1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. The Mental Lexicon
  4. Online First Articles
  5. Online First Article
image of Morphological processing in Alzheimer’s disease
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This study investigated the degree to which cognitive mechanisms support word recognition and word inflection in aging and how this changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We tested competing hypotheses regarding the functional organization of language within the broader cognitive system. One set of hypotheses, derived from dual-system theories like the Declarative/Procedural (DP) model, predicts a functional architecture segregated by linguistic function. An alternative set of hypotheses posits a more integrated architecture, organized by task demands and resource availability.

We analyzed participants’ performance on a lexical decision task and a word inflection task, alongside neuropsychological tests, using both behavioral and network analyses. In healthy controls (HC), the network analysis revealed a highly integrated architecture where language tasks were clustered by functional demands (e.g., speed vs. accuracy) rather than segregated along a strict lexicon/grammar divide. In the AD group, behavioral results showed a classic dissociation, with disproportionate impairment on irregular word inflection — a pattern traditionally seen as evidence for a modular memory failure. However, our network analysis revealed a different underlying mechanism. We observed a dramatic network reorganization where a core declarative memory module became functionally isolated, causing language tasks to form new, compensatory alliances with remaining frontal-executive resources. This provides clear evidence of a shift where executive functions are recruited to support language abilities when dedicated memory systems decline.

These findings suggest that the cognitive substrate for language is not static but adapts dynamically in neurodegeneration, shifting its reliance from failing declarative memory systems to domain-general executive control pathways.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
2025-12-02
2025-12-15

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adrover-Roig, D. , Sesé, A. , Barceló, F. , & Palmer, A.
    (2012) A latent variable approach to executive control in healthy aging. Brain and Cognition, (), –. 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.005 [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen, P. A. , Madden, D. J. , & Crozier, L. C.
    (1991) Adult age differences in letter-level and word-level processing. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.6.2.261
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.261 [Google Scholar]
  3. Baddeley, A.
    (2003) Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, (), –. 10.1038/nrn1201
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1201 [Google Scholar]
  4. Balota, D. A. , Cortese, M. J. , Sergent-Marshall, S. D. , Spieler, D. H. , & Yap, M. J.
    (2004) Visual word recognition of Single-syllable words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, (), –. 10.1037/0096‑3445.133.2.283
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.283 [Google Scholar]
  5. Balota, D. A. , & Ferraro, F. R.
    (1993) A Dissociation of frequency and regularity effects in pronunciation performance across young adults, older adults, and individuals with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Memory and Language, , –. 10.1006/jmla.1993.1029
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1993.1029 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bates, D. , Maechler, M. , & Jagan, M.
    (2025) Matrix: Sparse and dense matrix classes and methods (Version 1.7–3) [R package]. 10.32614/CRAN.package.Matrix
     https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.Matrix [Google Scholar]
  7. Bates, D. , Mächler, M. , Bolker, B. , & Walker, S.
    (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, (), –. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
  8. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G.K.
    (1996) Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Ben-David, B. M. , Erel, H. , Goy, H. , & Schneider, B. A.
    (2015) “Older is always better”: Age-related differences in vocabulary scores across 16 years. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/pag0000051
     https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000051 [Google Scholar]
  10. Binder, J. R. , Desai, R. H. , Graves, W. W. , & Conant, L. L.
    (2009) Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, (), –. 10.1093/cercor/bhp055
     https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp055 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bowers, J. S. , Davis, C. J. , & Hanley, D. A.
    (2005) Automatic semantic activation of embedded words: Is there a “hat” in “that”?Journal of Memory and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.jml.2004.09.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.09.003 [Google Scholar]
  12. Burke, D. M. , & Shafto, M. A.
    (2004) Aging and language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1111/j.0963‑7214.2004.01301006.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301006.x [Google Scholar]
  13. Bybee, J. L.
    (2006) From usage to grammar: The mind’s response to repetition. Language, (), –. 10.1353/lan.2006.0186
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0186 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cahana-Amitay, D. , Spiro III, A. , Sayers, J. T. , Oveis, A. C. , Higby, E. , Ojo, E. A. , … & Obler, L. K.
