. Zhongguo Yuwen中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2019(1). 89–101.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lin, Jo-wang
    2008 Event decompostion and the syntax and semantics of durative phrases in Chinese. In Dölling, Johannes & Heyde-Zybatow, Tatjana & Schäfer, Martin (eds.), Event structures in linguistic form and interpretation (Language, Context and Cognition 5), 31–54. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110925449.31
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110925449.31 [Google Scholar]
  36. Lin, Jo-wang (林若望)
    2017 Zai lun ciwei LE de shiti yiyi再論詞尾「了」的時體意義 [The temporal meaning of the verbal -le revisited]. Zhongguo Yuwen中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2017(1). 3–23.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Liu, Danqing (劉丹青)
    2001 Hanyu fangyan de yuxu leixing bijiao漢語方言的語序類型比較 [The comparison of word-order types across Chinese dialects]. Xiandai Zhongguoyu Yanjiu現代中國語研究 [Contemporary Research in Modern Chinese] 21. 24–38.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Lu, Man (魯曼)
    2010 Changsha fangyan zhong de “ka” he “da”長沙方言中的「咖」和「噠」 [“ka41” and “ta21” in the Changsha dialect]. Zhongguo Yuwen中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2010(6). 526–535.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ma, Xiwen (馬希文)
    1983 Guanyu dongci “le” de ruohua xingshi /lou/關於動詞「了」的弱化形式 /lou/ [On the weakened form lou of the verb le ]. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao中國語言學報 [Chinese Linguistics: The Journal of Linguistic Society of China] 11. 1–14.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Mai, Yun (麥耘)
    2003 Guangzhouhua yi “KEOI” fuzhi shoushizhe de jushi廣州話以「佢」復指受事者的句式 [The Cantonese sentence pattern with KEOI to coreference patients]. In Zhan, Bohui (詹伯慧) (ed.), Di Ba Jie Guoji Yuefangyan Yantaohui lunwenji第八屆國際粵方言研討會論文集 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Yue Dialects], 515–524. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Mei, Tsu-Lin (梅祖麟)
    1980[1979] Wuyu qingmaoci “tsi” de yuyuan吳語情貌詞「仔」的語源 [The etymology of the aspect marker tsi in the Wu dialect]. Guowai Yuyanxue國外語言學 [Contemporary Linguistics] 1980(3). 22–28. (Originally published in 1979 by Journal of Chinese Linguistics.) (Translated by Lu, Jianming .)
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 1981 Xiandai Hanyu wanchengmao jushi he ciwei de laiyuan現代漢語完成貌句式和詞尾的來源 [The origin of the sentence-type of perfective aspect and the perfective suffix in Modern Chinese]. Yuyan Yanjiu語言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 1981(1). 65–77.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 1989 Hanyu fangyan li xuci “zhe” zi sanzhong yongfa de laiyuan漢語方言裡虛詞「著」字三種用法的來源 [The origin of the three uses of the Mandarin function-word zhe in Chinese dialects]. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao中國語言學報 [Chinese Linguistics: The Journal of Linguistic Society of China] 31. 193–216. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Mithun, Marianne
    1984 The evolution of noun incorporation. Language60(4). 847–894. 10.1353/lan.1984.0038
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1984.0038 [Google Scholar]
  45. Ota, Tatsuo (太田辰夫)
    1958 Chūgokugo rekishi bunpō中国語歴史文法 [A historical grammar of Modern Chinese]. Kyoto: Hoyu Book.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Pan, Wuyun (潘悟雲)
    1996 Wenzhou fangyan de ti he mao溫州方言的體和貌 [Aspects in the Wenzhou dialect]. In Chang, Song Hing (張雙慶) (ed.), Dongci de ti動詞的體 [Aspects of verbs], 254–284. Hong Kong: T.T. Ng Chinese Language Language Research Centre, Institute of Chinese Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Payne, Thomas Edward
    1997Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511805066
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805066 [Google Scholar]
  48. Peng, Xiaochuan (彭小川)
    2010 Guangzhouhua zhuci yanjiu廣州話助詞研究 [Studies in Cantonese particles]. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Sheng, Yimin (盛益民)
    2014 Wuyu Shaoxing Keqiaohua cankao yufa吳語紹興話柯橋參考語法 [A reference grammar of Shaoxing Keqiao Wu dialect]. Tianjin: Nankai University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Shi, Qisheng (施其生)
    1996 Shantou fangyan de ti汕頭方言的體 [Aspects in the Shantou dialect]. In Chang, Song Hing (張雙慶) (ed.), Dongci de ti動詞的體 [Aspects of verbs], 161–194. Hong Kong: T.T. Ng Chinese Language Language Research Centre, Institute of Chinese Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Smith, Carlota S.
