1887
Volume 33, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1387-6740
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9935
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The two authors – one from literary and cultural studies, the other a cognitive psychologist – explore how the interdisciplinary perspective of Memory Studies can broaden and enrich current research efforts on flashbulb memories (FBMs). FBMs are memories of the circumstances in which one learned of a public emotionally charged event, such as . Psychological research on FBMs have focused on their cognitive properties, their putative accuracy and confidence. But we claim that when seen in the broader interdisciplinary perspective of collective memory research, FBMs emerge as inextricably linked up with social, cultural, and narrative dynamics. This article therefore locates FBMs at the intersection of individual and collective memory narratives. Connecting research in cognitive psychology with cultural Memory Studies, we explore how flashbulb narratives bear on social identity and how they might travel across national boundaries or across generations. We further discuss how FBMs are tied to culture, aesthetics, and media history.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ni.21101.erl
2022-10-17
2025-06-15
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abel, M., & Berntsen, D.
    (2021) How do we remember public events? Pioneering a new area of everyday memory research. Cognition, 2141, 104745. 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104745
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104745 [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander, J. C.
    (2012) Trauma: A social theory. Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Assmann, J.
    (2011) Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511996306
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baroni, R.
    (2014) Tellability. InP. Hühn, J. C. Meister, J. Pier, & W. Schmid (Eds.), The living handbook of narratology. Hamburg University. www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/tellability. 10.1515/9783110316469.836
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110316469.836 [Google Scholar]
  5. Berntsen, D.
    (2017) Flashbulb memories and social identity. InO. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds). Flashbulb memories: New Challenges and future perspectives (pp.182–200). Hove: Psychology Press. 10.4324/9781315623481‑10
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623481-10 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D.
    (2007) Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: Positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among East and West Germans. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 565–577. 10.3758/BF03193295
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193295 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bond, L., & Craps, S.
    (2018) Trauma. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brockmeier, J.
    (2015) Beyond the archive: Memory, narrative, and the autobiographical process. Oxford. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199861569.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199861569.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown, R., & Kulik, J.
    (1977) Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5(1), 73–99. 10.1016/0010‑0277(77)90018‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown, N. R., Lee, P. J., Krslak, M., Conrad, F. G., G. B. Hansen, T., Havelka, J., & Reddon, J. R.
    (2009) Living in history: How war, terrorism, and natural disaster affect the organization of autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 20(4), 399–405. 10.1111/j.1467‑9280.2009.02307.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02307.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Bruner, J.
    (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Burke, P.
    (1989) History as social memory. InT. Butler (Ed.), Memory: History, culture and the mind (pp.97–113). New York: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Colegrove, F. W.
    (1899) Individual memories. The American Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 228–255. 10.2307/1412480
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1412480 [Google Scholar]
  14. Conway, M.
    (2013) Flashbulb memories. Psychology Press. 10.4324/9780203775820
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203775820 [Google Scholar]
  15. Conway, M. A., Anderson, S. J., Larsen, S. F., Donnelly, C. M., McDaniel, M. A., McClelland, A. G. R., Rawles, R. E., & Logie, R. H.
    (1994) The formation of flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition, 22(3), 326–343. 10.3758/BF03200860
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200860 [Google Scholar]
  16. Conway, M. A., & Loveday, C.
    (2015) Remembering, imagining, false memories & personal meanings. Consciousness and cognition, 331, 574–581. 10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.002 [Google Scholar]
  17. Crownshaw, R.
    (Ed.) (2011) Transcultural memory [Special issue]. Parallax, 17(4).
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Curci, A., Luminet, O., Finkenauer, C., & Gisle, L.
    (2001) Flashbulb memories in social groups: A comparative test-retest study of the memory of French President Mitterand’s death in a French and a Belgian group. Memory, 9(2), 81–101. 10.1080/09658210042000120
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210042000120 [Google Scholar]
  19. Curci, A., & Luminet, O.
    (2006) Follow-up of a cross-national comparison on flashbulb and event memory for the September 11th attacks. Memory, 14(3), 329–344. 10.1080/09658210500340816
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210500340816 [Google Scholar]
  20. Curci, A., & Conway, M. A.
    (2013) Playing the flashbulb memory game: A comment on Cubelli and Della Sala. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 49(1), 352–355. 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.004 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dayan, D., & Katz, E.
    (1992) Media events: The live broadcasting of history. Harvard University Press. 10.4159/9780674030305
    https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674030305 [Google Scholar]
  22. De Cesari, C., & Rigney, A.
    (Eds.) (2014) Transnational memory: Circulation, articulation, scales. De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110359107
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110359107 [Google Scholar]
  23. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
    Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (2013) American Psychiatric Association.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Edy, J. A.