    (2016) How older adults use cognition in sentence-final word recognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, (), –. 10.1080/13825585.2015.1111291
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2015.1111291 [Google Scholar]
  15. Camerino, I. , Ferreira, J. , Vonk, J. M. , Kessels, R. P. C. , De Leeuw, F.-E. , Roelofs, A. , Copland, D. , & Piai, V.
    (2024) Systematic review and meta-analyses of word production abilities in dysfunction of the basal ganglia: Stroke, small vessel disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology Review, (), –. 10.1007/s11065‑022‑09570‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-022-09570-3 [Google Scholar]
  16. Clahsen, H. , Rothweiler, M. , Woest, A. , & Marcus, G. F.
    (1992) Regular and irregular inflection in the acquisition of German noun plurals. Cognition, , –. 10.1016/0010‑0277(92)90018‑D
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90018-D [Google Scholar]
  17. Cohen-Shikora, E. R. , & Balota, D. A.
    (2016) Visual word recognition across the adult lifespan. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/pag0000100
     https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000100 [Google Scholar]
  18. Costantini, G. , & Perugini, M.
    (2020) Network analysis for psychological situations. In J. F. Rauthmann , R. Sherman , & D. C. Funder . (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of psychological situations (pp.–). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263348.013.16
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263348.013.16 [Google Scholar]
  19. Constantinidou, F. , Christodoulou, M. , & Prokopiou, J.
    (2012) The effects of age and education on executive functioning and oral naming performance in Greek Cypriot adults: The neurocognitive study for the aging. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, , –. 10.1159/000340015
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000340015 [Google Scholar]
  20. Crowther, J. E. , & Martin, R. C.
    (2014) Lexical selection in the semantically blocked cyclic naming task: The role of cognitive control and learning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, , . 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00009
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00009 [Google Scholar]
  21. Csárdi, G. , Nepusz, T. , Traag, V. , Horvát, S. Z. , Zanini, F. , Noom, D. , & Müller, K.
    (2025) igraph: Network analysis and visualization in R (Version 2.1.4) [R package]. 10.5281/zenodo.7682609
     https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7682609 [Google Scholar]
  22. Cuetos, F. , Arce, N. , Martínez, C. , & Ellis, A. W.
    (2017) Word recognition in Alzheimer’s disease: Effects of semantic degeneration. Journal of Neuropsychology, (), –. 10.1111/jnp.12077
     https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12077 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cuetos, F. , Herrera, E. , & Ellis, A. W.
    (2010) Impaired word recognition in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of age of acquisition. Neuropsychologia, (), –. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.017
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.017 [Google Scholar]
  24. Dubois, B. , Feldman, H. H. , Jacova, C. , DeKosky, S. T. , Barberger-Gateau, P. , Cummings, J. , … & Scheltens, P.
    (2007) Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurology, , –. 10.1016/S1474‑4422(07)70178‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3 [Google Scholar]
  25. Engelmann, F. , Granlund, S. , Kolak, J. , Szreder, M. , Ambridge, B. , Pine, J. , … & Lieven, E.
    (2019) How the input shapes the acquisition of verb morphology: Elicited production and computational modelling in two highly inflected languages. Cognitive Psychology, , –. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.02.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  26. Epskamp, S. , Kruis, J. , & Marsman, M.
    (2017) Estimating psychopathological networks: Be careful what you wish for. PLOS One, (), e0179891. 10.1371/journal.pone.0179891
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179891 [Google Scholar]
  27. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R.
    (1975) “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Galasko, D., Bennett, D., Sano, M., Ernesto, C., Thomas, R., Grundman, M., & Ferris, S.
