Capturing the variation in language experience to understand language processing and learning

References

1. Abutalebi, J., & Green, D.
   (2007) Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(3), 242–275. doi:  10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003 [Google Scholar]
2. Acheson, D. J., & Hagoort, P.
   (2014) Twisting tongues to test for conflict-monitoring in speech production. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 206. doi:  10.3389/fnhum.2014.00206
   https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00206 [Google Scholar]
3. Allen, K., Pereira, F., Botvinick, M., & Goldberg, A. E.
   (2012) Distinguishing grammatical constructions with fMRI pattern analysis. Brain and Language, 123(3), 174–182. doi:  10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.005
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.005 [Google Scholar]
4. Altmann, G. T. M., & Kamide, Y.
   (1999) Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 73(3), 247–264. doi:  10.1016/S0010‑0277(99)00059‑1
   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00059-1 [Google Scholar]
5. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
   American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2017) America’s languages: Investing in language education for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Au, T. K., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Oh, J. S.
   (2002) Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13(3), 238–243. doi:  10.1111/1467‑9280.00444
   https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00444 [Google Scholar]
7. Bartolotti, J., Marian, V., Schroeder, S., & Shook, A.
   (2011) Bilingualism and inhibitory control influence statistical learning of novel word forms. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 324. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00324
   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00324 [Google Scholar]
8. Baum, S., & Titone, D.
   (2014) Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(5), 857–894. doi:  10.1017/S0142716414000174
   https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716414000174 [Google Scholar]
9. Baus, C., Costa, A., & Carreiras, M.
   (2013) On the effects of second language immersion on first language production. Acta Psychologica, 142(3), 402–409. doi:  10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.010
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.010 [Google Scholar]
10. Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Navarro-Torres, C. A., & Dussias, P. E.
    (2020a) Codes-witching: A bilingual toolkit for opportunistic speech planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1699. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01699
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01699 [Google Scholar]
11. Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Navarro-Torres, C. A., Dussias, P. E., Bajo, M. T., Guzzardo-Tamargo, R., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2020b) Interactional context mediates the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46, 1022–1047. doi:  10.1037/xlm0000770
    https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000770 [Google Scholar]
12. Bialystok, E.
    (2017) The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 233–262. doi:  10.1037/bul0000099
    https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000099 [Google Scholar]
13. Bialystok, E., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2017) The neurobiology of language: Looking beyond monolinguals. A special issue of Biolinguistics celebrating the 50-year anniversary of Eric Lenneberg’s Biological foundations of language. Biolinguistics, 11, 339–352.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2015) Native language change during early stages of second language learning. NeuroReport, 26(16), 966–971. doi:  10.1097/WNR.0000000000000453
    https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000453 [Google Scholar]
15. Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) English only? Monolinguals in linguistically diverse contexts have an edge in language learning. Brain and Language, 196, 104644. doi:  10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104644
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104644 [Google Scholar]
16. Birdsong, D.
    (2018) Plasticity, variability and age in second language acquisition and bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 81. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081 [Google Scholar]
17. Blank, I., Kanwisher, N., & Fedorenko, E.
    (2014) A functional dissociation between language and multiple-demand systems revealed in patterns of BOLD signal fluctuations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 112(5), 1105–1118. doi:  10.1152/jn.00884.2013
    https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00884.2013 [Google Scholar]
18. Bogulski, C. A., Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) Bilingualism as a desirable difficulty: Advantages in word learning depend on regulation of the dominant language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(5), 1052–1067. doi:  10.1017/S1366728918000858
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000858 [Google Scholar]
19. Boudewyn, M. A., Long, D. L., & Swaab, T. Y.
    (2012) Cognitive control influences the use of meaning relations during spoken sentence comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 50(11), 2659–2668. doi:  10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.019
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.019 [Google Scholar]
20. Chang, C. B.
    (2013) A novelty effect in phonetic drift of the native language. Journal of Phonetics, 41(6), 520–533. doi:  10.1016/j.wocn.2013.09.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.09.006 [Google Scholar]
21. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A.
    (1983) Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9(4), 561–584.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Declerck, M.
