Abstract
Abstract
Beginning with publications in the early 1980s there have been attempts to use syntactic data to determine the highest-order subgroups of Austronesian. These efforts fall into two categories: those which claim that the voice affixes of Philippine-type languages originally had exclusively nominalizing functions, and those which claim that the affixes themselves were innovated after the separation of Rukai from the ancestor of all other Austronesian languages. Although these ideas lay dormant for some years, recently both have been revived in renewed efforts to show that the Austronesian family tree is not ‘rake-like’ in its highest nodes, but shows extensive embedding of subgroups that can be justified by successive layers of syntactic innovations. This paper questions the methodological soundness of both types of arguments on the grounds that they appeal to negative evidence, and logically any such appeal can do no better than reach an inference of indeterminate status rather than the positive conclusions that have been proposed.
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Article metrics loading...
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.18.4.02blu
2017-10-10
2024-03-29
-
/content/journals/10.1075/lali.18.4.02blu
dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
10
5
Full text loading...
/deliver/fulltext/lali.18.4.02blu.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/lali.18.4.02blu&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah
References
-
Adelaar, K. Alexander
2011 Siraya: Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:
10.1515/9783110252965
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110252965
[Google Scholar]
-
Aldridge, Edith
[Google Scholar]
-
Aldridge, Edith
2016 Ergativity from subjunctive in Austronesian languages.
Language and Linguistics17.11: 27–62. doi:
10.1177/1606822X15613499
https://doi.org/10.1177/1606822X15613499
[Google Scholar]
-
Anceaux, J. C.
1952 The Wolio Language: Outline of Grammatical Description and Texts. (VKI 11.) The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
[Google Scholar]
-
Anceaux, J. C.
1987 Wolio Dictionary (Wolio-English-Indonesian), Kamus Bahasa Wolio (Wolio-Inggeris-Indonesia). (KITLV XVIII.) Dordrecht & Providence: Foris Publications.
[Google Scholar]
-
Baird, Louise
2002 A Grammar of Kéo: an Austronesian Language of East Nusantara. Canberra: The Australian National University dissertation.
[Google Scholar]
-
Bellwood, Peter
2011 The checkered prehistory of rice movement southwards as a domesticated cerealŠ– from the Yangzi to the Equator.
Rice4.31: 93–103. doi:
10.1007/s12284‑011‑9068‑9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9
[Google Scholar]
-
Blust, Robert
1999 Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, ed. by
Elizabeth Zeitoun
&
Paul Jen-kuei Li
, 31–94. (Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica, No. 1.) Taipei: Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Blust, Robert
2003 Thao Dictionary. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A5.) Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Blust, Robert
2013 The Austronesian Languages. 2nd revised edition. (Asia-Pacific Open Access Monographs.) Canberra: College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University.
[Google Scholar]
-
Blust, Robert
, &
Stephen Trussel
. Ongoing.
The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Web edition. Available at
www.trussel2.com/ACD (accessed
15 September 2016).
[Google Scholar]
-
Bowden, John
2001 Taba: Description of a South Halmahera Austronesian Language. (PL 521.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Bulbeck, David
2008 An integrated perspective on the Austronesian diaspora: the switch from cereal agriculture to maritime foraging in the colonisation of island Southeast Asia.
Australian Archaeology671: 31–51. doi:
10.1080/03122417.2008.11681877
https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2008.11681877
[Google Scholar]
-
Cauquelin, Josiane
2015 Nanwang Puyuma-English Dictionary. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 56.) Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Chang, Henry Y.
2006 Rethinking the Tsouic subgroup hypothesis: a morphosyntactic perspective. Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W-5), ed. by
Henry Y. Chang
,
Lillian M. Huang
&
Dah-an Ho
, 565–584. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Chen, Victoria
. n.d.Fieldnotes on Nanwang Puyuma and Tgdaya Seediq.
[Google Scholar]
-
Clark, Ross
1991 Fingota/fangota: shellfish and fishing in Polynesia. Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer, ed. by
Andrew Pawley
, 78–83. Auckland: The Polynesian Society.
[Google Scholar]
-
Codrington, R. H.
, &
J. Palmer
1896 A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Island, Banks’ Islands. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
[Google Scholar]
-
Davis, Karen
2003 A Grammar of the Hoava Language, Western Solomons. (Pacific Linguistics 535.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Dyen, Isidore
1990 Homomeric lexical classification.
Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. (
Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 45), ed. by
Philip Baldi
, 211–230. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. doi:
10.1515/9783110886092.211
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886092.211
[Google Scholar]
-
Edwards, Owen
2015 The position of Enggano within Austronesian.
Oceanic Linguistics54.11: 54–109. doi:
10.1353/ol.2015.0001
https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2015.0001
[Google Scholar]
-
English, Leo James
1986 Tagalog-English Dictionary. Quezon City: Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer.
[Google Scholar]
-
English-Tagalog Online Translator
-
Ferrell, Raleigh
1969 Taiwan Aboriginal Groups: Problems in Cultural and Linguistic Classification. (Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Monograph No. 17.) Taipei: Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1957 Essays in Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[Google Scholar]
-
Huang, Lillian M.
