1887
image of Landscaping gender, sexuality, and hope in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This paper investigates the Linguistic Landscape (LL) of Leni Robredo’s 2022 presidential campaign rallies in the Philippines and explores the role of gender and sexuality in constructing prefigurative spaces within the offline-online nexus. Through artifacts used during the campaign, the paper examines how Robredo supporters utilize semiotic resources and intertextual references from popular and meme culture as well as LGBTQ+ media to adopt stances vis-à-vis gender and sexuality. The paper suggests that the aggregation of these stances elicit affects that facilitate a prefigurative genderscape where participants enact an ethos of hope. While these practices cannot completely transcend entrenched forms of power (e.g., macho populism and dynastic democracy), they materialize a potential future characterized by a people-driven movement. The paper proposes a future direction for LL studies: engaging prefigurative politics in the examination of the emergent spaces that respond to increasing precarity and sociopolitical upheavals.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ll.24006.go
2024-08-05
2024-09-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ahmed, Sara
    (2013) The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203700372
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203700372 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson, Ben
    (2006) Becoming and being hopeful: towards a theory of affect. Environment and planning d: society and space, (), –. 10.1068/d393t
    https://doi.org/10.1068/d393t [Google Scholar]
  3. Arugay, Aries
    (2022) Foreign policy & disinformation narratives in the 2022 Philippine election campaign. ISEAS Perspective, , –.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Arugay, Aries & Baquisal, Justin K. A.
    (2023) Bowed, Bent, & Broken: Duterte’s Assaults on Civil Society in the Philippines. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, (), –. 10.1177/18681034231209504
    https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034231209504 [Google Scholar]
  5. Asara, Viviana & Kallis, Giorgos
    (2023) The prefigurative politics of social movements and their processual production of space: The case of the indignados movement. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, (), –. 10.1177/23996544221115279
    https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221115279 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bancud, Andrea
    (2023, May23). UNAIDS: PLHIV in the PH could reach 364,000 by 2030. Philippine Information Agency. (AccessedJanuary 12, 2024) https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/news/2023/05/23/unaids-plhiv-in-the-ph-could-reach-364000-by-2030
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, Shohamy, Elana, Muhammad, Hasan A. & Trumper-Hecht, Nira
    (2006) Linguistic Landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/14790710608668383
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383 [Google Scholar]
  8. Blommaert, Jan
    (2019) From groups to actions and back in online-offline sociolinguistics. Multilingua, (), –. 10.1515/multi‑2018‑0114
    https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0114 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bolander, Brook, & Locher, Miriam A.
    (2020) Beyond the online offline distinction: Entry points to digital discourse. Discourse, context & media, , . 10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100383
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100383 [Google Scholar]
  10. Borba, Rodrigo
    (2019) Injurious signs: The geopolitics of hate and hope in the Linguistic Landscape of a political crisis. InAmenia Peck, Christopher Stroud & Quentin Williams (Eds.), Making sense of people and place in Linguistic Landscapes, (pp.–). London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cameron, Deborah
    (2022) Women, civility and the language of politics: realities and representations. The Political Quarterly, (), –. 10.1111/1467‑923X.13050
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13050 [Google Scholar]
  12. Carr, Joetta L.
    (2013) The SlutWalk movement: A study in transnational feminist activism. Journal of Feminist Scholarship, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Datta, Anindita
    (2016) The genderscapes of hate: On violence against women in India. Dialogues in Human Geography, (), –. 10.1177/2043820616655016
    https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820616655016 [Google Scholar]
  14. De Los Reyes, Robin. A.
    (2014) Language of “order”: English in the Linguistic Landscape of two major train stations in the Philippines. Asian Journal of English Language Studies, (), –. 10.59960/2.a2
    https://doi.org/10.59960/2.a2 [Google Scholar]
  15. de Vasconcelos Barboza, Rafael & Borba, Rodrigo
    (2018) Linguistic Landscapes as pornoheterotopias:(De) regulating gender and sexuality in the public toilet. Linguistic Landscape, (), –. 10.1075/ll.18005.vas
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.18005.vas [Google Scholar]