    (2020) What about proactive language control?Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(1), 24–35. doi:  10.3758/s13423‑019‑01654‑1
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01654-1 [Google Scholar]
23. Declerck, M., & Philipp, A. M.
    (2015) A review of control processes and their locus in language switching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(6), 1630–1645. doi:  10.3758/s13423‑015‑0836‑1
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0836-1 [Google Scholar]
24. DeKeyser, R. M.
    (2000) The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 499–533. doi:  10.1017/S0272263100004022
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004022 [Google Scholar]
25. Dijkstra, T., van Jaarsveld, H., & Brinke, S. T.
    (1998) Interlingual homograph recognition: Effects of task demands and language intermixing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(1), 51–66. doi:  10.1017/S1366728998000121
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000121 [Google Scholar]
26. Dussias, P. E., & Sagarra, N.
    (2007) The effect of exposure on syntactic parsing in Spanish-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 101–116. doi:  10.1017/S1366728906002847
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002847 [Google Scholar]
27. Edelman, G. M., & Gally, J. A.
    (2001) Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(24), 13763. 10.1073/pnas.231499798
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231499798 [Google Scholar]
28. Engelhardt, P. E., Nigg, J. T., & Ferreira, F.
    (2017) Executive function and intelligence in the resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity: An individual differences investigation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(7), 1263–1281. doi:  10.1080/17470218.2016.1178785
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1178785 [Google Scholar]
29. Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J.
    (2004) Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. InB. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol.44 (p.145–199). Elsevier Science.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Ferjan Ramírez, N., Ramírez, R. R., Clarke, M., Taulu, S., & Kuhl, P. K.
    (2017) Speech discrimination in 11-month-old bilingual and monolingual infants: A magnetoencephalography study. Developmental Science, 20(1), e12427. doi:  10.1111/desc.12427
    https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12427 [Google Scholar]
31. Flege, J. E.
    (2007) Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions. InHualde, J. I. & Cole, J. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology (Vol.9, pp.353–382). Berlin, New-York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S.
    (1999) Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(1), 78–104. doi:  10.1006/jmla.1999.2638
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2638 [Google Scholar]
33. Fricke, M., Zirnstein, M., Navarro-Torres, C., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) Bilingualism reveals fundamental variation in language processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(1), 200–207. doi:  10.1017/S1366728918000482
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000482 [Google Scholar]
34. Goldberg, A. E.
    (2019) Explain me this: Creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Green, D. W.
    (1998) Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81. doi:  10.1017/S1366728998000133
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133 [Google Scholar]
36. Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J.
    (2013) Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515–530. doi:  10.1080/20445911.2013.796377
    https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 [Google Scholar]
37. Green, D. W., Crinion, J., & Price, C. J.
    (2006) Convergence, degeneracy, and control. Language Learning, 56(s1), 99–125. doi:  10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2006.00357.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00357.x [Google Scholar]
38. Green, D. W., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) The neurolinguistics of bilingualism. InG. de Zubicaray & N. Schiller (Eds.), Oxford handbook of neurolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Green, D. W., & Wei, L.
    (2016) Code-switching and language control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(5), 883–884. doi:  10.1017/S1366728916000018
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000018 [Google Scholar]
40. Grosjean, F.
    (1989) Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Bilingualism and Neurolinguistics, 36(1), 3–15. doi:  10.1016/0093‑934X(89)90048‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(89)90048-5 [Google Scholar]
41. Gullifer, J. W., Chai, X. J., Whitford, V., Pivneva, I., Baum, S., Klein, D., & Titone, D.
    (2018) Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks. Neuropsychologia, 117, 123–134. doi:  10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037 [Google Scholar]
42. Guo, T., Liu, H., Misra, M., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2011) Local and global inhibition in bilingual word production: fMRI evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals. NeuroImage, 56(4), 2300–2309. doi:  10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.049
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.049 [Google Scholar]
43. Hahn, M., Jurafsky, D., & Futrell, R.
    (2020) Universals of word order reflect optimization of grammars for efficient communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(5), 2347. doi:  10.1073/pnas.1910923117
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910923117 [Google Scholar]
