1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. The Mental Lexicon
  4. Online First Articles
  5. Online First Article
image of Finnish noun inflections and the FLH from two perspectives
EPUB
PDF

Abstract

Abstract

Through a consideration of the noun inflections of Finnish, we examine Butterworth’s (1983) full-listing hypothesis (FLH), that whole-word forms are stored in the mental lexicons of language learners/users. While previous studies have consistently confirmed that complex derivational constructions are stored/retrieved this way in Finnish, the current consensus is that the inflectional forms are not, primarily because of the extremely large number that Finnish grammar projects. We challenge this reasoning in favor of a new theory that posits a dual lexicon for inflections, one for the full forms of stems and a parallel one for inflectional affix strings. To test this, we performed a segmentation experiment assessing the relative salience of morpheme and syllable boundaries in Finnish nouns, and also examined a large corpus of quasi-natural spoken dialogues for further evidence. Together, our findings demonstrated that the salience of the boundaries we examined was consistent with our expectations, that the number of inflected forms used in our corpus was only a tiny fraction of those predicted by rule, and that their productivity was highly correlated with their frequencies. While this evidence does not fully confirm the dual lexicon hypothesis, it does strongly indicate that no online grammatical rules are involved.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der
2025-04-01
2025-04-25

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/10.1075/ml.24034.der/ml.24034.der.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Anttila, R.
    (1985) Dynamics in morphology. Acta linguistica Academiae scientiarum hungaricae, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Arnfield, S., Roach, P., Setter, J., Greasley, P., & Horton, D.
    (1995) Emotional stress and speech tempo variability. Proceedings of the ESCA/NATO Workshop on Speech Under Stress, pp.–.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Aslin, R. N., Saffran, J. R., & Newport, E. L.
    (1998) Computation of conditional probability statistics by 8-month-old infants. Psychological Science, (), –. 10.1111/1467‑9280.00063
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00063 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baayen, R. H.
    (2001) Word frequency distributions. Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑010‑0844‑0
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0844-0 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baayen, R. H., Milin, P., & Ramscar, M.
    (2016) Frequency in lexical processing. Aphasiology, (), –. 10.1080/02687038.2016.1147767
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2016.1147767 [Google Scholar]
  6. Baayen, R. H., & Renouf, A.
    (1996) Chronicling the Times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language, (), –. 10.2307/416794
     https://doi.org/10.2307/416794 [Google Scholar]
  7. Baayen, R. H., & Divjak, D.
    (2017) Ordinal GAMMs: A new window on human ratings. Each venture a new beginning. Studies in honor of Laura A. Janda. Slavica, –.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bailey, T. M., & Hahn, U.
    (2001) Determinants of wordlikeness: Phonotactics or lexical neighborhoods?Journal of Memory and Language, (), –. 10.1006/jmla.2000.2756
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2756 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bertram, R., Laine, M., Baayen, R. H., Schreuder, R., & Hyönä, J.
    (2000) Affixal homonymy triggers full-form storage, even with inflected words, even in a morphologically rich language. Cognition, (), –. 10.1016/S0010‑0277(99)00068‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00068-2 [Google Scholar]
  10. Blevins, J.
    (2003) Stems and paradigms. Language, , –. 10.1353/lan.2003.0206
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0206 [Google Scholar]
  11. (2016) Word and paradigm morphology. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593545.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593545.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bloomfield, L.
    (1933) Language. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Butterworth, B.
    (1983) Lexical representation. InB. Butterworth (Ed.), Language production, Vol., pp.–. Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Bybee, J.
    (2006) Frequency of use and the organization of language. Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bybee, J. L., & Hooper, P.
    (2001) Introduction to frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. InJ. L. Bybee & P. Hooper (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence if linguistic structure. John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.45.01byb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45.01byb [Google Scholar]
  16. Cai, Q., & Brysbaert, M.
    (2010) SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles. PloS ONE, (), e10729. 10.1371/journal.pone.0010729
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010729 [Google Scholar]
  17. Chomsky, N.
    (1957) Syntactic structures. Mouton. 10.1515/9783112316009
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112316009 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chuang, Y.-Y., Lõo, K., Blevins, J. P., & Baayen, R. H.
    (2020) Estonian case inflection made simple. A case study in Word and Paradigm morphology with Linear Discriminative Learning. InL. Körtvélyessy, & P. Štekauer (Eds.) Complex words: Advances in morphology (pp.–). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108780643.008
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108780643.008 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., Avilés, A., Corral, J., & Carreiras, M.
    (2010) Subtitle-based word frequencies as the best estimate of reading behavior: The case of Greek. Frontiers in Psychology, , Article 218. 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dressler, W.
    (1985) Morphonology: The dynamics of derivation. Karoma.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Hakulinen, A., Vilkuna, M., Korhonen, R., Koivisto, V., Heinonen, T. R., & Alho, I.
    (2004) Iso suomen kielioppi. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Hankamer
    Hankamer (1989) Morphological parsing and the lexicon. InW. D. Marslen-Wilson (Ed.), Lexical representation and process (pp.–). The MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/4213.003.0018
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4213.003.0018 [Google Scholar]
  23. Järvikivi, J., Bertram, R., & Niemi, J.
    (2006) Affixal salience and the processing of derivational morphology: The role of suffix allomorphy. Language and Cognitive Processes, (), –. 10.1080/01690960400013213
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960400013213 [Google Scholar]
  24. Kahn, D.