    (2014) Collective memory in a post-broadcast world. InB. Zelizer & K. Tenenboim-Weinblatt (Eds.), Journalism and Memory (pp.66–79). Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137263940_5
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137263940_5 [Google Scholar]
  25. Erll, A., & Rigney, A.
    (Eds.) (2009) Mediation, remediation, and the dynamics of cultural memory. De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110217384
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110217384 [Google Scholar]
  26. Erll, A.
    (2011a) Memory in culture (S. B. Young, Trans.). Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230321670
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230321670 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2011b) Travelling memory. Parallax, 17(4), 4–18. 10.1080/13534645.2011.605570
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2011.605570 [Google Scholar]
  28. (2017) Media and the dynamics of memory: From cultural paradigms to transcultural premediation. InB. Wagoner (Ed.), Handbook of culture and memory (pp.305–324). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0014
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0014 [Google Scholar]
  29. (2020) Travelling narratives in ecologies of trauma: An odyssey for memory scholars [Special issue]. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 87(3), 533–563. 10.1353/sor.2020.0053
    https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2020.0053 [Google Scholar]
  30. Felman, S., & Laub, D.
    (1992) Testimony: Crises of witnessing in literature, psychoanalysis, and history. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Gisle, L., El-Ahmadi, A., Van Der Linden, M., & Philippot, P.
    (1998) Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: Toward an emotional-integrative model. Memory & cognition, 26(3), 516–531. 10.3758/BF03201160
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201160 [Google Scholar]
  32. Fivush, R., & Haden, C. A.
    (Eds.) (2003) Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self: Developmental and cultural perspectives. Psychology Press. 10.4324/9781410607478
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607478 [Google Scholar]
  33. Frosh, P., & Pinchevski, A.
    (Eds.) (2009) Media witnessing: Testimony in the age of mass communication. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230235762
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230235762 [Google Scholar]
  34. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D.
    (2002) Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982–987. 10.1056/NEJMsa013404
    https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa013404 [Google Scholar]
  35. Grusin, R.
    (2010) Premediation: Affect and mediality after 9/11. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230275270
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230275270 [Google Scholar]
  36. Habermas, T.
    (2019) Emotion and narrative. Perspectives in autobiographical storytelling. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Halbwachs, M.
    (1925) Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire. Alcan.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Haslam, N.
    (2016) Concept creep: Psychology’s expanding concepts of harm and pathology. Psychological Inquiry, 27(1), 1–17. 10.1080/1047840X.2016.1082418
    https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2016.1082418 [Google Scholar]
  39. Herman, D.
    (2008) Basic elements of narrative. Blackwell Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hirsch, M.
    (1997) Family frames: Photography, narrative, and postmemory. Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Hirst, W., Cyr, T. G., & Merck, C.
    (2020) Witnessing and cultural trauma: The role of flashbulb memories in the trauma process. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 87(3), 591–613. 10.1353/sor.2020.0055
    https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2020.0055 [Google Scholar]
  42. Hirst, W., & Echterhoff, G.
    (2012) Remembering in conversations: The social sharing and reshaping of memories. Annual review of psychology, 631, 55–79. 10.1146/annurev‑psych‑120710‑100340
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100340 [Google Scholar]
  43. Hirst, W., & Phelps, E. A.
    (2016) Flashbulb memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 36–41. 10.1177/0963721415622487
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415622487 [Google Scholar]
  44. Hirst, W., Phelps, E. A., Buckner, R. L., Budson, A. E., Cuc, A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Johnson, M. K., Lustig, C., Lyle, K. B., Mather, M., Meksin, R., Mitchell, K. J., Ochsner, K. N., Schacter, D. L., Simons, J. S., & Vaidya, C. J.
    (2009) Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: Flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(2), 161–176. 10.1037/a0015527
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015527 [Google Scholar]
  45. Hirst, W., Phelps, E. A., Meksin, R., Vaidya, C. J., Johnson, M. K., Mitchell, K. J., Buckner, R. L., Budson, A. E., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Lustig, C., Mather, M., Ochsner, K. N., Schacter, D., Simons, J. S., Lyle, K. B., Cuc, A. F., & Olsson, A.
    (2015) A ten-year follow-up of a study of memory for the attack of September 11, 2001: Flashbulb memories and memories for flashbulb events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(3), 604–623. 10.1037/xge0000055
    https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000055 [Google Scholar]
  46. Hirst, W., & Meksin, R.
    (2018) Aligning flashbulb and collective memories. InO. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives (pp.201–218). Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Hirst, W., Yamashiro, J. K., & Coman, A.