2000 Beinanyu Cankao Yufa [
A Reference Grammar of Puyuma
]. Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd.
[Google Scholar]
-
Jensen, John Thayer
1977a Yapese Reference Grammar. (PALI Language Texts: Micronesia.) Honolulu: University Press of Hawai‘i.
[Google Scholar]
-
Jensen, John Thayer
1977b Yapese-English Dictionary. (PALI Language Texts: Micronesia.) Honolulu: University Press of Hawai‘i.
[Google Scholar]
-
Kähler, Hans
1987 Enggano-Deutsches Wörterbuch [
Enggano-German Dictionary
]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
[Google Scholar]
-
Lewis, M. Paul
,
Gary F. Simons
, &
Charles D. Fennig
(eds.) 2016 Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 19th edition. Dallas: SIL International. Available at
www.ethnologue.com (accessed
15 September 2016).
[Google Scholar]
-
Li, Paul Jen-kuei
1973 Rukai Structure. (Special Publications No. 64.) Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Li, Paul Jen-kuei
2004 The internal relationships of Rukai. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages, Vol.11, ed. by
Paul Jen-kuei Li
, 559–624. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series C-3.) Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Li, Paul Jen-kuei
, &
Shigeru Tsuchida
2006 Kavalan Dictionary. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A-19). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Lin, Dong-yi
2011 A syntactic account of interrogative verbs in Kavalan. Paper Presented at the47th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, April 7–9, 2011. Illinois: University of Chicago.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ogawa, Naoyoshi
, &
Erin Asai
1935 Gengo ni Yoru Taiwan Takasago Zoku Densetsu Shū [
The Myths and Traditions of the Formosan Native Tribes (Texts and Notes)
]. Taipei: Taihoku Imperial University Institute of Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Online Dictionary of Formosan languages (ODFL)
-
Pan, Chia-jung
2012 A Grammar of Lha’alua, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan. Cairns: James Cook University dissertation.
[Google Scholar]
-
Pawley, Andrew
, &
Lawrence A. Reid
1979 The evolution of transitive constructions in Austronesian. Austronesian Studies: Papers from the Second Eastern Conference on Austronesian Languages, ed. by
Paz Buenaventura Naylor
, 103–130. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
1996 Is Yapese Oceanic?Reconstruction, Classification, Description: Festschrift in Honor of Isidore Dyen. (Abera Network Asia-Pacific 3), ed. by
Bernd Nothofer
, 121–166. Hamburg: Abera Verlag Meyer & Co.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
2002 The history and transitivity of Western Austronesian voice and voice-marking. The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems, ed. by
Fay Wouk
&
Malcolm Ross
, 17–62. (Pacific Linguistics 518.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
2006 Reconstructing the case-marking and personal pronoun systems of Proto Austronesian. Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday, ed. by
Henry Y. Chang
,
Lillian M. Huang
&
Dah-an Ho
, 521–564. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W-5.) Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
2009 Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal. Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust, ed. by
Alexander Adelaar
&
Andrew Pawley
, 295–326. (Pacific Linguistics 601.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
2012 In defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and against Tsouic). Language and Linguistics13.61: 1253–1330.
[Google Scholar]
-
Ross, Malcolm
2014 Major morphosyntactic changes in early Austronesian. Lecture at the Advanced Linguistics Workshop on Language Change, July 14–24. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Sagart, Laurent
2010 Is Puyuma a primary branch of Austronesian?
Oceanic Linguistics49.11: 194–204. doi:
10.1353/ol.0.0070
https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.0.0070
[Google Scholar]
-
Sagart, Laurent
2013 Is Puyuma a primary branch of Austronesian?: a rejoinder.
Oceanic Linguistics52.21: 481–492. doi:
10.1353/ol.2013.0027
https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2013.0027
[Google Scholar]
-
Sagart, Laurent
2014 In defense of the numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, and of Tsouic.
Language and Linguistics15.61: 859–882. doi:
10.1177/1606822X14544623
https://doi.org/10.1177/1606822X14544623
[Google Scholar]
-
Sagart, Laurent
,
Roger Blench
, &
Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
(eds.) 2005 The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London and New York: Routledge Curzon. doi:
10.4324/9780203343685
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203343685
[Google Scholar]
-
Sapir, Edward
1921 Language: an Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
[Google Scholar]
-
Schachter, Paul
, &
Fe T. Otanes
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520321205
[Google Scholar]
-
Starosta, Stanley
1995 A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages. Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan, ed. by
Paul Jen-kuei Li
,
Cheng-hwa Tsang
,
Ying-kuei Huang
,
Dah-an Ho
&
Chiu-yu Tseng
, 683–726. (Symposium Series of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, No. 3.) Taipei: Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Starosta, Stanley
,
Andrew Pawley
, &
Lawrence A. Reid
1982 The evolution of focus in Austronesian. Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol.21, ed. by
Amran Halim
,
Lois Carrington
&
Stephen A. Wurm
, 145–170. (PL C-75). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching
2007 A Reference Grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan. Canberra: The Australian National University dissertation.
