1887
Volume 6, Issue 3
  • ISSN 2214-9953
  • E-ISSN: 2214-9961
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The study examines how a Sweden Finnish minority language activist group positions themselves by inserting graffiti-like stickers into the Swedish Linguistic Landscape, and how the majority populations in Sweden and Finland react to these revitalisation efforts. Protesting by placing stickers in physical environments is classified as an act of linguistic citizenship (Isin 2009) and, from the majority’s point of view, these acts are a threat to the shared cultural moral order. The data consists of pictures posted on Instagram that depict actual physical environments where activists have placed stickers that encourage the minority to “speak their own language”. The activists utilise temporal, spatial, textual, and multimodal elements in their discursive construction. As a theoretical framework, I apply Harré and Langehove’s (1991) positioning theory. The results show how minorities position themselves in relation to the Swedish majority population with the aim of justifying their status and their right to exist.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ll.18031.vuo
2020-06-22
2025-01-17
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abdi, K.
    (2011) ’She Really Only Speaks English’: Positioning, Language Ideology, and Heritage Language Learners. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 67, 2, 161–189. 10.3138/cmlr.67.2.161
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.67.2.161 [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams, K. L. & Winter, A.
    (1997) Gang Graffiti as a Discourse Genre. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1, 337–360. 10.1111/1467‑9481.00020
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00020 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aktuellt Fokus. Fredriksson, K.
    (2017) Svenskfientliga klistermärken sprids i Stockholm. Aktuellt Fokus, 3June 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://aktuelltfokus.se/svenskfientliga-klistermarken-sprids-i-stockholm/
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Badarneh, M. & Migdadi, F.
    (2018) Acts of positioning in online reader comments on Jordanian news websites. Language & Communication, 58, 93–106. 10.1016/j.langcom.2017.08.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2017.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barni, M. & Bagna, C.
    (2016) 1 March – ‘A day without immigrants’: The Urban Linguistic Landscape and the Immigrants’ Protest. InH. Woldemariam, E. Lanza & R. J. Blackwood. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ben, S. & Kasanga, L. A.
    (2016) The Discourse of Protest: Frames of Identity, Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity. InH. Woldemariam, E. Lanza & R. J. Blackwood. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Blommaert, J.
    (2016) ’Meeting of Styles’ and the online infrastructure of graffiti. Applied Linguistics Review 2016; 7(2), 99–115. 10.1515/applirev‑2016‑0005
    https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-0005 [Google Scholar]
  8. Chun, C.
    (2014) Mobilities of a linguistic landscape at Los Angeles City Hall Park. Journal of Language and Politics13(4): 653–674. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Clinton, L. & Higbee, J.
    (2011) The Invisible Hand: the Power of Language in Creating Welcoming Postsecondary Learning Experiences. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, Vol8, number5, 11–16. 10.19030/tlc.v8i5.4253
    https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v8i5.4253 [Google Scholar]
  10. Davies, B. & Harré, R.
    (1990) Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves. InJournal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20(1) 43–63. 10.1111/j.1468‑5914.1990.tb00174.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Ganuza, N. & Hedman, C.
    (2017) The Impact of Mother Tongue Instruction on the Development of Biliteracy: Evidence from Somali–Swedish Bilinguals. Applied Linguistics, 1–25.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Garvin, R.
    (2010) Responses to the Linguistic Landscape in Memphis, Tennessee: An Urban Space in Transition. InE. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael & M. Barni (Eds.). Linguistic Landscape in the city, 252–272. Bristol, Buffalo & Toronto: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781847692993‑016
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692993-016 [Google Scholar]
  13. Goodnow, T.
    (2006) On Black Panthers, Blue Ribbons, & Peace Signs: The Function of Symbols in Social Campaigns. Visual Communication Quarterly, 13:3, 166–179. 10.1207/s15551407vcq1303_4
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15551407vcq1303_4 [Google Scholar]
  14. Gynne, A. & Bagga-Gupta, S.
    (2013) Young people’s languaging and social positioning. Chaining in “bilingual” educational settings in Sweden. Linguistics and Education24 (4), 479–496. 10.1016/j.linged.2013.06.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2013.06.002 [Google Scholar]
  15. Hanauer, D. I.
    (2012) Transitory linguistic landscapes as political discourse: Signage at three demonstrations in Pittsburgh, USA. InC. Helot and M. Barni (Eds), Linguistic Landscapes, Multilingualism and Social Change (pp.139–154).