    1997The parameter of aspect. 2nd edn.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5606‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5606-6 [Google Scholar]
  52. Tang, Sze-Wing (鄧思穎)
    2015 Yueyu yufa jiangyi粵語語法講義 [A lecture on Cantonese grammar]. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tao, Huan (陶寰)
    1996a Lun Wuyu de shijian biaoji論吳語的時間標記 [On tense markers in the Wu dialect]. Shanghai: Fudan University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 1996b Shaoxing fangyan de ti紹興方言的體 [Aspects in the Shaoxing dialect]。 In Chang, Song Hing (張雙慶) (ed.), Dongci de ti動詞的體 [Aspects of verbs], 302–330. Hong Kong: T.T. Ng Chinese Language Language Research Centre, Institute of Chinese Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Teng, Shou-Hsin
    1975 Predicate movements in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics3(1). 60–75.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Wang, Jian (王健)
    2010 Su Wan fangyan zhong “diao” leici de gongshi biaoxian yu yufahua dengji蘇皖方言中「掉」類詞的共時表現與語法化等級 [The synchronic behaviors and the degrees of grammaticalization of diao type words in the dialects of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces]. Yuyan Kexue語言科學 [Linguistics Sciences] 2010(2). 187–196.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Wang, Li (王力)
    1980[1958] Hanyu shigao漢語史稿 [Manuscript of Chinese history]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Wu, Fang (吳芳)
    2007 Guangdong Yuefangyan wanchengti biaozhi de fenbu ji “zo” de yuyuan廣東粵方言完成體標誌的分佈及「咗」的語源 [The distribution of the completive marker in Guangdong Yue and the etymology of zo ]. In Lin, Yi (林亦) & Yu, Jin (余瑾) (eds.), Di Shiyijie Guoji Yuefangyan Yantaohui lunwenji第十一屆國際粵方言研討會論文集 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Yue Dialects], 328–333. Nanning: Guangxi People’s Publishing House.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Wu, Fuxiang (吳福祥)
    2002 Nanfang fangyan jige zhuangtai buyu biaoji de laiyuan (Er)南方方言幾個狀態補語標記的來源(二) [Origin of some markers of stative complements in the southern Chinese dialects (Part II)]. Fangyan方言 [Dialect] 2002(1). 24–34.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Wu, Guo (武果)
    2007 Yuqici “le” de “zhuguanxing” yongfa語氣詞「了」的「主觀性」用法 [The “subjective” usage of the mood particle le ]. InEditorial Committee of Yuyanxue luncong, Center for Chinese Linguistics, Peking University (北京大學漢語語言學研究中心《語言學論叢》編委會) (ed.), Yuyanxue luncong語言學論叢 [Essays on linguistics], vol.361, 341–362. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Wu, Jizhang (吳繼章)
    2007 Hebei Weixian fangyan de “le”—— Yu Hanyu Putonghua ji qita xiangguan fangyan, jindai Hanyu deng de bijiao yanjiu河北魏縣方言的「了」——與漢語普通話及其他相關方言、近代漢語等的比較研究 [ Le in the Weixian dialect in Hebei: A comparative study with Hanyu Putonghua and other related dialects and Modern Chinese]. Yuwen Yanjiu語文研究 [Linguistic Research] 2007(3). 35–47.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Wu, Yunji (伍雲姬)
    2006 Xiangfangyan dongtai zhuci de xitong jiqi yanbian湘方言動態助詞的系統及其演變 [The development of aspectual systems in the Chinese-Xiang dialects]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Yakhontov, Sergei (雅洪托夫)
    1958 Hanyu de dongci fanchou漢語的動詞範疇 [The category of verb in Chinese]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. (Translated by Chen, Konglun .)
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Yue, Lijing (岳立靜)
    2006  Xingshi Yinyuan Zhuan zhuci yanjiu〈醒世姻緣傳〉助詞研究 [A study on the particles in Xingshi Yinyuan Zhuan ]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Zhang, Min (張敏)
    2010 “Donghou xianzhi” de quyu tuiyi jiqi shizhi「動後限制」的區域推移及其實質 [The postverbal constraint as a geographical continuum]. (Paper presented at theInternational Symposium for Comparative and Typological Research on Languages of China, Hong Kong, 8–9 May 2010.)
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zhao, Jinming (趙金銘)
    1979 Dunhuang Bianwen zhong suojian de “le” he “zhe”敦煌變文中所見的「了」和「著」 [The le and zhe in Dunhuang Bianwen]. Zhongguo Yuwen中國語文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1979(1). 65–69.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00110.fan
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.00110.fan
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error