1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Linguistic Variation
  4. Volume 17, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 17, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2211-6834
  • E-ISSN: 2211-6842
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

In this paper I propose a new analysis of null arguments in Old Norwegian. I argue that the option of null realization in Old Norwegian correlates with a distinction between φP and DP pronouns in the sense of Déchaine & Wiltschko (2002) , and that this distribution can be captured by a version of pronoun deletion ( Roberts 2010b ). On a more general, theoretical level, I argue that both the structure of pronouns and that of the functional domains C, T and v influence the null argument properties of a language. Thus, null arguments, but also blocking of null arguments in non-null-argument languages like Modern Norwegian and English, may be derived in different ways.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
2018-01-26
2019-08-19

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Åfarli, Tor & Chet Creider
    1987 Nonsubject pro-drop in Norwegian. Linguistic Inquiry 18(2). 339–345.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexiadou, Artemis & Elena Anagnostopoulou
    1998 Parametrizing AGR. Word order, V-movement and EPP checking. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16(3). 491–539. doi: 10.1023/A:1006090432389
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006090432389 [Google Scholar]
  3. Ariel, Mira
    1990  Accessing noun-phrase antecedents . London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Axel, Katrin
    2007  Studies on Old High German syntax: left sentence periphery, verb placement and verb-second . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.112
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.112 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barbosa, Pilar
    1995  Null subjects: Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 2009 Two kinds of subject pro. Studia Linguistica 63(1). 2–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2008.01153.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2008.01153.x [Google Scholar]
  7. 2013  Pro as a minimal NP: towards a unified approach to pro-drop. lingbuzz.auf.net/lingbuzz/001949, accessed13 August 2014.
  8. Barðdal, Jóhanna & Thórhallur Eythórsson
    2003 The change that never happened: the story of oblique subjects. Journal of Linguistics 39(3). 439–472. doi: 10.1017/S002222670300207X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S002222670300207X [Google Scholar]
  9. Bayer, Josef
    1984  comp in Bavarian syntax. Linguistic Review 3. 209–274. doi: 10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209
     https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209 [Google Scholar]
  10. Biberauer, Theresa
    2008 Introduction. In Theresa Biberauer (ed.), The limits of syntactic variation , 1–74. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.132
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.132 [Google Scholar]
  11. Borer, Hagit
    1986 I-subjects. Linguistic Inquiry 17(3). 375–416.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Börjars, Kersti , Pauline Harries & Nigel Vincent
    2016 Growing syntax: the development of a DP in North Germanic. Language92(1). e1–e37 doi: 10.1353/lan.2016.0002
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2016.0002 [Google Scholar]
  13. Breitbarth, Anne & Melissa Farasyn
    2016 Nullsubjekte im Mittelniederdeutschen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 138(4). 524–559.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Cardinaletti, Anna & Michal Starke
    1996 Deficient pronouns: a view from Germanic. A study in the unified description of Germanic and Romance. In Höskuldur Thráinsson , Samuel David Epstein & Steve Peter (eds.), Studies in comparative Germanic syntax , vol.II, 21–65. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑010‑9806‑9_2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9806-9_2 [Google Scholar]
  15. 1999 The typology of structural deficiency: a case study on the three classes of pronouns. In Henk van Riemsdijk (ed.), Clitics in the languages of Europe , 145–234. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Chomsky, Noam
    2004 Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: the cartography of syntactic structures , 104–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 2007 Approaching UG from Below. In Uli Säuerland & Hans-Martin Gärtner (eds.), Interfaces + recursion = language? Chomsky’s minimalism and the view from syntax-semantics , 1–30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 2008 On phases. In Robert Freidin , Carlos Otero & Maria-Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory , 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007 [Google Scholar]
  19. Cole, Melvyn
    2010 Thematic null subjects and accessibility. Studia Linguistica 64(3). 271–320. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2010.01172.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2010.01172.x [Google Scholar]
  20. Coniglio, Marko & Eva Schlachter
    2014 Referential properties of the full and reduced forms of the definite article in German: A diachronic survey. In Kristin Bech & Kristine Gunn Eide (eds.), Information structure and syntactic change in Germanic and Romance languages , 142–171. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.213.06con
