Signaling irony, displaying politeness, replacing words

References

1. Alshenqeeti, H.
   2016 Are Emojis Creating a New or Old Visual Language for New Generations? A Socio-semiotic Study. Advances in language and Literary Studies, 7: 6, 56–69.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Amaghlobeli, N.
   2012 Linguistic features of typographic emoticons in SMS discourse. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2: 2, 348–354. 10.4304/tpls.2.2.348‑354
   https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.2.348-354 [Google Scholar]
3. Aull, B.
   2019 A study of phatic emoji use in WhatsApp communication. Internet Pragmatics, 1–34. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/ip.00029.aul
   https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00029.aul [Google Scholar]
4. Austin, J. L.
   1962 How to do things with words. (2nd Ed.) Edited byJ. O. Urmson & M. Sbisà. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Baayen, R. H.
   2009 Corpus linguistics in morphology: morphological productivity. Corpus linguistics. An international handbook, 900–919.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Baron, N. & Ling, R.
   2011 Necessary Smileys & Useless Periods: redefining punctuation in electronically-mediated communication. Visible Language, 45, 45–67.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Beißwenger, M. & Pappert, S.
   2019 How to be polite with emojis: a pragmatic analysis of face work strategies in an online learning environment. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7: 2, 225–253. 10.1515/eujal‑2019‑0003
   https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2019-0003 [Google Scholar]
8. Benenson, F.
   2010 Emoji Dick, Lulu.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C.
   1987 Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511813085
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 [Google Scholar]
10. Cougnon, L. A. & Draelants, H.
    2018 Language Ideologies and Writing Systems in CMC: a Sociolinguistic Approach. Language and the new (instant) media, Cahiers du Cental, 9, 88–99.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cramer, H., de Juan, P. & Tetreault, J.
    2016 Sender-Intended Functions of Emojis in US Messaging. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, 504–509. 10.1145/2935334.2935370
    https://doi.org/10.1145/2935334.2935370 [Google Scholar]
12. Danesi, M.
    2016 The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. Bloomsbury Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Dresner, E. & Herring, S.
    2010 Functions of the Non-Verbal in CMC: Emoticons and Illocutionnary Force. Communication Theory, 20, 249–268. 10.1111/j.1468‑2885.2010.01362.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01362.x [Google Scholar]
14. Dürscheid, C. & Siever, C. M.
    2017 Jenseits des Alphabets–Kommunikation mit Emojis. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik, 45: 2, 256–285. 10.1515/zgl‑2017‑0013
    https://doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2017-0013 [Google Scholar]
15. Fleiss, J. L. & Cohen, J.
    1973 The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 613–619. 10.1177/001316447303300309
    https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447303300309 [Google Scholar]
16. Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Chen-Wilson, J., Chadwick, D. & Reynolds, K.
    2015 Put on a smiley face: Textspeak and personality perceptions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18: 3, 147–151. 10.1089/cyber.2014.0463
    https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0463 [Google Scholar]
17. Goldmark, A.
    2014 Inside the Mind That Translated Moby Dick into Emoji. New Tech City. Retrieved27 November 2019fromhttps://www.wnyc.org/story/emoji-moby-dick-translation-fred-benenson/.
    [Google Scholar]
18. González-Ibáñez, R., Muresan, S. & Wacholder, N.
    2011 Identifying sarcasm in Twitter: a closer look. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: shortpapers (ACL-2011).
    [Google Scholar]
19. Grice, P.
    1975 Logic and conversation. InP. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.). Syntax and semantics. 3: Speech acts, 41–58. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Gwet, K. L.
    2014 Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability (4th Edition). Chapter 6. Gaithersburg: Advanced Analytics, LLC.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Herring, S. C.
    (Ed.) 1996 Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives, 81–106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.39.08her
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.39.08her [Google Scholar]
22. Herring, S. C.
    2001 Computer-mediated discourse. InD. Tannen, D. Schiffrin & H. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 612–634. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Herring, S. C.
    2019 The co-evolution of computer-mediated communication and computer-mediated discourse analysis. InP. Bou-Franch & P. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (Eds.). Analysing digital discourse: New insights and future directions, 25–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑92663‑6_2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92663-6_2 [Google Scholar]
24. Herring, S. C. & Dainas, A.
    2017 “Nice picture comment!” Graphicons in Facebook comment threads. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2185–2194. Waikoloa, Hawaii. 10.24251/HICSS.2017.264
    https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2017.264 [Google Scholar]
25. Hilte, L., Vandekerckhove, R. & Daelemans, W.
    2016 Expressiveness in Flemish online teenage talk: A corpus-based analysis of social and medium-related linguistic variation. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on CMC and Social Media Corpora for the Humanities, 30–33.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Janssen, J. H., IJsselsteijn, W. A. & Westerink, J. H. D. M.
    2014 How affective technologies can influence intimate interactions and improve social connectedness. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 721, 33–43. 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.09.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.09.007 [Google Scholar]
27. Kelly, R. & Watts, L.
    2015 Characterising the Inventive Appropriation of Emoji as Relationally Meaningful in Mediated Close Personal Relationships. Experiences of Technology Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Lu, X., Ai, W., Liu, X., Li, Q., Wang, N., Huang, G. & Mei, Q.
