The changing landscape of unofficial signage in a U.S. refugee relocation city

References

1. Ahmed, Sara
   (2012) On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durham: Duke University Press. 10.1215/9780822395324
   https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395324 [Google Scholar]
2. Akindele, D. O.
   (2011) Linguistic landscapes as public communication: a study of public signage in Gaborone Botswana. International Journal of Linguistics, 3(1), E39. 10.5296/ijl.v3i1.1157
   https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v3i1.1157 [Google Scholar]
3. Angermeyer, P. S.
   (2017) Controlling Roma refugees with ‘Google-Hungarian’: Indexing deviance, contempt, and belonging in Toronto’s linguistic landscape. Language in Society, 46(2), 159–183. 10.1017/S0047404516001020
   https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404516001020 [Google Scholar]
4. Backhaus, P.
   (2005) Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo – a diachronic look at the linguistic landscape. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 103–121.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, Amara M. H., & Trumper-Hecht, N.
   (2006) Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of public space: The case of Israel, International Journal of Multilingualism, 31: 7–30. 10.1080/14790710608668383
   https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383 [Google Scholar]
6. Blommaert, J.
   (2013) Ethnography, superdiversity and linguistic landscapes: Chronicles of complexity (Vol.18). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783090419
   https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783090419 [Google Scholar]
7. Blommaert, J. & Rampton, B.
   (2011) Language and superdiversity. Diversities, 12(2).
   [Google Scholar]
8. Bourdieu, P.
   (1991) Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bruce, D.
   (2012, April29). International Institute of Erie welcomes new executive director. Erie Times-News.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cason, K. L., Nieto-Montenegro, S., Chavez-Martinez, A., Ly, N., & Snyder, A.
    (2004) Dietary intake and food security among migrant farm workers in Pennsylvania. Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D.
    (2006) Linguistic landscape and minority languages. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 67. 10.1080/14790710608668386
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668386 [Google Scholar]
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Online
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Online (2012) Bhutanese Refugee Health Profile. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/profiles/bhutanese/background/indx.htmlfive
13. Coupland, N.
    (2012) Bilingualism on display: The framing of Welsh and English in Welsh public spaces. Language in Society, 41, 1–28. 10.1017/S0047404511000893
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404511000893 [Google Scholar]
14. Davis, K. A.
    (1995) Qualitative theory and methods in applied linguistics research. Tesol Quarterly, 427–453. 10.2307/3588070
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3588070 [Google Scholar]
15. Erie County Unit of the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
    Erie County Unit of the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1938) Erie, a guide to the city and county. Philadelphia, PA: The William Penn Association.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Erwin, E.
    (2013, January5). Erie to welcome more than 600 refugees in 2013. Erie Times-News.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Ferguson, J., & Sidorova, L.
    (2018) What language advertises: ethnographic branding in the linguistic landscape of Yakutsk. Language Policy, 17(1), 23–54. 10.1007/s10993‑016‑9420‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-016-9420-4 [Google Scholar]
18. Garvey, W. P.
    (1977) The effect of Erie history, tradition, and geography on the Present and future of the Erie School District: For the long range planning committee of the Erie School District. Publisher unknown.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M.
    (1977) Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In: H. Giles (ed.) Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Grovum, J.
    (2014, August8). A growing divide over official-English laws. Pew Trusts. Retrieved fromhttps://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2014/08/08/the-growing-divide-over-official-english-laws
21. Guissemo, M.
    (2018) Orders of (in) visibility: Colonial and postcolonial chronotopes in linguistic landscapes of memorization in Maputo. InA. Peck, C. Stroud, and Q. Williams (Eds.) Making sense of people and place in linguistic landscapes (pp.29–47). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Heller, M. & McElhinny, B.
    (2017) Language, capitalism, colonialism: Toward a critical history. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Huebner, T.
    (2006) Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environmental print, codemixing and language change. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 31–51. 10.1080/14790710608668384
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668384 [Google Scholar]
24. Juffermans, K.
    (2015) Local languaging, literacy and multilingualism in a West African society. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783094219
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783094219 [Google Scholar]
25. Land Design/Research Inc. & Morton Hoffman and Company, Inc.
    Land Design/Research Inc. & Morton Hoffman and Company, Inc. (1986) Waterfront comprehensive plan: Erie, Pennsylvania. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved fromhttps://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CZIC-ht168-e7-l2-1986/html/CZIC-ht168e7-l2-186.htm
    [Google Scholar]
26. Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. Y.