    (2018) Collective memory from a psychological perspective. Trends in cognitive sciences, 22(5), 438–451. 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.010
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.010 [Google Scholar]
  48. Hoskins, A.
    (2009) Flashbulb memories, psychology and media studies: Fertile ground for interdisciplinarity?Memory Studies, 2(2), 147–150. 10.1177/1750698008102049
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698008102049 [Google Scholar]
  49. (Ed.) (2017) Digital memory studies: Media pasts in transition. Routledge. 10.4324/9781315637235
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315637235 [Google Scholar]
  50. Kansteiner, W.
    (2006) In pursuit of German memory: History, television, and politics after Auschwitz. Ohio University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Kennedy, R., & Nugent, M.
    (Eds.) (2016) Scales of memory [Special section]. Australian Humanities Review, 591, 61–259. australianhumanitiesreview.org/2016/03/18/issue-59-april-may-2016/
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Kuiper, N. A., & Rogers, T. B.
    (1979) Encoding of personal information: Self–other differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(4), 499. 10.1037/0022‑3514.37.4.499
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.4.499 [Google Scholar]
  53. Kvavilashvili, L., Mirani, J., Schlagman, S., & Kornbrot, D. E.
    (2003) Comparing flashbulb memories of September 11 and the death of Princess Diana: Effects of time delays and nationality. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(9), 1017–1031. 10.1002/acp.983
    https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.983 [Google Scholar]
  54. Landsberg, A.
    (2004) Prosthetic memory: The transformation of American remembrance in the age of mass culture. Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Levy, D., & Sznaider, N.
    (2006) The Holocaust and memory in the global age (A. Oksiloff, Trans.). Temple University Press. (Original work published 2001)
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K.
    (1994) The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. St. Martin’s Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Luminet, O., & Curci, A.
    (Eds.) (2009) Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives. Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Luminet, O., & Spijkerman, R.
    (2017) ‘11 November 1918, an exceptional day!’: Flashbulb memories of the World War I Armistice in Belgium from a psychological and a historical perspective. Memory Studies, 10(3), 347–362. 10.1177/1750698017701617
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017701617 [Google Scholar]
  59. Luminet, O., & Curci, A.
    (Eds.) (2018) Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lustiger Thaler, H., & Knoch, H.
    (Eds.) (2017) Witnessing unbound: Holocaust representation and the origins of memory. Wayne State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Manier, D., & Hirst, W.
    (2010) A cognitive taxonomy of collective memories. InA. Erll, A. Nünning (Eds.), & S. B. Young, A companion to cultural memory studies (pp.253–262). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110207262
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262 [Google Scholar]
  62. McAdams, D.
    (2008) Personal narratives and the life story. InO. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin (Eds), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp.242–262). The Guilford Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L.
    (2007) Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and social psychology review, 11(3), 262–278. 10.1177/1088868307301034
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301034 [Google Scholar]
  64. McLuhan, M.
    (1964) Understanding media: The extensions of man. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Merck, C. & Hirst, W.
    (2022) The role of flashbulb memories and iconic representations in maintaining social identity. In preparation.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Meyler, S. Y., Stone, C. B., Luminet, O., Meksin, R., & Hirst, W.
    (2022) The intergenerational transmission of flashbulb memories and event memories surrounding the attack of September 11, 2001. In preparation.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Neiger, M., Meyers, O., & Zandberg, E.
    (2011) On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230307070
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307070 [Google Scholar]
  68. Neisser, U.
    (1982) Snapshots or benchmarks?InU. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp.43–48). W.H. Freeman.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Neisser, U., & Harsh, N.
    (1992) Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. InE. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories (pp.9–31). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511664069.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664069.003 [Google Scholar]
  70. Olick, J. K.
    (2007) The politics of regret: On collective memory and historical responsibility. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Olick, J. K., Vinitzky-Seroussi, V., & Levy, D.
    (Eds.) (2010) The collective memory reader. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Pillemer, D. B.
    (2009) “Hearing the news” versus “being there”: Comparing flashbulb memories and the recall of first-hand experiences. InO. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives (pp.125–140). Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Polletta, F., & Maresca, A.