44. Hirosh, Z., & Degani, T.
    (2018) Direct and indirect effects of multilingualism on novel language learning: An integrative review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(3), 892–916. doi:  10.3758/s13423‑017‑1315‑7
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1315-7 [Google Scholar]
45. Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2008) Cognate effects in picture naming: does cross-language activation survive a change of script?Cognition, 106(1), 501–511. doi:  10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001 [Google Scholar]
46. Hsu, N. S., Jaeggi, S. M., & Novick, J. M.
    (2017) A common neural hub resolves syntactic and non-syntactic conflict through cooperation with task-specific networks. Brain and Language, 166, 63–77. doi:  10.1016/j.bandl.2016.12.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.12.006 [Google Scholar]
47. Hsu, N. S., Kuchinsky, S. E., & Novick, J. M.
    (2021) Direct impact of cognitive control on sentence processing and comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(2), 211–239. doi:  10.1080/23273798.2020.1836379
    https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1836379 [Google Scholar]
48. Hsu, N. S., & Novick, J. M.
    (2016) Dynamic engagement of cognitive control modulates recovery from misinterpretation during real-time language processing. Psychological Science, 27(4), 572–582. doi:  10.1177/0956797615625223
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615625223 [Google Scholar]
49. Humphreys, G. F., & Gennari, S. P.
    (2014) Competitive mechanisms in sentence processing: Common and distinct production and reading comprehension networks linked to the prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 84, 354–366. doi:  10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.059
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.059 [Google Scholar]
50. Iverson, P., Kuhl, P. K., Akahane-Yamada, R., Diesch, E., Tohkura, Y., Kettermann, A., & Siebert, C.
    (2003) A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes. Cognition, 87(1), B47–B57. doi:  10.1016/S0010‑0277(02)00198‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00198-1 [Google Scholar]
51. Jacobs, A., Fricke, M., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2016) Cross-language activation begins during speech planning and extends into second language speech. Language Learning, 66(2), 324–353. doi:  10.1111/lang.12148
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12148 [Google Scholar]
52. Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L.
    (1989) Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60–99. doi:  10.1016/0010‑0285(89)90003‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0 [Google Scholar]
53. Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V.
    (2009) The bilingual advantage in novel word learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 705–710. doi:  10.3758/PBR.16.4.705
    https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.4.705 [Google Scholar]
54. Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bice, K., & Perrotti, L.
    (2015) Bilingualism, mind, and brain. Annual Review of Linguistics, 1(1), 377–394. doi:  10.1146/annurev‑linguist‑030514‑124937
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124937 [Google Scholar]
55. Kroll, J. F., Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., & Dufour, R.
    (2002) The development of lexical fluency in a second language. Second Language Research, 18(2), 137–171. doi:  10.1191/0267658302sr201oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr201oa [Google Scholar]
56. Kroll, J. F., Takahesu Tabori, A., & Mech, E.
    (2017) Beyond typical learning: Variation in language experience as a lens to the developing mind. Applied Psycholinguistics, 38(6), 1336–1340. doi:  10.1017/S0142716417000315
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716417000315 [Google Scholar]
57. Kroll, J. F., & Tokowicz, N.
    (2005) Models of bilingual representation and processing. InJ. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp.531–553). New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Kuhl, P. K.
    (1993) Innate predispositions and the effects of experience in speech perception: The native language magnet theory. InB. de Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. McNeilage, & J. Morton (Eds.), Developmental neurocognition: Speech and face processing in the first year of life (pp.259–274). Dordrecht: Springer. doi:  10.1007/978‑94‑015‑8234‑6_22
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8234-6_22 [Google Scholar]
59. Kuhl, P. K.
    (2004) Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(11), 831–843. doi:  10.1038/nrn1533
    https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1533 [Google Scholar]
60. Kuhl, P. K., Conboy, B. T., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., Rivera-Gaxiola, M., & Nelson, T.
    (2008) Phonetic learning as a pathway to language: New data and native language magnet theory expanded (NLM-e). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1493), 979–1000. doi:  10.1098/rstb.2007.2154
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2154 [Google Scholar]
61. Kuhl, P. K., Stevens, E., Hayashi, A., Deguchi, T., Kiritani, S., & Iverson, P.
    (2006) Infants show a facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months. Developmental Science, 9(2), F13–F21. doi:  10.1111/j.1467‑7687.2006.00468.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00468.x [Google Scholar]
62. Kuhl, P., Williams, K., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K., & Lindblom, B.
    (1992) Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255(5044), 606. doi:  10.1126/science.1736364
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736364 [Google Scholar]
63. Lenneberg, E. H.
    (1967) The biological foundations of language. Hospital Practice, 2(12), 59–67. doi:  10.1080/21548331.1967.11707799
    https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1967.11707799 [Google Scholar]
64. Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. A.