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.213.06con [Google Scholar]
  21. Dahl, Östen 2015  Grammaticalization in the North: noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars . Berlin: Language Science Press. doi: 10.26530/OAPEN_559871
     https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_559871 [Google Scholar]
  22. De Bastiani, Chiara
    2014  Die Entwicklung des definiten Artikels im Althochdeutschen unter einer semantischen Perspektive . Ca’ Foscari University of Venice MA thesis.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Déchaine, Rose-Marie & Martina Wiltschko
    2002 Decomposing pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 33(3). 409–442. doi: 10.1162/002438902760168554
     https://doi.org/10.1162/002438902760168554 [Google Scholar]
  24. 2015 When and why can 1st and 2nd person pronouns be bound variables?In Patrick Grosz , Pritty Patel-Grosz & Igor Yanovich (eds.), The semantics of pronouns. Proceedings of the special session of the 40th North East Linguistics Society . 1–50. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Delsing, Lars-Olof
    2003 Syntaktisk variation i nordiska nominalfraser. In Øystein Alexander Vangsnes , Anders Holmberg & Lars-Olof Delsing (eds.), Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen , 11–64. Oslo: Novus forlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Demske, Ulrike
    2001  Merkmale und relationen. Diachrone Studien zur Nominalphrase des Deutschen . Berlin: De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110811353
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110811353 [Google Scholar]
  27. Duguine, Maia
    2013  Null arguments and linguistic variation: a minimalist analysis of pro-drop: University of the Basque country/Université de Nantes PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Dyvik, Helge
    1979 Omkring fremveksten av artiklene i norsk. Språklig markering av referensielle forutsetninger. Maal og Minne 1(2). 40–78.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Elbourne, Paul
    2005  Situations and individuals . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Eythórsson, Thórhallur & J. Barðdal
    2005 Oblique subjects: A common Germanic inheritance. Language 84(4). 824–881. doi: 10.1353/lan.2005.0173
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2005.0173 [Google Scholar]
  31. Faarlund, Jan Terje
    1990  Syntactic change. Toward a theory of historical syntax . Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110854947
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110854947 [Google Scholar]
  32. 2001 The notion of oblique subject and its status in the history of Icelandic. In J.T. Faarlund (ed.), Grammatical relations in change , 99–135. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.56.05faa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.56.05faa [Google Scholar]
  33. 2004  The syntax of Old Norse: with a survey of the inflectional morphology and a complete bibliography . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 2013 The pro cycle. In Elly van Gelderen , Jóhanna Barðdal & Michela Cennamo (eds.), Argument structure in flux. The Naples-Capri papers , 257–284. John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.131.10faa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.131.10faa [Google Scholar]
  35. Faarlund, Jan Terje , Svein Lie & Kjell Ivar Vannebo
    1997  Norsk referansegrammatikk . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Falk, Hjalmar & Alf Torp
    1900  Dansk-norskens syntax i historisk fremstilling . Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Farrell, Patrick
    1990 Null objects in Brazilian Portuguese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8. 325–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00135617
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00135617 [Google Scholar]
  38. Frascarelli, M. & R. Hinterhölzl
    2007 Types of topics in German and Italian. In K. Schwabe & S. Winkler (eds.), On information structure, meaning and form , 87–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.100.07fra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.100.07fra [Google Scholar]
  39. Frascarelli, Mara
    2007 Subjects, topics and the interpretation of referential pro. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 25(4). 691–743. doi: 10.1007/s11049‑007‑9025‑x
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-007-9025-x [Google Scholar]
  40. van Gelderen, Elly
    2000  A history of English reflexive pronouns. Person, self, and interpretability . John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.39
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.39 [Google Scholar]
  41. 2004  Grammaticalization as economy . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.71
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.71 [Google Scholar]
  42. van Gelderen, Elly 2013 Null subjects in Old English. Linguistic Inquiry 44. 271–285. doi: 10.1162/LING_a_00127
     https://doi.org/10.1162/LING_a_00127 [Google Scholar]
  43. Giorgi, Alessandra & Fabio Pianesi
    1997  Tense and aspect. From semantics to morphosyntax . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Greenberg, Joseph H.