    (1980) Syllable-based generalizations in English phonology. Garland Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Karlsson, F.
    (1986) Frequency considerations in morphology, Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, (), –. 10.1524/stuf.1986.39.14.19
     https://doi.org/10.1524/stuf.1986.39.14.19 [Google Scholar]
  26. Karlsson, F., & Koskenniemi, K.
    (1985) A process model of morphology and the lexicon. Folio Linguistica, (), –.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kowal, S., Wiese, R., & O’Connell, D. C.
    (1983) The use of time in storytelling. Language and Speech, , –. 10.1177/002383098302600405
     https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098302600405 [Google Scholar]
  28. Laeufer, C.
    (1995) Morphology and syllabification domains, Lingua, , –. 10.1016/0024‑3841(95)00024‑T
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(95)00024-T [Google Scholar]
  29. Laine, M., Niemi, J., Koivuselkä-Sallinen, P., & Hyönä, J.
    (1995) Morphological processing of polymorphemic nouns in a highly inflecting language, Cognitive Neuropsychology(), –. 10.1080/02643299508252005
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299508252005 [Google Scholar]
  30. Lison, P., & Tiedemann, J.
    (2016) Opensubtitles2016: Extracting large parallel corpora from movie and tv subtitles. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016). , –.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Lõo, K., Järvikivi, J., & Baayen, R. H.
    (2018) Whole-word frequency and inflectional paradigm size facilitate Estonian case-inflected processing. Cognition, , –. 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  32. Nichols, L.
    (1997) Spoken word production and its breakdown in aphasia. Psychology Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Niemi, J., Laine, M. & Tuominen, J.
    (1994) Cognitive morphology in Finnish: Foundations of a new model, Language & Cognitive Processes, (), –. 10.1080/01690969408402126
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969408402126 [Google Scholar]
  34. Niemi, J., Laine, M. J., & Järvikivi, J.
    (2009) Paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology in the mental lexicon: Experimental evidence for a dissociation. The Mental Lexicon, (), –. 10.1075/ml.4.1.02nie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1.02nie [Google Scholar]
  35. Nikolaev, A., & Bermel, N.
    (2023) Studying negative evidence in Finnish language corpora. Word Structure, (), –. 10.3366/word.2023.0229
     https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0229 [Google Scholar]
  36. Pelucchi, B., Hay, J. F., & Saffran, J. R.
    (2009) Learning in reverse: Eight-month-old infants track backward transitional probabilities. Cognition, (), –. 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.011
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.011 [Google Scholar]
  37. Plag, I., & Baayen, H.
    (2009) Suffix ordering and morphological processing. Language, (), –. 10.1353/lan.0.0087
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0087 [Google Scholar]
  38. Rice, S.
    (2017) Phraseology and polysynthesis. InM. Fortescue, M. Mithun, & N. Evans (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of polysynthesis, pp.–. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.53
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.53 [Google Scholar]
  39. Rice, S., Libben, G., & Derwing, B.
    (2002) Morphological representation in an endangered, polysynthetic language, Brain and Language, (), –. 10.1006/brln.2001.2540
     https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2540 [Google Scholar]
  40. Skehan, P.
    (1998) A cognitive approach to language learning. Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Soveri, A., Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M.
    (2007) Word frequency and morphological processing in Finnish revisited. The Mental Lexicon, (), –. 10.1075/ml.2.3.04sov
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.2.3.04sov [Google Scholar]
  42. Thompson, S. P., & Newport, E. L.
    (2007) Statistical learning of syntax: The role of transitional probability. Language Learning and Development, (), –. 10.1080/15475440709336999
     https://doi.org/10.1080/15475440709336999 [Google Scholar]
  43. Tirkkonen-Condit, S., & Mäkisalo, J.
    (2008) The language of subtitles: A corpus compilation and research project. InB. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk & M. Thelen (Eds.) Translation and meaning: Part. –. UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Tomasello, M.
    (2008) Origins of human communication. The MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/7551.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7551.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  45. (2009) The usage-based theory of language acquisition, InE. L. Bavin (Ed.). The Cambridge handbook of child language (pp.–). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511576164.005
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576164.005 [Google Scholar]
  46. Treiman, R., & Zukowski, A.
    (1990) Toward an understanding of English syllabification, Journal of Memory and Language, , –. 10.1016/0749‑596X(90)90010‑W
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(90)90010-W [Google Scholar]
  47. Tremblay, A., Derwing, B., Libben, G., & Westbury, C.
    (2011) Processing advantages of lexical bundles: Evidence from self-paced reading and sentence recall tasks. Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2010.00622.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00622.x [Google Scholar]
  48. U.S. Department of State
    U.S. Department of State (2024) https://www.state.gov/foreign-language-training/
  49. Vannest, J., Bertram, R., Järvikivi, J., & Niemi, J.
    (2002) Counterintuitive cross-linguistic differences: More morphological computation in English than in Finnish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, , –. 10.1023/A:1014934915952
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014934915952 [Google Scholar]
  50. Van Rij, J., Wieling, M., Baayen, R. H., & van Rijn, D.
    (2015) itsadug: Interpreting time series and autocorrelated data using GAMMs. 10.32614/CRAN.package.itsadug
     https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.itsadug
  51. Wray, A.
    (2002) Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511519772
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519772 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der
Loading
Finnish noun inflections and the FLH from two perspectives
John Benjamins ; https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.24034.der
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der
/content/journals/10.1075/ml.24034.der
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: inflectional morphology ; morpheme and syllable boundaries ; full-listing hypothesis (FLH) ; productivity ; transitional probabilities ; frequency ; corpus analysis ; Finnish language

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error