    (2014) Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301–324. doi:  10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001 [Google Scholar]
65. Linck, J. A., Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G.
    (2009) Losing access to the native language while immersed in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second-language learning. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1507–1515. doi:  10.1111/j.1467‑9280.2009.02480.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02480.x [Google Scholar]
66. Luk, G., & Bialystok, E.
    (2013) Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 605–621. doi:  10.1080/20445911.2013.795574
    https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.795574 [Google Scholar]
67. MacWhinney, B.
    (2005) A unified model of language acquisition. InJ. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp.49–67). New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
68. MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J., & Seidenberg, M. S.
    (1994) The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 101(4), 676–703. doi:  10.1037/0033‑295X.101.4.676
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.676 [Google Scholar]
69. Marian, V., & Sprivey, M.
    (2003) Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(2), 97–115. doi:  10.1017/S1366728903001068
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001068 [Google Scholar]
70. Mason, P. H., Domínguez, D. J. F., Winter, B., & Grignolio, A.
    (2015) Hidden in plain view: Degeneracy in complex systems. Biosystems, 128, 1–8. doi:  10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.12.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.12.003 [Google Scholar]
71. McLaughlin, J., Osterhout, L., & Kim, A.
    (2004) Neural correlates of second-language word learning: Minimal instruction produces rapid change. Nature Neuroscience, 7(7), 703–704. doi:  10.1038/nn1264
    https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1264 [Google Scholar]
72. Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A.
    (1999) Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(1), 25–40. doi:  10.1006/jmla.1998.2602
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2602 [Google Scholar]
73. Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Grainger, J.
    (2011) Effects of cognate status on word comprehension in second language learners: An ERP investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(7), 1634–1647. doi:  10.1162/jocn.2010.21463
    https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21463 [Google Scholar]
74. Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2012) When bilinguals choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 224–237. doi:  10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001 [Google Scholar]
75. Morford, J. P., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Piñar, P., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2011) When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translations?Cognition, 118(2), 286–292. doi:  10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.006 [Google Scholar]
76. Navarro-Torres, C. A., Garcia, D. L., Chidambaram, V., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) Cognitive control facilitates attentional disengagement during second language comprehension. Brain Sciences, 9(5), 95. doi:  10.3390/brainsci9050095
    https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050095 [Google Scholar]
77. Nozari, N.
    (2018) How special is language production? Perspectives from monitoring and control. InK. D. Federmeier & D. G. Watson (Eds.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol.68, pp.179–213). Cambridge: Academic Press. doi:  10.1016/bs.plm.2018.08.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.plm.2018.08.006 [Google Scholar]
78. Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J.
    (2005) The neural basis of first and second language processing. Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(2), 202–206. doi:  10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.007 [Google Scholar]
79. Petitto, L. A., Berens, M. S., Kovelman, I., Dubins, M. H., Jasinska, K., & Shalinsky, M.
    (2012) The “Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis” as the basis for bilingual babies’ phonetic processing advantage: New insights from fNIRS brain imaging. Brain and Language, 121(2), 130–143. doi:  10.1016/j.bandl.2011.05.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.05.003 [Google Scholar]
80. Pienemann, M., Di Biase, B., Kawaguchi, S., & Håkansson, G.
    (2005) Processing constraints on L1 transfer. InJ. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp.128–153). New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
81. Pierce, L. J., Chen, J.-K., Delcenserie, A., Genesee, F., & Klein, D.
    (2015) Past experience shapes ongoing neural patterns for language. Nature Communications, 6(1), 10073. doi:  10.1038/ncomms10073
    https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10073 [Google Scholar]