    1978 How does a language acquire gender markers?In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of human language , vol.3. Word structure, 47–82. Stanford Calif: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Håberg, Live
    2010  Den preproprielle artikkelen i norsk: ei undersøking av namneartiklar i Kvæfjord, Gausdal og Voss . Universitetet i Oslo MA thesis.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Haegeman, Liliane
    1990 Understood subjects in English diaries. Mulitilingua 9(2). 157–199. doi: 10.1515/mult.1990.9.2.157
     https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1990.9.2.157 [Google Scholar]
  47. 2000 Adult null subjects in non pro-drop languages. In Marc-Ariel Friedemann & Luigi Rizzi (eds.), The acquisition of syntax , 129–169. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Haegeman, Liliane & Marjo van Koppen
    2012 Complementizer agreement and the relation between C and T. Linguistic Inquiry 43(3). 441–454. doi: 10.1162/LING_a_00096
     https://doi.org/10.1162/LING_a_00096 [Google Scholar]
  49. Hægstad, Marius
    1922 Um maalet i Óláfs saga hins helga. Delag. samling i Uppsala, no. 8 fol. In Oscar Albert Johnsen (ed.), Olafs saga hins helga. Efter pergamenthaandskrift i Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek, Delagardieske samling nr. 8II , XXVIII–LVII. Kristiania: Dybwad.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Hagland, Jan Ragnar
    2013 Gammalislandsk og gammalnorsk språk. In Odd Einar Haugen (ed.), Handbok i norrøn filologi , 600–639. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget2nd edn.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Håkansson, David
    2008  Syntaktisk variation och förändring. En studie av subjektslösa satser i fornsvenska: Lunds universitet dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 2013 Null referential subjects in the history of Swedish. Journal of Historical Linguistics 3(2). 155–191. doi: 10.1075/jhl.3.2.01hak
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.3.2.01hak [Google Scholar]
  53. Haugan, Jens
    1998 Passiv av norrøne dobbelt objekt-konstruksjonar og subjektspørsmålet. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift 16. 157–184.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Haugen, Odd Einar & Åslaug Ommundsen
    2010 Nye blikk på homilieboka. In Odd Einar Haugen & Åslaug Ommundsen (eds.), Vår eldste bok. skrift, miljø og biletbruk i den norske homilieboka , Oslo: Novus forlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Heltoft, Lars
    2012 Zero expression of arguments in Old Danish. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 44(2). 169–191. doi: 10.1080/03740463.2013.797649
     https://doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2013.797649 [Google Scholar]
  56. Höhn, Georg
    2015 Demonstratives and personal pronouns. Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics 8. 84–105.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Holmberg, Anders
    2005 Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36(4). 533–564. doi: 10.1162/002438905774464322
     https://doi.org/10.1162/002438905774464322 [Google Scholar]
  58. 2010 Null subject parameters. In Theresa Biberauer , Anders Holmberg , Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric variation. Null subjects in minimalist theory , 88–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 2016 Null subjects in Finnish and the typology of pro-drop. ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/003138, accessed23 Sept 2016.
  60. Hooper, Joan B. & Sandra Thompson
    1973 On the applicability of root transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 4(4). 465–497.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Huang, Yan
    2000  Anaphora: a cross-linguistic approach . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Indrebø, G.
    1931 Innleiding. In G. Indrebø (ed.), Gamal norsk homiliebok , *5–*64. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Iversen, Ragnvald
    1972  Norrøn grammatikk . Oslo: Tano.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Johannessen, Janne Bondi 2006 Just any pronoun anywhere? Pronouns and “new” demonstratives in Norwegian. In Torgrim Solstad , Atle Grønn & Dag Haug (eds.), A festschrift for Kjell Johan Sæbø – in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the celebration of his 50th birthday , 91–106. Oslo: Novus Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 2008a Psykologiske demonstrativer. In Janne Bondi Johannessen & Kristin Hagen (eds.), Språk i Oslo. Ny forskning omkring talespråk , 63–77. Oslo: Novus forlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 2008b The pronominal psychological demonstrative in Scandinavian: its syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31(2). 161–192. doi: 10.1017/S0332586508001923
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586508001923 [Google Scholar]
  67. Johnsen, Oscar Albert
    1992 Indledning. In Oscar Albert Johnsen (ed.), Olafs saga hins helga. Efter pergamenthaandskrift i Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek, Delagardieske samling nr. 8II , I–XXVII. Oslo: Dybwad
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Julien, Marit
    2005  Nominal phrases from a Scandinavian perspective . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.87
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.87 [Google Scholar]
  69. 2015 The force of V2 revisited. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 18. 139–181. doi: 10.1007/s10828‑015‑9073‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10828-015-9073-2 [Google Scholar]
  70. Kayne, Richard S.
    2000  Parameters and universals . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Kinn, Kari
    2011 Overt non-referential subjects and subject-verb agreement in Middle Norwegian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 88. 21–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 2016 Null subjects in the history of Norwegian, University of Oslo PhD thesis.
