How many vowels are there in Lhasa Tibetan?

References

1. Chang, Kun & Betty Shefts
   1964 A manual of spoken Tibetan (Lhasa dialect). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Chang, Kun & Betty Shefts
   1971 Vowel harmony in spoken Lhasa Tibetan. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica42: 623–765.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Chang, Kʻun & Betty Shefts Chang
   1978–1981 Spoken Tibetan texts. 4v.Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Acadaemia Sinica.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Dawson, Willa
   1980 Tibetan phonology. Seattle: University of Washington PhD dissertation.
5. Dawson, Willa
   1985 The Tibetan vowel feature ‘constricted’. In Suriya Ratanakul , David Thomas & Suwilai Premsrirat (eds.), Studies presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt, 158–177. Bangkok: Mahidol University.
   [Google Scholar]
6. DeLancey, Scott
   2003 Lhasa Tibetan. In Graham Thurgood & Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, 270–288. London: Routledge.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Denwood, Philip
   1999 Tibetan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/loall.3
   https://doi.org/10.1075/loall.3 [Google Scholar]
8. Goldstein, Melvyn C.
   2001 The new Tibetan-English dictionary of Modern Tibetan. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Goldstein, Melvyn C. & Ngawangthondup Norkyid
   1984 English-Tibetan dictionary of Modern Tibetan. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520907485
   https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520907485 [Google Scholar]
10. Goldstein, Melvyn C. & Nawang Nornang
    1970 Modern spoken Tibetan: Lhasa dialect. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Gong, Xun
    2016a A phonological history of Amdo Tibetan rhymes. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies79: 347–374. 10.1017/S0041977X16000070
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X16000070 [Google Scholar]
12. Gong, Xun
    2016b Prenasalized reflex of Old Tibetan <ld-> and related clusters in Central Tibetan. Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale45: 127–147. 10.1163/19606028‑00452p02
    https://doi.org/10.1163/19606028-00452p02 [Google Scholar]
13. Hoshi, Izumi
    2003 Gendai Chibetto-go Doushi Jiten (Rasa-hougen) – A verb dictionary of the modern spoken Tibetan of Lhasa (Tibetan-Japanese). [Asian and African Lexicon Series, vol. 42.] Tokyo: Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku, Ajia-Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyusho.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Hoshi, Michiyo
    1973 Rasa-hogen no goto no haretsuon, hasatsuon onso ni tsuite [On initial stops and affricates in Lhasa Tibetan]. Nihon Chibetto Gakkai Kaiho: 8–10.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Hoshi, Michiyo & Hoshi, Izumi
    1995 Chibetto-go kaiwa, Chibetto-go kenshu tekisuto, vol.1. Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku, Ajia-Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyusho.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Jin, Peng
    1983 藏语简志Zàngyǔ Jiǎnzhì [A sketch of Tibetan]. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
17. Kitamura, Hajime
    1963 /^drum/ sgrung -1- Chibetto-go Rasa-hogen tekisuto [/^drum/ sgrung -1- Tibetan Lhasa dialect text]. Nishogakusha Daigaku Ronshu: 1–16.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Kitamura, Hajime & Nagano, Yasuhiko
    1990 Gendai Chibetto Bunrui Jiten – A classified lexicon of modern Tibetan. Tokyo: Kyukoshoin.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Lim, Keh Sheng
    2018 The tonal and intonational phonology of Lhasa Tibetan. Ottawa: University of Ottawa PhD dissertation.
20. Mellac, Eric , Françoise Robin & Camille Simon
    2014 Vocabulaire thématique de langue parlée français-tibétain. Paris: L’Asiathèque.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Miller, Roy Andrew
    1955 The independent status of the Lhasa dialect within Central Tibetan. Orbis4: 49–55.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Miller, Roy Andrew
    1966 Early evidence for vowel harmony in Tibetan. Language42: 252–277. 10.2307/411688
    https://doi.org/10.2307/411688 [Google Scholar]
23. Qu, Aitang
    1981 藏语的变调Zàngyǔ de Biàndiào [Tibetan tone sandhi]. Minzu Yuwen4: 20–28.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Qu, Aitang
    1983 阿里藏语Ālǐ Zàngyǔ [Ngari Tibetan]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Science Press.
25. Róna-Tas, András
    2014 Some remarks on the vowel system of spoken Tibetan. In András Róna-Tas (ed.), Tibeto-Mongolica Revisited, 413–433. Leiden: Global Oriental. 10.1163/9789004251229_013
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004251229_013 [Google Scholar]
26. Samuels, Jonathan
    2015 Colloquial Tibetan. London, New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203067406
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203067406 [Google Scholar]
27. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1954a Verbal phrases in Lhasa Tibetan – i. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies16: 134–156. 10.1017/S0041977X00143526
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00143526 [Google Scholar]
28. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1954b Verbal phrases in Lhasa Tibetan – ii. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies16: 320–350. 10.1017/S0041977X00106007
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00106007 [Google Scholar]
29. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1954c Verbal phrases in Lhasa Tibetan – iii. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies16: 566–591. 10.1017/S0041977X00086869
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00086869 [Google Scholar]
30. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1955 The tonal system of Tibetan (Lhasa dialect) and the nominal phrase. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies17: 133–153. 10.1017/S0041977X00106391
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00106391 [Google Scholar]
31. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1961 Vowel harmony in Lhasa Tibetan 1: prosodic analysis applied to interrelated vocalic features of successive syllables. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies24:116–138. 10.1017/S0041977X00140431
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00140431 [Google Scholar]
32. Sprigg, R. Keith
    1968 The phonology of the grammatical constituents of verbal-phrase words in spoken Tibetan (Lhasa dialect). London: SOAS, University of London PhD dissertation.
33. Takeuchi, Tsuguhito
    1993 Shohyo: Kitamura Hajime, Nagano Yasuhiko cho Gendai Chibetto-go bunrui-jiten [Review: A classified lexicon of modern Tibetan by Kitamura Hajime and Nagano Yasuhiko]. Gengo Kenkyu104: 157–167.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Tournadre, Nicolas
    1996 L’ergativité en tibétain: approche morphosyntaxique de la langue parlée, Leuven: Peeters.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Tournadre, Nicolas & Sangda Dorje
    2003a Manuel de tibétain standard. 2ème ed.Paris: L’Asiathèque.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Tournadre, Nicolas & Sangda Dorje
    2003b Manual of standard Tibetan. Translated by Charles Ramble . Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Twaddell, W. Freeman
    1938 A note on Old High German umlaut. Monatshefte für deutschen Unterricht: 177–181.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Yu, Daoquan
    1983 藏汉对照拉萨口语词典Zànghàn duìzhào Lāsà kǒuyǔ cídiǎn [Tibetan-Chinese dictionary of spoken Lhasa Tibetan]. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
39. Yu, Dawchyuan & Yuanrenn Jaw
    1930 Love Songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama. National Research Institute of History and Philology Monographs, series A, vol.5. Peiping: Academia Sinica.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Zhou, Jiwen & Houfang Xie
    2003 藏语拉萨话语法Zàngyǔ Lāsàhuà Yǔfǎ [A grammar of spoken Lhasa Tibetan]. Beijing: Nationalities Press.