    (1997) An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, , -.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Giavazzi, M. , Daland, R. , Palminteri, S. , Peperkamp, S. , Brugières, P. , Jacquemot, C. , Schramm, C. , Cleret de Langavant, L. , & Bachoud-Lévi, A.-C.
    (2018) The role of the striatum in linguistic selection: Evidence from Huntington’s disease and computational modeling. Cortex, , –. 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.031
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.031 [Google Scholar]
  30. Gollan, T. H. , Montoya, R. I. , Cera, C. M. , & Sandoval, T. C.
    (2008) More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.001 [Google Scholar]
  31. Golden, C.J.
    (1978) Stroop Color and Word Test. Stoelting Company: Chicago.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Goral, M. , Clark-Cotton, M. , Spiro III, A. , Obler, L. K. , Verkuilen, J. , & Albert, M. L.
    (2011) The contribution of set switching and working memory to sentence processing in older adults. Experimental Aging Research, (), –. 10.1080/0361073X.2011.619858
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2011.619858 [Google Scholar]
  33. Gordon-Salant, S. , & Fitzgibbons, P. J.
    (1997) Selected cognitive factors and speech recognition performance among young and elderly listeners. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, (), –. 10.1044/jslhr.4002.423
     https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4002.423 [Google Scholar]
  34. Granlund, S. , Kolak, J. , Vihman, V. , Engelmann, F. , Lieven, E. V. , Pine, J. M. , … & Ambridge, B.
    (2019) Language-general and language-specific phenomena in the acquisition of inflectional noun morphology: A cross-linguistic elicited-production study of Polish, Finnish and Estonian. Journal of Memory and Language, , –. 10.1016/j.jml.2019.04.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.04.004 [Google Scholar]
  35. Hartshorne, J. K. , & Germine, L. T.
    (2015) When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span. Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1177/0956797614567339
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614567339 [Google Scholar]
  36. Higby, E. , Cahana-Amitay, D. , Vogel-Eyny, A. , Spiro III, A. , Albert, M. L. , & Obler, L. K.
    (2019) The role of executive functions in object- and action-naming among older adults. Experimental Aging Research, (), –. 10.1080/0361073X.2019.1627492
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2019.1627492 [Google Scholar]
  37. Hughes, C. P. , Berg, L. , Danziger, W. , Coben, L. , & Martin, R. L.
    (1982) A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, , –. 10.1192/bjp.140.6.566
     https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 [Google Scholar]
  38. Hyun, J. , & Nikolaev, A.
    (2023) Neuroanatomical predictors of language and cognitive functions in aging. In M. Goral and A. Lerman (Eds.) Advances in the neurolinguistic study of multilingual and monolingual adults: In honor of Professor Loraine K. Obler (pp.–). Routledge: New York. 10.4324/9781003330318‑7
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003330318-7 [Google Scholar]
  39. Indefrey, P. , & Levelt, W. J.
    (2004) The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, (), –. 10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001 [Google Scholar]
  40. Ishkhanyan, B. , Boye, K. , & Mogensen, J.
    (2019) The meeting point: Where language production and working memory share resources. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, , –. 10.1007/s10936‑018‑9589‑0
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-018-9589-0 [Google Scholar]
  41. Janse, E.
    (2009) Processing of fast speech by elderly listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (), –. 10.1121/1.3082117
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3082117 [Google Scholar]
  42. Joanisse, M. F. , & Seidenberg, M. S.
    (1999) Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: A connectionist model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, , –. 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7592
     https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.13.7592 [Google Scholar]
  43. Karlsson, F. , & Koskenniemi, K.
    (1985) A process model of morphology and lexicon. Folia Linguistica, , –. 10.1515/flin.1985.19.1‑2.207
     https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.1985.19.1-2.207 [Google Scholar]
  44. Kavé, G. , & Levy, Y.
    (2005) The processing of morphology in old age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, (), –. 10.1044/1092‑4388(2005/100)
     https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/100) [Google Scholar]
  45. Kempler, D. , & Zelinski, E. M.
    (1994) Language in dementia and normal aging. In F. A. Huppert , C. Brayne , & D. W. O’Connor (Eds.), Dementia and normal aging (pp.–). Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Kertesz, A., Davidson, W., & Fox, H.