    2016 Learning from the ubiquitous language: an empirical analysis of emoji usage of smartphone users. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 770–780. 10.1145/2971648.2971724
    https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971724 [Google Scholar]
29. Marcoccia, M. & Gauducheau, N.
    2007 L’analyse du rôle des smileys en production et en réception: un retour sur la question de l’oralité des écrits numériques. Glottopol. Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne, 10, 38–55.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Markman, K. M. & Oshima, S.
    2007 Pragmatic play? Some possible functions of English emoticons and Japanese kaomoji in computer-mediated discourse. InAssociation of Internet Researchers Annual Conference, 8.
    [Google Scholar]
31. McCulloch, G.
    2019 Because Internet. Understanding the new rules of language. New York City: Riverhead Books.
    [Google Scholar]
32. McCulloch, G. & Gawne, L.
    2018 Emoji grammar as beat gestures. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media, 1–4.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Medlock, B. & McCulloch, G.
    2016 The Linguistic Secrets Found in Billions of Emoji. Presented atSXSW, March 11–20, 2016. Retrieved19 October 2019fromhttps://fr.slideshare.net/SwiftKey/the-linguistic-secrets-found-in-billions-of-emoji-sxsw-2016-presentation-59956212
    [Google Scholar]
34. Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., Johnson, I., Terveen, L. & Hecht, B.
    2016 “Blissfully happy” or “ready to fight”: Varying interpretations of emoji. Proceedings of ICWSM 2016, 259–268.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Na’aman, N., Provenza, H. & Montoya, O.
    2017 MojiSem: Varying linguistic purposes of emoji in (Twitter) context. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics – Student Research Workshop, 136–141.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Novak, P. K., Smailović, J., Sluban, B. & Mozetič, I.
    2015 Sentiment of Emojis. PloS One, 10(12).
    [Google Scholar]
37. Panckhurst, R., Détrie, C., Lopez, C., Moïse, C., Roche, M. & Verine, B.
    2016 88milSMS. A corpus of authentic text messages in French. Banque de corpus CoMeRe. Ortolang: Nancy.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Panckhurst, R. & Frontini, F.
    2020 4 Evolving interactional practices of emoji in text messages. InVisualizing Digital Discourse, 81–104. De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9781501510113‑005
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501510113-005 [Google Scholar]
39. Panckhurst, R., Lopez, C. & Roche, M.
    2020 A French text-message corpus: 88milSMS. Synthesis and usage. Corpus, 20. 10.4000/corpus.4852
    https://doi.org/10.4000/corpus.4852 [Google Scholar]
40. Provine, R. R., Spencer, R. & Mandell, D.
    2007 Emotional expression online: Emoticons punctuate website text messages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26: 3, 299–307. 10.1177/0261927X06303481
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X06303481 [Google Scholar]
41. Sampietro, A.
    2016 Exploring the punctuating effect of emoji in Spanish Whatsapp chats. Lenguas Modernas, 47, 91–113.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Schneebeli, C.
    2017 The interplay of emojis, emoticons and verbal modalities in CMC: a case study of YouTube comments. VINM 2017: visualizing (in) the new media.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Searle, J.
    1969 Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
44. Skovholt, K., Grønning, A. & Kankaanranta, A.
    2014 The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E-Mails: :-). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 780–797. 10.1111/jcc4.12063
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12063 [Google Scholar]
45. Spina, S.
    2018 Role of Emoticons as Structural Markers in Twitter Interactions. Discourse Processes, 56: 4, 345–362. 10.1080/0163853X.2018.1510654
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2018.1510654 [Google Scholar]
46. Steinmetz, K.
    2015 (November16). Oxford’s 2015 Word of the Year Is This Emoji. Time. Retrieved15 January 2021fromhttps://time.com/4114886/oxford-word-of-the-year-2015-emoji/
    [Google Scholar]
47. Tang, Y. & Hew, K. F.
    2019 Emoticon, Emoji, and Sticker Use in Computer-Mediated Communication: A Review of Theories and Research Findings. International Journal of Communication, 13, 2457–2483.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Troiano, G. & Nante, N.
    2018 Emoji: What does the scientific literature say about them? A new way to communicate in the 21st century. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28: 4, 528–533. 10.1080/10911359.2018.1437103
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1437103 [Google Scholar]
49. Unicode
    Unicode 2019 (October18). Emoji frequency. The most frequent emoji. Retrieved16 September 2021fromhttps://home.unicode.org/emoji/emoji-frequency/
    [Google Scholar]
50. Uygur-Distexhe, D.
    2012 Lol, mdr and ptdr. An inclusive and gradual approach to discourse markers. Lingvisticæ Investigationes, 35: 2, 389–413. 10.1075/li.35.2.13uyg
    https://doi.org/10.1075/li.35.2.13uyg [Google Scholar]
51. Weissman, B. & Tanner, D.
    2018 A strong wink between verbal and emoji-based irony: How the brain processes ironic emojis during language comprehension. PLoS ONE13(8). 10.1371/journal.pone.0201727
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201727 [Google Scholar]
52. Zipf, G.
    1935 The psychobiology of language. Boston: Houghton Miffin.
    [Google Scholar]