82. Pierce, L. J., Klein, D., Chen, J. K., Delcenserie, A., & Genesee, F.
    (2014) Mapping the unconscious maintenance of a lost first language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(48), 17314-17319. 10.1073/pnas.1409411111
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409411111 [Google Scholar]
83. Pons, F., Bosch, L., & Lewkowicz, D. J.
    (2015) Bilingualism modulates infants’ selective attention to the mouth of a talking face. Psychological Science, 26(4), 490–498. doi:  10.1177/0956797614568320
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614568320 [Google Scholar]
84. Rossi, E., Newman, S., Kroll, J. F., & Diaz, M. T.
    (2018) Neural signatures of inhibitory control in bilingual spoken production. Cortex, 108, 50–66. doi:  10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.009
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.009 [Google Scholar]
85. Sabourin, L., Stowe, L. A., & de Haan, G. J.
    (2006) Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system. Second Language Research, 22(1), 1–29. doi:  10.1191/0267658306sr259oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr259oa [Google Scholar]
86. Schmid, M. S.
    (2010) Languages at play: The relevance of L1 attrition to the study of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(1), 1–7. doi:  10.1017/S1366728909990368
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990368 [Google Scholar]
87. Schwartz, A. I., Kroll, J. F., & Diaz, M.
    (2007) Reading words in Spanish and English: Mapping orthography to phonology in two languages. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(1), 106–129. doi:  10.1080/01690960500463920
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960500463920 [Google Scholar]
88. Scontras, G., Fuchs, Z., & Polinsky, M.
    (2015) Heritage language and linguistic theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1545. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01545
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01545 [Google Scholar]
89. Sebastián-Gallés, N., Albareda-Castellot, B., Weikum, W. M., & Werker, J. F.
    (2012) A bilingual advantage in visual language discrimination in infancy. Psychological Science, 23(9), 994–999. doi:  10.1177/0956797612436817
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612436817 [Google Scholar]
90. Stasenko, A., Hays, C., Wierenga, C. E., & Gollan, T. H.
    (2020) Cognitive control regions are recruited in bilinguals’ silent reading of mixed-language paragraphs. Brain and Language, 204, 104754. doi:  10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104754
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104754 [Google Scholar]
91. Weikum, W. M., Vouloumanos, A., Navarra, J., Soto-Faraco, S., Sebastián-Gallés, N., & Werker, J. F.
    (2007) Visual language discrimination in infancy. Science, 316(5828), 1159. doi:  10.1126/science.1137686
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137686 [Google Scholar]
92. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C.
    (1984) Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7(1), 49–63. doi:  10.1016/S0163‑6383(84)80022‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3 [Google Scholar]
93. Wong, P. C. M., Warrier, C. M., Penhune, V. B., Roy, A. K., Sadehh, A., Parrish, T. B., & Zatorre, R. J.
    (2008) Volume of left Heschl’s gyrus and linguistic pitch learning. Cerebral Cortex, 18(4), 828–836. doi:  10.1093/cercor/bhm115
    https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm115 [Google Scholar]
94. van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Gollan, T. H.
    (2013) Whole-language and item-specific control in bilingual language production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(6), 1781–1792. doi:  10.1037/a0032859
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032859 [Google Scholar]
95. van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O.
    (2013) Network hubs in the human brain. Special Issue: The Connectome, 17(12), 683–696. doi:  10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012 [Google Scholar]
96. van hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T.
    (2002) Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 780–789. doi:  10.3758/BF03196335
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196335 [Google Scholar]
97. Vuong, L. C., & Martin, R. C.
    (2014) Domain-specific executive control and the revision of misinterpretations in sentence comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(3), 312–325. doi:  10.1080/01690965.2013.836231
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2013.836231 [Google Scholar]
98. Zirnstein, M., Bice, K., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2019) Variation in language experience shapes the consequences of bilingualism. InI. A. Sekerina, L. Spradlin, & V. V. Valian (Eds.), Bilingualism and executive function: An interdisciplinary approach (pp.35–48). Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins Publishers. doi:  10.1075/sibil.57.03zir
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.57.03zir [Google Scholar]
99. Zirnstein, M., van Hell, J. G., & Kroll, J. F.
    (2018) Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cognition, 176, 87–106. doi:  10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.001 [Google Scholar]