  16. Doroja-Cadiente, Glenda & Valdez, Paolo. N.
    (2019) A Linguistic Landscape Analysis of Public Signs After Typhoon Haiyan. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, (), –. 10.21315/ijaps2019.15.1.2
    https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2019.15.1.2 [Google Scholar]
  17. Du Bois, John W.
    (2007) The stance triangle. InRobert Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction, (pp.–). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.164.07du
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.164.07du [Google Scholar]
  18. Dussault, Joëlle
    (2022) The prefigurative politics of place-making: Analysis of a neighbourhood-based campaign for a social centre. Emotion, Space and Society, , 100901. 10.1016/j.emospa.2022.100901
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2022.100901 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dulay, Dean, Hicken, Allen, Menon, Anil & Holmes, Ronald
    (2023) Continuity, history, and identity: why Bongbong Marcos won the 2022 Philippine presidential election. Pacific Affairs, (), –. 10.5509/202396185
    https://doi.org/10.5509/202396185 [Google Scholar]
  20. Elan, Priya
    (2020, October21). Pink emerges as 2020’s colour of political protest. The Guardian. (AccessedJan 12, 2024). https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/oct/21/pink-emerges-as-2020s-colour-of-political-protest
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Esteron, Jerico. J.
    (2021) English in the Churchscape: Exploring a religious Linguistic Landscape in the Philippines. Discourse and Interaction, (), –. 10.5817/DI2021‑2‑82
    https://doi.org/10.5817/DI2021-2-82 [Google Scholar]
  22. Evangelista, John. A.
    (2017) ‘Queering Rodrigo Duterte.’ InNicole Curato (Ed.), A Duterte Reader: Critical Essays on Rodrigo Duterte’s Early Presidency, (pp.–). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hapal, Karl
    (2021) The Philippines’ COVID-19 response: Securitising the pandemic and disciplining the pasaway. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, (), –. 10.1177/1868103421994261
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421994261 [Google Scholar]
  24. Heugh, Kathleen, Stroud, Christopher, Taylor-Leech, Kerry & De Costa, Peter I.
    (Eds.) (2021) A Sociolinguistics of the South. Routledge. 10.4324/9781315208916
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315208916 [Google Scholar]
  25. Hincks, Joseph
    (2018, Dec.11). She Reported From War Zones. But Covering Philippine President Duterte Might Be Her Most Dangerous Job Yet. Time. (AccessedJanuary 12, 2024) https://time.com/5475492/maria-ressa-rappler-person-of-the-year-2018/
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hiramoto, Mie & Vitorio, Raymund
    (2018) Linguistic Landscapes of Language and Sexuality. InKira Hall & Rusty Barrett (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality. Online10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  27. Jaffe, Alexandra
    (Ed.) (2009) Stance: sociolinguistic perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  28. Jaworski, Adam & Thurlow, Crispin
    (Eds.) (2010) Semiotic Landscapes: Language, image, space. London: Continuum
    [Google Scholar]
  29. (2009) Taking an elitist stance: Ideology and the discursive production of distinction. InAlexandra Jaffe (Ed.), Stance: Sociolinguistic perspectives (pp.–), New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0009
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0009 [Google Scholar]
  30. Kaur-Gill, Satveer & Dutta, Mohan J.
    (2017) Digital Ethnography. InJörg Matthes, Christine S. Davis & Robert F. Potter (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. 10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0271
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0271 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kiesling, Scott F.
    (2018) Masculine stances and the linguistics of affect: On masculine ease. Norma, (), –. 10.1080/18902138.2018.1431756
    https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2018.1431756 [Google Scholar]
  32. (2022) Stance and stancetaking. Annual Review of Linguistics, , –. 10.1146/annurev‑linguistics‑031120‑121256
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031120-121256 [Google Scholar]
  33. Koller, Veronika
    (2008) Not just a colour: pink as a gender and sexuality marker in visual communication. Visual communication, (), –. 10.1177/1470357208096209
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357208096209 [Google Scholar]
  34. Kress, Gunther & van Leeuwen, Theo
    (2020) Reading Images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003099857
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099857 [Google Scholar]
  35. Lakoff, Robin
    (2003) Language, gender, and politics: Putting ‘women’ and ‘power’ in the same sentence. InJanet Holmes & Miriam Meyerhoff (Eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender, (pp.–). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 10.1002/9780470756942.ch7
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756942.ch7 [Google Scholar]