    [Google Scholar]
  16. (2015) Occupy Baltimore: A Linguistic Landscape Analysis of Participatory Social Contestation in an American City. InR. Rubdy & S. B. Said (Eds.). Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. Language and Globalization, 207–222. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Harré, R.
    (2015) Positioning Theory. InK. Tracy, T. Sandel & C. Ilie (Eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. 10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi120
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi120 [Google Scholar]
  18. Harré, R. & Van Langenhove, L.
    (1991) Varieties of Positioning. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 21, 4, 393–407. 10.1111/j.1468‑5914.1991.tb00203.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1991.tb00203.x [Google Scholar]
  19. Helsingin Sanomat
    Helsingin Sanomat (2017) Helsingin Sanomat comment section, 25. March 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005142548.html
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Herou, L.-O.
    (2001) Morgonstjärneupproret. InM. Wedin (Ed.). Det skogsfinska kulturarvet, 198–190. Falun: Finnsam.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hommaforum
    Hommaforum (2017) Retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://hommaforum.org/index.php?topic=120015.0
  22. Hult, F.
    (2004) Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden. Language Policy, 3, 181–201. 10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036182.40797.23
    https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036182.40797.23 [Google Scholar]
  23. Hyltenstam, K.
    (Ed.) (1999) Sveriges Sju Inhemska Språk – ett Minoritetsspråkperspektiv. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 1999 Inledning: Ideologi, Politik och Minoritetsspråk. InK. Hyltenstam (Ed.). Sveriges Sju Inhemska Språk – ett Minoritetsspråkperspektiv, 11–37. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Irvine, J. T. & Gal, S.
    (2000) Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. InP. V. Kroskrity (Ed.). Regimes of language: ideologies, polities, and identities, 35–79. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School for American Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Isin, E.
    (2009) Citizenship in flux: The figure of the activist citizen. Subjectivity, 29, 367–388. 10.1057/sub.2009.25
    https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.25 [Google Scholar]
  27. Jørgensen, J. N.
    (2008) Urban Wall Languaging. International Journal of Multilingualism, 5:3, 237–252. 10.1080/14790710802390186
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710802390186 [Google Scholar]
  28. Kasanga, L.
    (2014) The linguistic landscape: mobile signs, code choice, symbolic meaning and territoriality in the discourse of protest. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2014(230), 19–44.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Lainio, J.
    (2001) Protection and Rejection of Minority Majority Languages in the Swedish System, Current Issues. Language and Society, 7:1, 32–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. (2014) The Art of Societal Ambivalence: A Retrospective View on Swedish Language Policies for Finnish in Sweden. InM. Halonen, P. Ihalainen & T. Saarinen (Eds.). Language Policies in Finland and Sweden. Interdisciplinary and Multi-sited Comparisons, 116–144. Bristol, Buffalo & Toronto: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783092710‑007
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092710-007 [Google Scholar]
  31. (2018) The Fine National Minorities of Sweden and Their Languages – The State of the Art and Ongoing Trends. InN. E. Forsgård & L. Markelin (Eds.). Perspectives on Minorities in the Baltic Sea, 45–76. Helsinki: Magma.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Linell, P.
    (2009) Rethinking Language, Mind and World Dialogically: Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense Making. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lou, J. & Jaworski, A.
    (2016) Itineraries of protest signage: semiotic landscape and the mythologizing of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Journal of Language and Politics15 (5), 612–645. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Marjomaa, R.
    (1997) Häyhä, Simo. InKansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 16March 2018, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/7806
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Messekher, H.
    (2015) A Linguistic Landscape Analysis of the Sociopolitical Demonstrations of Algiers: A Politicized Landscape. InR. Rubdy & S. B. Said (Eds.). Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. Language and Globalization, 260–279. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Muhonen, A.