  73. Kinn, Kari , Kristian A. Rusten & George Walkden
    2016 Null subjects in early Icelandic. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 28(1). 31–78. doi: 10.1017/S1470542715000136.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470542715000136 [Google Scholar]
  74. de Korte, Siebe
    2008  Dutch topic drop as a PF phenomenon . University of Amsterdam MA thesis.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Leijström, Gunnar
    1934  Om obestämda artikeln. Et bidrag til nordisk språkhistorie . Stockholm: Hugo Geber.
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Löbner, Sebastian
    1985 Definites. Journal of Semantics 4. 279–326. doi: 10.1093/jos/4.4.279
     https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/4.4.279 [Google Scholar]
  77. Longobardi, Giuseppe
    1994 Reference and proper names: a theory of N-movement in syntax and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry 25(4). 609–665.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Magnusson, Erik
    2007  Gränsöverskridande koordination. Syntaktisk förändring i äldre svenska: Göteborgs Universitet PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Miyagawa, Shigeru
    2010  Why agree? Why move? Unifying agreement-based and discourse-configurational languages . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Mørck, Endre
    1994 The distribution of subject properties and the acquisition of subjecthood in the West Scandinavian languages. In Toril Swan , Endre Mørck & Olaf Jansen Westwik (eds.), Language change and language structure. Older Germanic languages in a comparative perspective , 159–194. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110886573.159
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886573.159 [Google Scholar]
  81. Mörnsjö, Maria
    2002  V1 declaratives in spoken Swedish. Syntax, information structure and prosodic pattern: Lund University PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Mundal, Else
    2004 Sagalitteraturen. In Odd Einar Haugen (ed.), Handbok i norrøn filologi , 267–302.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Neeleman, Ad & Kriszta Szendrői
    2007 Radical pro drop and the morphology of pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 38(4). 671–214. doi: 10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.671
     https://doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.671 [Google Scholar]
  84. Nygaard, Marius
    1894 Udeladelse af subjekt; “subjektløse” sætninger i det norrøne sprog (den klassiske sagastil). Arkiv för nordisk filologi 10, ny följd6(1). 1–25.
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 1905  Norrøn syntax . Oslo: Aschehoug.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Nygård, Mari
    2013  Discourse ellipsis in spontaneously spoken Norwegian: Norwegian University of Science and Technology dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Ottosson, Kjartan 2002 Old Nordic: a definition and delimitation of the period. In Oscar Bandle , Kurt Braunmüller , Ernst Håkon Jahr , Allan Karker , Hans-Peter Naumann & Ulf Telemann (eds.), The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages , vol.1, 787–793. Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Ouali, Hamid
    2008 On C-to-T ϕ-feature transfer: the nature of Agreement and Anti-Agreement in Berber. In Roberta D’Allesandro , Susann Fischer & Gunnar Hrafn Hrafn-bjargarson (eds.), Agreement restrictions , 159–180. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Platzack, Christer
    1986  COMP, INFL and Germanic word order. In Lars Hellan & Kirsti Koch Christensen (eds.), Topics in Scandinavian syntax , 185–234. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑4572‑2_9
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4572-2_9 [Google Scholar]
  90. 1998  Svenskans inre grammatik – det minimalistiska programmet. En introduktion till modern generativ grammatik . Lund: Studentlitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Poletto, Cecilia
    2006 Parallel phases: a study on the high and low perihery of Old Italian. In Mara Frascarelli (ed.), Phases of interpretation , 261–294. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110197723.4.261
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197723.4.261 [Google Scholar]
  92. Postal, Paul
    1969 On so-called “pronouns” in English. In David A. Reibel & Sanford A. Schane (eds.), Modern studies in English: readings in transformational grammar , 201–226. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall.
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Radford, Andrew
    2004  Minimalist syntax. Exploring the structure of English . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Rizzi, Luigi
    1997 The fine structure of the left periphery. In Liliane Haegeman (ed.), Elements of grammar , 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5420‑8_7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 [Google Scholar]
  95. Roberts, Ian
    2010a  Agreement and head movement. Clitics, incorporation, and defective goals . Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014304.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014304.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  96. 2010b A deletion analysis of null subjects. In Theresa Biberauer , Anders Holmberg , Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric variation. Null subjects in minimalist theory , 58–87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Roberts, Ian & Anders Holmberg
    2010 Introduction: parameters in minimalist theory. In Theresa Biberauer , Anders Holmberg , Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric variation. Null subjects in minimalist theory , 1–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur
    1995 Quirky subjects in Old Icelandic. In H.Á. Sigurðsson (ed.), Papers from the twelfth Scandinavian conference on linguistics , University of Iceland.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Rosenkvist, H.