  36. Lazar, Michelle. M.
    (2021) Gender and sexuality in discourse. InJo Angouri & Judith Baxter (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language, gender, and sexuality, (pp.–). New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315514857‑39
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315514857-39 [Google Scholar]
  37. Lefebvre, Henri
    (1970) La Révolution Urbaine. Paris: Gallimard.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. (1991) The Production of Space. Cambridge: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Leiser, Anne
    (2022) Psychological Perspectives on Participatory Culture: Core Motives for the Use of Political Internet Memes. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, (), –. 10.5964/jspp.6377
    https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6377 [Google Scholar]
  40. Lombard, Ella. J., Azpeitia, Jovani & Cheryan, Sapna
    (2021) Built on Uneven Ground: How Masculine Defaults Disadvantage Women in Political Leadership. Psychological Inquiry, (), –. 10.1080/1047840X.2021.1930776
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2021.1930776 [Google Scholar]
  41. Manalastas, Nicko. E. L.
    (2024) Domain dichotomy and sociolinguistic inequality in Philippine museum spaces: Evidence from the Linguistic Landscape. Linguistic Landscape. Advance online publication. https://benjamins.com/catalog/ll.23055.man
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Maramara, Kyzia
    (2022, March8). VP Leni Robredo Supporters Take Their Placard Game to a Different Level; Here are the Funniest Ones We’ve Seen. 8list.ph. (AccessedJan 12, 2024). https://www.8list.ph/leni-robredo-placards/
    [Google Scholar]
  43. McCargo, Duncan
    (2023) Philippine Elections 2022: Why Leni’s Fifteen Million Votes Were Not Enough. Contemporary Southeast Asia, (), –. 10.1355/cs44‑3a
    https://doi.org/10.1355/cs44-3a [Google Scholar]
  44. McCulloch, Gretchen
    (2019) Because internet: Understanding how language is changing. New York: Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. McFarland, Katherine
    (2012) Cultural contestation and community building at LGBT Pride parades. Unpublished doctoral dissertation; Chapel Hill, South Carolina.
  46. Mendoza, John
    (2022, February13). 20,000 supporters show up for Robredo in QC rally. Inquirer.net. (AccessedJan 12, 2024). https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1554057/20000-supporters-showed-up-for-robredo-in-qc-rally
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Mendoza, Maria. E.
    (2023, March9). Posting for Profit: Social Media Influencers in Philippine Politics. Fulcrum. (AccessedJan 12, 2024). https://fulcrum.sg/posting-for-profit-social-media-influencers-in-philippine-politics/
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Milani, Tommaso. M.
    (2014) Sexed signs–queering the scenery. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2014(), –. 10.1515/ijsl‑2014‑0011
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0011 [Google Scholar]
  49. Milani, Tommaso. M. & Levon, Erez
    (2019) Israel as homotopia: Language, space, and vicious belonging. Language in Society, (), –. 10.1017/S0047404519000356
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404519000356 [Google Scholar]
  50. (2016) Sexing diversity: Linguistic Landscapes of homonationalism. Language & Communication, , –. 10.1016/j.langcom.2016.07.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2016.07.002 [Google Scholar]
  51. Monje, Jennifer
    (2017) ‘Hindi Bayani/not a hero’: the Linguistic Landscape of protest in Manila. Social Inclusion, (), –. 10.17645/si.v5i4.1151
    https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1151 [Google Scholar]
  52. Motschenbacher, Heiko
    (2020) Walking on Wilton Drive: A Linguistic Landscape analysis of a homonormative space. Language & Communication, , –. 10.1016/j.langcom.2020.02.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  53. Oser, Jennifer, Grinson, Amit, Boulianne, Shelley & Halperin, Eran
    (2022) How political efficacy relates to online and offline political participation: A multilevel meta-analysis. Political Communication, (), –. 10.1080/10584609.2022.2086329
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2086329 [Google Scholar]
  54. Parmanand, Sharmila
    (2022) Macho populists versus COVID: Comparing political masculinities. European Journal of Women’s Studies, (), –. 10.1177/13505068221092871
    https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068221092871 [Google Scholar]