    (2013) Kenen (ruotsinsuomalaiset) kieli-ideologiat?Kieli, koulutus ja yhteiskunta: Kielikoulutuspolitiikan verkoston verkkolehti, 18August 2013, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.kieliverkosto.fi/fi/article/kenen-ruotsinsuomalaiset-kieli-ideologiat
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Municio, I.
    (1987) Från Lag till Bruk: Hemspråksreformens Genomförands. Stockholm Studies in Politics 31. Stockholm: Centrum för Invandrarforskning, Stockholm University.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Peck, A., & Stroud, C.
    (2015) Skinscapes. Linguistic Landscape, 1(1–2), 133–151. doi:  10.1075/ll.1.1‑2.08pec
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.08pec [Google Scholar]
  39. Riit´aho, A.
    (2017) Göteborgilaiskoulun oppilaat: meitä on kielletty puhumasta suomea koulussa. Sveriges television, 7December 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.svt.se/nyheter/uutiset/goteborgilaiskoulu-on-kieltanyt-oppilaita-puhumasta-keskenaan-suomea
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Runblom, H.
    (1995) Majoritet och Minoritet i Östersjöområdet. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Schuster, K.
    (2007) Swedish-language Folkhögskolor in Finland. Ethnonationalism, Language and Adult Education in the Nineteenth Century. InK. Schuster & D. Witkosky (Eds.). Language of the Land, 25–54. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Seals, C. A.
    (2015) Overcoming Erasure: Reappropriation of Space in the Linguistic Landscape of Mass-Scale Protests. InR. Rubdy & S. B. Said (Eds.). Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. Language and Globalization, 223–238. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Shiri, S.
    (2015) Co-Constructing Dissent in the Transient Linguistic Landscape: Multilingual Protest Signs of the Tunisian Revolution. InR. Rubdy & S. B. Said (Eds.). Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. Language and Globalization, 239–259. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Shohamy, E.
    (2015) LL research as expanding language and language policy. Linguistic Landscape, 1, 1–2, 152–171. 10.1075/ll.1.1‑2.09sho
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.09sho [Google Scholar]
  45. Sisuradio
    Sisuradio (2013) Aron perheessä suomen kielellä on vahva asema eivätkä sitä mitkään kiellot heilauta. Sveriges radio, 23October 2013, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=185&artikel=5683537
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Sisuradio
    Sisuradio (2019) Opi ruotsinsuomea. Rullarappuset, 26February 2019, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.instagram.com/p/BuVz-JuBQaS/
    [Google Scholar]
  47. SSA
    SSA (2000) Rappu. InU.-M. Kulonen (Ed.). Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja. 3, R–Ö. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Stroud, C.
    (2016) Turbulent Linguistic Landscapes and the Semiotics of Citizenship. InH. Woldemariam, E. Lanza & R. J. Blackwood. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (2018) Linguistic citizenship. InL. Lim, C. Stroud & L. Wee (Eds.). The Multilingual Citizen. Towards a Politics of Language for Agency and Change, 17–39. Bristol, Buffalo & Toronto: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783099665‑004
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783099665-004 [Google Scholar]
  50. (2004) Rinkeby Swedish and semilingualism in language ideological debates: A Bourdieuean perspective. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8, 2, 196–214. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2004.00258.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00258.x [Google Scholar]
  51. Sveriges riksdag
    Sveriges riksdag 2009aLag (2009:724) om nationella minoriteter och minoritetsspråk [Law on National Minorities and Minority Languages]. Retrieved on12 June 2019fromwww.riksdagen.se/sv/dokumentlagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2009724-om-nationella-minoriteter-och_sfs-2009-724
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Sveriges riksdag
    Sveriges riksdag 2009bSpråklag (2009:600) [Language Act]. Retrieved on12 June 2019fromwww.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/spraklag-2009600_sfs-2009-600
    [Google Scholar]
  53. SVT 1. Sonck, M.
    (2017) Finska klistermärken på stan väcker nyfikenhet. Sveriges television, 24March 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019, fromhttps://www.svt.se/nyheter/uutiset/svenska/finska-klistermarken-vacker-nyfikenhet
    [Google Scholar]
  54. SVT 2. Sonck, M.
    (2017) Nu bryter ”Tukholman sissit” äntligen tystnaden. Sveriges television, 12April 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.svt.se/nyheter/uutiset/svenska/nu-bryter-tukholman-sissit-antligen-tystnaden
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Syrjö, V.-M.