    (1997) Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementi. Canadian journal of neurological sciences, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Kuznetsova, A. , Brockhoff, P. B. , & Christensen, R. H. B.
    (2017) lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, (), –. 10.18637/jss.v082.i13
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13 [Google Scholar]
  48. Ledoit, O. , & Wolf, M.
    (2004) A well-conditioned estimator for large-dimensional covariance matrices. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, (), –. 10.1016/S0047‑259X(03)00096‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-259X(03)00096-4 [Google Scholar]
  49. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D.
    (2012) Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Libben, G.
    (2022) From lexicon to flexicon: The principles of morphological transcendence and lexical superstates in the characterization of words in the mind. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, , . 10.3389/frai.2021.788430
     https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.788430 [Google Scholar]
  51. Longworth, C. E. , Keenan, S. E. , Barker, R. A. , Marslen-Wilson, W. D. , & Tyler, L. K.
    (2005) The basal ganglia and rule-governed language use: Evidence from vascular and degenerative conditions. Brain, (), –. 10.1093/brain/awh387
     https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh387 [Google Scholar]
  52. Macoir, J. , Fossard, M. , Mérette, C. , Langlois, M. , Chantal, S. , & Auclair-Ouellet, N.
    (2013) The role of basal ganglia in language production: Evidence from Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, (), –. 10.3233/JPD‑130182
     https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-130182 [Google Scholar]
  53. MacKay, D. G. , & James, L. E.
    (2004) Sequencing, speech production, and selective effects of aging on phonological and morphological speech errors. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.19.1.93
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.93 [Google Scholar]
  54. McKhann, G. M. , Knopman, D. S. , Chertkow, H. , Hyman, B. T. , Jack Jr, C. R. , Kawas, C. H. , … & Phelps, C. H.
    (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia, , –. 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 [Google Scholar]
  55. Miyake, A. , Friedman, N. P. , Emerson, M. J. , Witzki, A. H. , Howerter, A. , & Wager, T. D.
    (2000) The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, (), –. 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
     https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 [Google Scholar]
  56. Morrison, C. M. , Hirsh, K. W. , & Duggan, G. B.
    (2002) Age of acquisition, ageing and verb production: Normative and experimental data. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, (), –. 10.1080/02724980244000594
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000594 [Google Scholar]
  57. Morris, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G. D. M. E., ... & Clark, C.
    (1989) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Newman, M. E. J.
    (2010) Networks: An introduction. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  59. Newman, S. D. , Malaia, E. , Seo, R. , & Cheng, H.
    (2013) The effect of individual differences in working memory capacity on sentence comprehension: An fMRI study. Brain Topography, , –. 10.1007/s10548‑012‑0264‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-012-0264-8 [Google Scholar]
  60. Nikolaev, A. , Ashaie, S. , Hallikainen, M. , Hänninen, T. , Higby, E. , Hyun, J. , Lehtonen, M. , & Soininen, H.
    (2019) Effects of morphological family on word recognition in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, , –. 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.028
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.028 [Google Scholar]
  61. Nikolaev, A. , Chuang, Y-Y. , & Baayen, R. H.
    (2025) Analyzing Finnish inflectional classes through discriminative lexicon and deep learning models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.04813.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Nikolaev, A. , Higby, E. , Hyun, J. , Lehtonen, M. , Ashaie, S. , Hallikainen, M. , Hänninen, T. , & Soininen, H.