    2009 Referential null subjects in Germanic languages – an overview. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 84. 151–180.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Rusten, Kristian A.
    2010  A study of empty referential pronominal subjects in Old English . University of Bergen MA thesis.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 2013 Empty Referential Subjects in Old English Prose: a quantitative analysis. English Studies 94(8). 970–992. doi: 10.1080/0013838X.2013.839140
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2013.839140 [Google Scholar]
  102. Rusten, Kristian A. & George Walkden
    2016 Null subjects in Middle English. English Language and Linguistics 1–35.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Seip, Didrik Arup
    1929  Den legendariske olavssaga og fagrskinna . Oslo: Dybwad.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann
    1993 Argument-drop in Old Icelandic. Lingua 89. 247–280. doi: 10.1016/0024‑3841(93)90054‑Z
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(93)90054-Z [Google Scholar]
  105. 2004 The syntax of person, tense, and speech features. Italian Journal of Linguistics 16(1). 219–251.
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 2006 The Icelandic noun phrase. Central traits. Arkiv for nordisk filologi 121(193–236).
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann 2011 Conditions on argument drop. Linguistic Inquiry 42(2). 267–304. doi: 10.1162/LING_a_00042
     https://doi.org/10.1162/LING_a_00042 [Google Scholar]
  108. 2014 About pronouns. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 92. 65–98.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann & Verner Egerland
    2009 Impersonal null-subjects in Icelandic and elsewhere. Studia Linguistica 63(1). 158–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2008.01157.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2008.01157.x [Google Scholar]
  110. Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann
    1989  Verbal syntax and case in Icelandic . Department of Scandinavian Languages, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Stausland Johnsen, Sverre
    2016 Null subjects, preproprial articles, and the syntactic structure of Old Norwegian pronouns. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift 34. 183–217.
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Stjernholm, Karine
    2008  Subjektsellipser: fins pro i norsk talespråk? University of Oslo MA thesis.
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Taraldsen, Knut Tarald
    1980  On the nominative island condition, vacuous application and the that-trace filter . Indiana University Linguistics Club.
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Thráinsson, Höskuldur
    2007  The Syntax of Icelandic . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511619441
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619441 [Google Scholar]
  115. Thráinsson, Höskuldur & Thóra Björk Hjartardóttir
    1986 Pro-drop, topic-drop. Where do Old and Modern Icelandic fit in?In Östen Dahl & Anders Holmberg (eds.), Scandinavian syntax , 150–161. University of Stockholm.
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Trutkowski, Ewa
    2011 Referential null subjects in German. In Chris Cummins , Chi-Hé Elder , Thomas Godard , Morgan Macleod , Elaine Schmidt & George Walkden (eds.), Proceedings of the sixth Cambridge postgraduate conference in linguistics (CamLing) , 206–217. Cambridge: Cambridge Institute for Language Research.
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Vainikka, Anne & Yonata Levy
    1999 Empty subjects in Finnish and Hebrew. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 17(3). 613–671. doi: 10.1023/A:1006225032592
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006225032592 [Google Scholar]
  118. Walkden, George
    2013 Null subjects in Old English. Language Variation and Change 25. 155–178. doi: 10.1017/S0954394513000070
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394513000070 [Google Scholar]
  119. 2014  Syntactic reconstruction and Proto-Germanic . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712299.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712299.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  120. Weir, Andrew
    2012 Left-edge deletion in English and subject omission in diaries. English Language and Linguistics 16(1). 105–129. doi: 10.1017/S136067431100030X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S136067431100030X [Google Scholar]
  121. Weiß, Helmut
    2005 Inflected complementizers in Continental West Germanic dialects. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 72. 148–166.
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Wendt, Bo-A
    2006 Vykortsstil i verkligheten. Elliptiskt och icke satsformat språkbruk i vykort. In Sofia Ask , Gunilla Byrman , Solveig Hammarbäck , Maria Lindgren & Per Stille (eds.), Lekt och lärt. Vänskrift till Jan Einarsson , 244–295. Växjö: University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Wiggen, Geir
    1975 Utelatelse av setningsledd. Norskrift 3. 1–47.
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
Loading
Null arguments in old Norwegian
Linguistic Variation 17, 309 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
/content/journals/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
/content/journals/10.1075/lv.15018.kin
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): historical linguistics , Norwegian , null arguments , syntactic variation and syntax

Most Cited This Month

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error