  55. Rafael, Vicente. L.
    (2021) The Sovereign Trickster: Death and laughter in the age of Duterte. North Carolina: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Ratcliffe, Rebecca
    (2022, March8). Philippines faces stark election choice – dictator’s son or human rights lawyer?The Guardian. (AccessedJan 12, 2024). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/08/philippines-election-voters-marcos-jr-dictator-son-leni-robredo-human-rights
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ribeiro, Gustavo L.
    (2019) Anthropologies Today. Indian Anthropologist, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Rowlett, Benedict. J. & Go, Christian
    (2024) “The Amazingly Fabulous Tuk tuk Race”: mobility and carnival praxis in the semiotic landscape of Phnom Penh Pride. Social Semiotics, (), –. 10.1080/10350330.2022.2128738
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2022.2128738 [Google Scholar]
  59. Rubdy, Rani & Said, Selim Ben
    (Eds.) (2015) Conflict, exclusion and dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10.1057/9781137426284
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137426284 [Google Scholar]
  60. Shaw, Sylvia
    (2020) Women, language and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781139946636
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139946636 [Google Scholar]
  61. Shohamy, Elana & Waksman, Shoshi
    (2009) Linguistic Landscape as an ecological arena: Modalities, meanings, negotiation, education. InElana Shohamy & Durk Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, (pp.–). New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Silva, Daniel. N. & Lee, Jerry W.
    (2024) Language as Hope. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781009306508
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009306508 [Google Scholar]
  63. Slobe, Tyanna
    (2018) Style, stance, and social meaning in mock white girl. Language in Society, (), –. 10.1017/S004740451800060X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740451800060X [Google Scholar]
  64. Strange, Louis
    (2023) Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: Gender and the Irish language in the Linguistic Landscape of Ireland’s 2018 abortion referendum. Language in Society, (), –. 10.1017/S0047404521001214
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404521001214 [Google Scholar]
  65. (2022) The discursive construction of gender and agency in the Linguistic Landscape of Ireland’s 2018 abortion referendum campaign. Critical Discourse Studies, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Taruc, Earl
    (2024, Feb29). How Gloc-9’s ‘Sirena’ Empowered a Generation of Queer Filipinos. Zeen. (AccessedMay 28, 2024) https://zeenmag.com/how-gloc-9s-sirena-empowered-a-generation-of-queer-filipinos/
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Törnberg, Anton
    (2021) Prefigurative politics and social change: A typology drawing on transition studies. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, (), –. 10.1080/1600910X.2020.1856161
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2020.1856161 [Google Scholar]
  68. Vacras, Michael
    (2022, April9). Presidential aspirant and Vice President Leni Robredo reads placards made by her supporters during Awra Aurora Grand Rally on Saturday. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=521708889410789
    [Google Scholar]
  69. van de Sande, Mathijs
    (2022) Prefigurative Democracy: Protest, Social Movements and the Political Institution of Society. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Van Dijk, Teun. A.
    (1984) Prejudice in discourse: An analysis of ethnic prejudice in cognition and conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/pb.v.3
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pb.v.3 [Google Scholar]
  71. Wee, Lionel
    (2016) Situating affect in Linguistic Landscapes. Linguistic Landscape, (), –. 10.1075/ll.2.2.01wee
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.2.01wee [Google Scholar]
  72. Wetherell, Margaret
    (2012) Affect and Emotion: a new social science understanding. London: Sage. 10.4135/9781446250945
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250945 [Google Scholar]
  73. Wilson, John & Boxer, Diana
    (Eds.) (2015) Discourse, politics and women as global leaders. Discourse, Politics and Women as Global Leaders. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/dapsac.63
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.63 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ll.24006.go
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ll.24006.go
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: hope ; stance ; offline-online nexus ; affect ; sexuality ; prefigurative politics ; gender
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error