    (2021) Claiming Martin Luther King, Jr. for the right: The Martin Luther King Day holiday in the Reagan era. Memory Studies. 10.1177/1750698021995932
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698021995932 [Google Scholar]
  74. Prior, M.
    (2010) Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139878425
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878425 [Google Scholar]
  75. Rigney, A.
    (2005) Plenitude, scarcity and the circulation of cultural memory. Journal of European Studies, 35(1), 11–28. 10.1177/0047244105051158
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244105051158 [Google Scholar]
  76. (2016) Differential memorability and transnational activism: Bloody Sunday, 1887–2016. Australian Humanities Review, 591, 77–95. australianhumanitiesreview.org/2016/03/18/issue-59-april-may-2016/
    [Google Scholar]
  77. (2021) Remaking memory and the agency of the aesthetic. Memory Studies, 14(1), 10–23. 10.1177/1750698020976456
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698020976456 [Google Scholar]
  78. Rothberg, M.
    (2009) Multidirectional memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the age of decolonization. Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. (2019) The implicated subject: Beyond victims and perpetrators. Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Rubin, D. C., & Kozin, M.
    (1984) Vivid memories. Cognition, 16(1), 81–95. 10.1016/0010‑0277(84)90037‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(84)90037-4 [Google Scholar]
  81. Rüsen, J.
    (2017) Evidence and meaning: A theory of historical studies. Berghahn. 10.2307/j.ctvw04dhg
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04dhg [Google Scholar]
  82. Ryan, M.
    (2006) Avatars of story. University of Minnesota Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Savolainen, U.
    (2017) Tellability, frame and silence: The emergence of internment memory. Narrative Inquiry, 27(1), 24–46. 10.1075/ni.27.1.02sav
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.27.1.02sav [Google Scholar]
  84. Schankweiler, K., Straub, V., & Wendl, T.
    (2018) Image testimonies: Witnessing in times of social media. Routledge. 10.4324/9780429434853
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429434853 [Google Scholar]
  85. Schiff, B.
    (2017) A new narrative for psychology. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780199332182.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  86. Sharot, T., Martorella, E. A., Delgado, M. R., & Phelps, E. A.
    (2007) How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(1), 389–394. 10.1073/pnas.0609230103
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609230103 [Google Scholar]
  87. Stone, C. B., & Jay, A. C.
    (2018) A comparison of Flashbulb memories for positive and negative events and their biopsychosocial functions. InO. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives (pp.161–181). Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Svob, C., & Brown, N. R.
    (2012) Intergenerational transmission of the reminiscence bump and biographical conflict knowledge. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1404–1409. 10.1177/0956797612445316
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612445316 [Google Scholar]
  89. Tajel, H. & Turner, J. C.
    (2004) Social identity theory of intergroup behavior. InJ. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.) Policital psychology: Key readings. (p.276–293). Psychology Press. 10.4324/9780203505984‑16
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16 [Google Scholar]
  90. Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C.
    (2003) Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14(5), 455–461. 10.1111/1467‑9280.02453
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02453 [Google Scholar]
  91. Talarico, J. M., Kraha, A., Self, H., & Boals, A.
    (2019) How did you hear the news? The role of traditional media, social media, and personal communication in flashbulb memory. Memory Studies, 12(4), 359–376. 10.1177/1750698017714835
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017714835 [Google Scholar]
  92. Taylor, S. E.
    (2006) Tend and befriend: Biobehavioral bases of affiliation under stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 273–277. 10.1111/j.1467‑8721.2006.00451.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.x [Google Scholar]
  93. Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Sotgiu, I., Testa, S. & Curci, A.
    (2009) The role of importance/consequentiality appraisal in flashbulb memory formation: The case of the death of Pope John Paul II. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 231, 236–253. 10.1002/acp.1452
    https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1452 [Google Scholar]
  94. Törnquist-Plewa, B. & Sindbæk Andersen, T.
    eds. (2017) The twentieth century in European memory. Transcultural mediation and reception. Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Tulving, E.
    (1983) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Van Dijck, J.
    (2007) Mediated memories in the digital age. Stanford University Press. 10.1515/9780804779517
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804779517 [Google Scholar]
  97. Wang, Q., & Aydin, C.
    (2018) Culture in flashbulb memory. InO. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives (pp.240–262). Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Wertsch, J. V.
    (2021) How nations remember: A narrative approach. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780197551462.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197551462.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  99. Whitman, W.
    (1882) Specimen days. Rees Welsh & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Wolf, W.
    (2003) Narrative and narrativity: A narratological reconceptualization and its applicability to the visual arts. Word & Image, 19(3), 180–197. 10.1080/02666286.2003.10406232
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02666286.2003.10406232 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ni.21101.erl
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ni.21101.erl
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error