    (1997) Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of language and social psychology, 16(1), 23–49. 10.1177/0261927X970161002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X970161002 [Google Scholar]
27. Lemire, E.
    (2015, July29). Gardens help transform Erie’s Little Italy. Erie Times-News. RetrievedMarch 14, 2017fromwww.goerie.com/news/20150729/gardens-help-transform-eries-little-italyemmanel-lemire
    [Google Scholar]
28. Massey, D.
    (2008) New faces in new places: The changing geography of American immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    [Google Scholar]
29. McKinney, B.
    (1991, September27). Erie’s melting pot: Hispanic population yearns to be part of the community. Erie Times-News. 1A, 2A.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Mitchell, K.
    (2013) Race, difference, meritocracy, and English: majoritarian stories in the education of second multilingual learners. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(3), 339–364. 10.1080/13613324.2011.645569
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2011.645569 [Google Scholar]
31. Moriarty, M.
    (2019) Regimes of voice and visibility in the refugeescape: A semiotic landscape approach. Linguistic Landscape, 5(2), 142–159. 10.1075/ll.19002.mor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.19002.mor [Google Scholar]
32. Pavlenko, A.
    (2002) “We have room for but one language here”: Language and national identity in the U.S. at the turn of the 20th century. Multilingua, 21(2/3), 163–196.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Pavlenko, A.
    (2009) Language conflict in post-Soviet linguistic landscapes. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 17(1–2), 247–274. 10.1353/jsl.0.0025
    https://doi.org/10.1353/jsl.0.0025 [Google Scholar]
34. Pennsylvania Quarterly Refugee Collaborative Meeting Notes: Erie
    Pennsylvania Quarterly Refugee Collaborative Meeting Notes: Erie (2014, December10).
35. Pennsylvania Refugee Resettlement Program Statistics
    Pennsylvania Refugee Resettlement Program Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromwww.re​fugeesinpa.org/aboutus/demoandarrivalstats/index.htm
36. Pietikäinen, S.
    (2014) Spatial interaction in Sámiland: Regulative and transitory chronotopes in the dynamic multilingual landscape of an indigenous Sámi village. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(5), 478–490. 10.1177/1367006913484210
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484210 [Google Scholar]
37. Pütz, M., & Mundt, N.
    (Eds.) (2018) Expanding the linguistic landscape: Linguistic diversity, multimodality and the use of space as a semiotic resource. Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Quirk, J.
    (2013, August). Erie County Demographic Profile. Erie County Department of Health: Public Health Preparedness Division.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. W.
    (2003) Discourses in Place: Language in the material world. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203422724
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422724 [Google Scholar]
40. Shohamy, E.
    (2006) Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203387962
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203387962 [Google Scholar]
41. Singer, A. & Wilson, J. H.
    (2007, March1). Refugee resettlement in metropolitan America. Migration Policy Institute Online Journal. Retrieved fromwww.migrationpolicy.org/article/refugee-resettlement-metropolitan-america
    [Google Scholar]
42. Spolsky, B.
    (2011) Does the United States Need a Language Policy? Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved fromlistserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lgpolicy-list/2011-March/012325.html
43. U.S. Census Bureau
    U.S. Census Bureau (2018) State & County Quick Facts for Erie, Pennsylvania. Retrieved fromhttps://www.census.gov/quickfacts/eriecitypennsylvania
44. U.S. Census Bureau
    U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Census of Population and Housing (for 1910, 1930, 1950, 1970, 1990, and 2010). Retrieved fromhttps://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
45. U.S. Census Bureau Fact Finder
    U.S. Census Bureau Fact Finder (2017) Retrieved fromhttps://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF
46. Weiss, G.
    (2015, June20). Erie immigrants mark World Refugee Day. Erie Times-News. Retrieved fromwww.goerie.com/erie-immigrants-mark-world-refugee-day#
    [Google Scholar]
47. Wiley, T. G., & de Korne, H.
    (2014, March). Historical orientations to language policy in the United States (PDF document). Center for Applied Linguistics Language Policy Research. Retrieved fromwww.cal.org/lpren/pdfs/historical-orientations-to-language-policy-in-the-united-states.pdf
    [Google Scholar]