    (2020) Production of inflected novel words in older adults with and without dementia. Cognitive Science, (), e12879. 10.1111/cogs.12879
     https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12879 [Google Scholar]
  63. Nouwens, S. , Groen, M. A. , & Verhoeven, L.
    (2016) How storage and executive functions contribute to children’s reading comprehension. Learning and Individual Differences, , –. 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.008 [Google Scholar]
  64. Nozari, N.
    (2025) Monitoring, control and repair in word production. Nature Reviews Psychology, –. 10.1038/s44159‑025‑00417‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-025-00417-1 [Google Scholar]
  65. Nozari, N. , & Novick, J.
    (2017) Monitoring and control in language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1177/0963721417702419
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417702419 [Google Scholar]
  66. Patterson, K. , Nestor, P. J. , & Rogers, T. T.
    (2007) Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, (), –. 10.1038/nrn2277
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2277 [Google Scholar]
  67. Pinker, S. , & Ullman, M. T.
    (2002) The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Science, (), –. 10.1016/S1364‑6613(02)01990‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01990-3 [Google Scholar]
  68. Reitan, R. M.
    (1958) Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and motor skills, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2025) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R-Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Räsänen, S. H. M. , Ambridge, B. , & Pine, J. M.
    (2016) An elicited-production study of inflectional verb morphology in child Finnish. Cognitive Science, , –. 10.1111/cogs.12305
     https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12305 [Google Scholar]
  71. Ratcliff, R. , Thapar, A. , Gomez, P. , & McKoon, G.
    (2004) A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging in the lexical decision task. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.19.2.278
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.278 [Google Scholar]
  72. Royle, P. , Steinhauer, K. , Dessureault, É. , Herbay, A. C. , & Brambati, S. M.
    (2019) Aging and language: Maintenance of morphological representations in older adults. Frontiers in Communication, , . 10.3389/fcomm.2019.00016
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00016 [Google Scholar]
  73. Salthouse, T. A.
    (1996) The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, (), –. 10.1037/0033‑295X.103.3.403
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403 [Google Scholar]
  74. Schäfer, J. , Opgen-Rhein, R. , Zuber, V. , Ahdesmäki, M. , Duarte Silva, A. P. , & Strimmer, K.
    (2021) corpcor: Efficient estimation of covariance and (partial) correlation (Version 1.6.10) [R package]. 10.32614/CRAN.package.corpcor
     https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.corpcor [Google Scholar]
  75. Schneider, B. A. , Pichora-Fuller, K. P. , & Daneman, M.
    (2010) Effects of senescent changes in audition and cognition on spoken language comprehension. In S. Gordon-Salant , R. D. Frisina , A. N. Popper , & R. R. Fay (Eds.), The aging auditory system (pp. 167–210). Springer New York. 10.1007/978‑1‑4419‑0993‑0_7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0993-0_7 [Google Scholar]
  76. Seidenberg, M. S. , & Gonnerman, L. M.
    (2000) Explaining derivational morphology as the convergence of codes. Trends in Cognitive Science, , –. 10.1016/S1364‑6613(00)01515‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01515-1 [Google Scholar]
  77. Shao, Z. , Roelofs, A. , & Meyer, A. S.
    (2012) Sources of individual differences in the speed of naming objects and actions: The contribution of executive control. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, (), –. 10.1080/17470218.2012.670252
     https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.670252 [Google Scholar]
  78. Shao, Z. , Roelofs, A. , Acheson, D. J. , & Meyer, A. S.
    (2014) Electrophysiological evidence that inhibition supports lexical selection in picture naming. Brain Research, , –. 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.009
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.009 [Google Scholar]
  79. Sommers, M. S. , & Danielson, S. M.
    (1999) Inhibitory processes and spoken word recognition in young and older adults: The interaction of lexical competition and semantic context. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.14.3.458
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.458 [Google Scholar]
  80. Spieler, D. H. , & Balota, D. A.
    (2000) Factors influencing word naming in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.15.2.225
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.225 [Google Scholar]