    (1997) Löfving, Stefan. InKansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Helsinki: Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 16September 1997, Retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/2334
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Tarkiainen, K.
    (1990) Finnarnas historia i Sverige 1. Helsinki: SHS.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. (1993) Finnarnas historia i Sverige 2. Helsinki: SHS.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Tekoniemi, O. & Nykänen Andersson, E.
    (2017) Opettajia kielletty puhumasta suomea. Sveriges television, 15March 2017, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.svt.se/nyheter/uutiset/opettajia-kielletty-puhumasta-suomea
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Tirado, F. & Gálvez, A.
    (2008) Positioning Theory and Discourse Analysis: Some Tools for Social Interaction Analysis. Historical Social Research, 33, 1 (123), Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, 224–251.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Waksman, S. & Shohamy, E.
    (2016) Linguistic Landscape of Social Protests: Moving from ‘Open’ to ‘Institutional’ Spaces. InH. Woldemariam, E. Lanza & R. J. Blackwood. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Vainio, J.
    (2014) Vainio, Juha: Legendan Laulut Kaikki Levytykset 1963–1990. Warner Music Finland.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Waldner, L. K. & Dobratz, B. A.
    (2013) Graffiti as a Form of Contentious Political Participation. Sociology Compass, 7, 377–389. 10.1111/soc4.12036
    https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12036 [Google Scholar]
  63. Van Langenhove, L.
    (2017) Varieties of Moral Orders and the Dual Structure of Society: A Perspective from Positioning Theory. Frontiers in Sociology, 2, 9, 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Van Langenhove, L. & Harré, R.
    (1999) Introducing Positioning Theory. InL. Van Langenhove & R. Harré (Eds.), Positioning theory, 14–31. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Vesala, H.
    (2007) Häntä kiellettiin puhumasta suomea työpaikallaan. Ilta-sanomat, 12December 2007, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000000263896.html
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Wickström, M.
    (2014) Making the Case for the Mother Tongue: Ethnic Activism and the Emergence of a New Policy Discourse on the Teaching of Non-Swedish Mother Tongues in Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s. InM. Halonen, P. Ihalainen & T. Saarinen (Eds.). Language Policies in Finland and Sweden. Interdisciplinary and Multi-sited Comparisons, 171–191. Bristol, Buffalo & Toronto: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783092710‑009
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092710-009 [Google Scholar]
  67. Williams, Q. E. & Stroud, C.
    (2015) Linguistic citizenship: Language and politics in postnational modernities. Journal of language and politics, 14, 3, 406–430. 10.1075/jlp.14.3.05wil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.3.05wil [Google Scholar]
  68. Wortham, S.
    (2004) From Good Student to Outcast: The Emergence of a Classroom Identity. Ethos, 32, 2, Ethnographic Studies of Positioning and Subjectivity: Narcotraffickers, Taiwanese Brides, Angry Loggers, School Troublemakers, 164–187.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Vuonokari, E.
    (1985) Ruotsinsuomalaisen yhteisön hajanaisuus ja kulttuuriperinteen välittymisen ongelma. Siirtolaisuus, Migration 1985, 1, 8–17.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Vuonokari, E. & Pelkonen, J.
    (Eds.) (1993) Luokan Kynnyksen Yli. Eskilstuna, Ruotsinsuomalaisten arkisto.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Vuonokari, K.
    (2019) ”Allt fler med finländsk bakgrund i Sverige”. Sisuradio. Retrieved on14 October 2019from: https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=185&artikel=7300146
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Vuorsola, L.
    (2019) Societal support for the educational provisions of Finnish in the Swedish school system in theory and practice. Language Policy (2019) 18: 363, retrieved on12 June 2019fromhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10993-018-9491-5
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ll.18031.vuo
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ll.18031.vuo
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): activism; linguistic citizenship; mediated linguistic landscape; positioning; protest
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error