[Google Scholar]
-
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching
2009 Case syncretism in Puyuma. Language and Linguistics10.41: 819–844.
[Google Scholar]
-
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching
, &
Malcolm Ross
2010 Is Puyuma a primary branch of Austronesian? A reply to Sagart. Oceanic Linguistics49.21: 543–558.
[Google Scholar]
-
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching
, &
Elizabeth Zeitoun
2016 The noun-verb distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: evidence from pronouns.
Oceanic Linguistics55.11: 134–161. doi:
10.1353/ol.2016.0015
https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2016.0015
[Google Scholar]
-
Thurgood, Graham
1999 From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
[Google Scholar]
-
Topping, Donald M.
(with the assistance of Bernadita
C. Dungca
)
1973 Chamorro Reference Grammar. (PALI Language Texts: Micronesia.) Honolulu: University Press of Hawai‘i.
10.1515/9780824841263
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824841263
[Google Scholar]
-
Tryon, D. T.
&
B. D. Hackman
1983 Solomon Islands Languages: an Internal Classification. (Pacific Linguistics C-72.) Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[Google Scholar]
-
Tsang, Cheng-hwa
2005 Recent discoveries at a Tapenkeng culture site in Taiwan: implications for the problem of Austronesian origins. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by
Laurent Sagart
,
Roger Blench
&
Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
, 63–73. London & New York: Routledge Curzon.
[Google Scholar]
-
Tsuchida, Shigeru
1976 Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. (Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series, 5.) Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
[Google Scholar]
-
Tsuchida, Shigeru
1980 Puyuma (Tamalakaw dialect) vocabulary, with grammatical notes and texts. Kuroshio no Minzoku, Bunka, Gengo [
Ethnology, Cultures and Languages Along the Black Current
], ed. by
Kuroshio Bunka no Kai
(Black Current Cultures Committee), 183–307. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten. (In Japanese)
[Google Scholar]
-
Tuuk, H. N. van der
1971[1864–1867] Tobasche Spraakunst. [
A Grammar of Toba Batak
]. (KITLV Translation Seires 13), translated by
Miss Jeune Scott-Kemball
, ed. by
A. Teeuw
&
R. Roolvink
. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
[Google Scholar]
-
Verheijen, Jilis A. J.
1977 The lack of formative IN affixes in the Manggarai language. NUSA51: 35–37.
[Google Scholar]
-
Wolff, John U.
1973 Verbal inflection in Proto-Austronesian. Parangal kay Cecilio Lopez: Essays in Honor of Cecilio Lopez on His Seventy-fifth Birthday. (Special Monograph Issue No. 4), ed. by
Andrew B. Gonzalez
, 71–91. Quezon City: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
[Google Scholar]
-
Wu, Ming-Yi
2013 Ameizuyu Cidian [
Amis Dictionary
]. Taipei: San Min Book Co., Ltd.
[Google Scholar]
-
Yeh, Marie M.
2000 Saixiayu Cankao Yufa [
A Reference Grammar of Saisiyat
]. Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd.
[Google Scholar]
-
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
2000 Lukaiyu Cankao Yufa [
A Reference Grammar of Rukai
]. Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd.
[Google Scholar]
-
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
2007 A Grammar of Mantauran (Rukai). (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A4–2). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
2016 A comparative study of nominalization in Rukai. Paper Read at the11th International Symposium on Taiwanese Languages and Teaching, July 12–13, 2016. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
[Google Scholar]
-
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
,
Tai-hwa Chu
, &
Lalo a Tahesh Kaybaybaw
2015 A Study of Saisiyat Morphology. (Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 40). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
[Google Scholar]
-
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
, &
Stacy Fang-ching Teng
2016 Reassessing the position of Kanakanavu and Saaroa among the Formosan languages.
Oceanic Linguistics55.11: 162–198. doi:
10.1353/ol.2016.0001
https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2016.0001
[Google Scholar]
-
Zoetmulder, P. J.
(with the collaboration of
S. O. Robson
)
1982 Old Javanese-English Dictionary. (21vols). KITLV. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
[Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/lali.18.4.02blu