  81. Terzi, A. , Papapetropoulos, S. , & Kouvelas, E. D.
    (2005) Past tense formation and comprehension of passive sentences in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence from Greek. Brain and Language, (), –. 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.005 [Google Scholar]
  82. Tosi, G. , Borsani, C. , Castiglioni, S. , Daini, R. , Franceschi, M. , & Romano, D.
    (2020) Complexity in neuropsychological assessments of cognitive impairment: A network analysis approach. Cortex, , –. 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.004 [Google Scholar]
  83. Treiman, R. , Clifton, C., Jr. , Meyer, A. S. , & Wurm, L. H.
    (2003) Language comprehension and production. In A. F. Healy & R. W. Proctor (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Experimental psychology (Vol., pp.–). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/0471264385.wei0419
     https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0419 [Google Scholar]
  84. Tulving, E.
    (2002) Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, (), –. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114
     https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 [Google Scholar]
  85. Ullman, M. T.
    (2001) A neurocognitive perspective on language: The declarative/procedural model. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, (), –. 10.1038/35094573
     https://doi.org/10.1038/35094573 [Google Scholar]
  86. Ullman, M. T. , Corkin, S. , Coppola, M. , Hickok, G. , Growdon, J. H. , Koroshetz, W. J. ,
    (1997) A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, , e. 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.266
     https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.266 [Google Scholar]
  87. Ullman, M. T.
    (2004) Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, (), –. 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008 [Google Scholar]
  88. Verhaeghen, P.
    (2003) Aging and vocabulary score: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, (), –. 10.1037/0882‑7974.18.2.332
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.332 [Google Scholar]
  89. Verhaeghen, P. , & Salthouse, T.
    (1997) Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, (), –. 10.1037/0033‑2909.122.3.231
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.231 [Google Scholar]
  90. Van Buuren, S. , & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K.
    (2011) mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, , –. 10.18637/jss.v045.i03
     https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03 [Google Scholar]
  91. Vonk, J. M. J. , Higby, E. , Nikolaev, A. , Cahana-Amitay, D. , Spiro III, A. , Albert, M. L. , & Obler, L. K.
    (2020) Demographic effects on longitudinal semantic processing, working memory, and cognitive speed. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, (), –. 10.1093/geronb/gbaa080
     https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa080 [Google Scholar]
  92. Walenski, M. , Sosta, K. , Cappa, S. , & Ullman, M. T.
    (2009) Deficits on irregular verbal morphology in Italian-speaking Alzheimer’s disease patients. Neuropsychologia, (), e. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.038
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.038 [Google Scholar]
  93. Wechsler, D.
    (1996) Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Finnish Manual. Psykologien kustannus Oy: Helsinki.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. (2005) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — Third Edition: Finnish Manual. Psykologien kustannus Oy: Helsinki.
     [Google Scholar]
  95. (2007) WMS-III : käsikirja. Helsinki: Psykologien kustannus oy.
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Wulff, D. U. , Hills, T. T. , Lachman, M. , & Mata, R.
    (2016) The aging lexicon: Differences in the semantic networks of younger and older adults. InD. F. Kleinschmidt, T. F. Jaeger, J. Trueswell, A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, Y D. Mirman (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.–). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Ye, Z. , & Zhou, X.
    (2009) Executive control in language processing. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, (), –. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  98. Yeniad, N. , Malda, M. , Mesman, J. , van IJzendoorn, M. H. , & Pieper, S.
    (2013) Shifting ability predicts math and reading performance in children: A meta-analytical study. Learning and Individual Differences, , –. 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004 [Google Scholar]
  99. Yoon, J. , Campanelli, L. , Goral, M. , Marton, K. , Eichorn, N. , & Obler, L. K.
    (2015) The effect of plausibility on sentence comprehension among older adults and its relation to cognitive functions. Experimental Aging Research, (), –. 10.1080/0361073X.2015.1021646
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2015.1021646 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
Loading
Morphological processing in Alzheimer’s disease
John Benjamins ; https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: neuropsychological tests ; Alzheimer’s disease ; inflectional morphology ; network analysis ; aging ; Finnish language

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error